CE0021
MODULE #7
OPEN CHANNEL FLOW DESIGN
• CONTINUITY PRINCIPLE
Open Channels
Open Channel
➢ Alternate Stages of flow
➢ Non-Uniform Flow
➢ Most Efficient Section
➢ Hydraulic Jump
Alternate Stages of Flow
Specific Energy
-Height of the hydraulic grade line
above the channel bed.
Froude Number (FN )
• Ratio of the inertia force to the For
gravity force
Froude Number < 1 Subcritical flow (upper)
Froude Number = 1 critical flow
Froude Number > 1 Supercritical flow (lower)
where
FN = Froude Number
v = mean velocity
d = depth of flow
Critical depth of flow (dc )
• Critical depth of flow is a certain depth that for a given total specific
energy H, discharge Q is maximum and H is minimum.
Critical depth of flow (dc )
For any given section
For critical flow: FN = 1
Critical slope (sc )
Using Manning’s Formula
Problem 1 Alternate Stages of Flow
A wide rectangular channel excavated from clean earth has
a flow of 4.5 m3/s per meter width. Determine the minimum
specific energy.
Problem 2 Alternate Stages of Flow
Water is flowing at a depth of 1.5m in a 3m wide rectangular
channel having n=0.013, s=0.0009. (a) What is the stage of
flow? (b) determine the critical depth (c) determine the
critical slope
Problem 3 Alternate Stages of Flow
Water flows at a rate of 25 m3/s in a trapezoidal channel
having a base width of 3m and side slope 4H:3V. If n=0.013,
determine (a) dc, (b) vc, (c) sc
Non-Uniform Flow s ≠ so
S
V12/2g hL = L
d1 V22/2g
So d2
ho θ
Establish Bernoulli’ Energy equation between points 1 and 2
Problem 4 Non-uniform Flow
A rectangular concrete channel 4.5m wide is carrying water.
At an upstream point, the depth of water is 1.5m and at a
downstream point, 300m away, the depth of flow is 1.17m.
If the channel bed slope is 0.0010, find the approximate
flow rate. n=0.013.
Most Efficient Sections
(Most Economic Section), MES
-Or most economical sections for a given slope, s, and area, A.
-achieved when the perimeter is minimized for a given cross
section
Proportions for MES
-Rectangular Section
d
b = 2d
b R = d/2
Proportions for MES
-Trapezoidal Section x= 2z=2b
θ θ d
R = d/2
z z
-
Proportions for MES
-Triangular Section
d A = d2
θ
Θ = 90 deg
Proportions for MES
-Circular Section
Maximum Discharge
d = 93.8% D
D Maximum Velocity
d
d = 82% D
Problem 5
A triangular channel with the most efficient proportions
discharges water at the rate of 1 m3/s. Assuming n=0.018
and s = 0.0021. Calculate the normal depth of flow.
Supplementary Problem
• An open channel is to be designed to carry 1cu.m per sec of water at
slope 0.0005 and roughness coefficient 0.012. What will be the
dimension of the most efficient section if the channel to be used is:
a. rectangle
b. triangle
c. trapezoid
Problem 6
Determine the maximum flow through a 1.2 meter diameter
concrete culvert which is laid on a slope of 0.009. n = 0.013.
Challenge Problem
• Water flows in a channel with an equilateral triangle section shown. If
n=0.012 and channel slope is 0.001.
a. What depth will produce a max discharge in the channel?
b. What is the hydraulic radius?
c. What is the max discharge?
Hydraulic Jump
• Refers to the abrupt increase in depth of rapidly flowing water. Flow
at the jump changes from supercritical to subcritical stage.
where:
A1 = area of section 1
A2 = area of section 2
h1 & h2 = depth of cg of respective areas
Q = discharge
1. The jump is unsteady, irregular
2. Based on wind directions and heavy wind blow, it
changes its property and can be choppy and undular
sometimes.
The hydraulic jump is necessarily formed to reduce the
energy of water while the discharge downfalls a spillway. It
becomes necessary to reduce its energy and maintain stable
velocities, that phenomenon is called energy dissipation in
hydraulic structures.
Types of Hydraulic Jump
1. Undular Hydraulic Jump – Froude Number (1 to 3):
Undular Jump is irregular, not properly formed and there are
certain turbulences in water particles.
Types of Hydraulic Jump
2. Weak Jump – Froude Number (3 to 6)
Weak jump takes place when the velocity in water is very
less and the water particles cannot be stable and flows in
various ways.
Types of Hydraulic Jump
3. Oscillating Hydraulic Jump – Froude Number (6-20)
Oscillating jump forms when an oscillating jet enter into super
critical state and there the number of particles starts
oscillating in clockwise or either anticlockwise direction,
forming slighter tides or waves to the top surface. Also the
flow is dependent on heavy blow of air in one direction.
Types of Hydraulic Jump
4. Steady Hydraulic Jump – Froude Number (20 to 80)
In steady jump, the bed surface is quite rough so the particles
start to tend in one direction with heavy velocity and
turbulence, frictional losses are more in this type of jump.
5. Strong Hydraulic Jump – Froude Number (greater than 80)
Strong jump is a perfect jump formed when frictional losses are
more, air pressure division is equal and velocity is very high that
losses take place. The water changes its state from super critical
to subcritical in very shorter length when compared to all other
types of hydraulic jumps, so this jump is highly preferred in dam
structures.
Problem 7 Hydraulic Jump
• Water is flowing in a 3-m wide rectangular channel at a depth of
360mm. A hydraulic jump occurs and the depth of water downstream
from the jump is 1300mm. Determine the discharge in cubic meter
per sec.
Problem 8 Hydraulic Jump
• A hydraulic jump occurs in a triangular flume with side slope 1:1. The
flow rate is 0.45m³/s and the depth of water before the jump is
0.30m.
a. Find the depth after the jump
b. Power loss in the jump in hp.