L1: Electromagnetic Wave

James Clerk Maxwell

• The father of electromagnetic theory

• Formulated laws on electricity and magnetism
• “Maxwell’s equations”
• Other works: theory of gases, color perception

Characteristics of EM wave

1. They are transverse waves. Electric and

magnetic fields oscillate in a plane that is
perpendicular to the
propagation of the
wave.
Magnetic field
• Magnetic field
• is a region of space where a magnet is capable
of exerting either a repulsive or attractive force • Electric field
on a magnetic material.
• Direction of propagation
Electromagnetic wave

• is produced by accelerating charged particles or

2. EM waves are created by an oscillating charged
particles oscillating about an equilibrium
particle, which creates an oscillating electric
position, with the electric field and the
field and magnetic field.
magnetic field vibrating perpendicularly to each
other and to the direction of wave propagation.
• They’re also called EM Waves or EM radiation
• They are created as a result of vibrations and a
magnetic field
• The sun emits EM radiation. EM waves are all
around us

3. They do not require a medium to propagate.

They can travel in a vacuum at a speed of 3 x 10
8 m/s.

3.1 Mechanical Waves require a medium to propagate.

Hertzian waves EM Waves do not.
• Also known as Electromagnetic waves 3.2 They can travel in a vacuum at a speed of 3 x 10 8
Heinrich Hertz (German Scientist) m/s.

• Showed how electromagnetic waves can be 3 x 10 8 m/s = 300 000 000 m/s
generated and detected. 147.13 million km
 4. Speed of EM Waves changes depending on the
medium where they are passing through.
• In microwave ovens, a vibrating electric field
causes water molecules to rotate billions of
times per second causing friction, creating TE
which heats the food.
• Long distance telephone call (before fiber
optics)
• Cable tv
• Microwave doppler radars

Electromagnetic Spectrum Infrared waves (heat)

• Electric and magnetic disturbances that radiate • “below red”

from the source. • Have a shorter wavelength, from .001 m to 700
• Electromagnetic radiation is also known as nm, and therefore, a higher frequency.
electromagnetic waves. • Used for finding people in the dark and in TV
• When Electromagnetic radiation in the form of remote control devices
light is broken up into different colors, the band • Remote, night vision, burglar alarm,
of colors is called the Visible Spectrum. thermometer, heat lamp
• The EM spectrum is the ENTIRE range of EM • Visible light
waves in order of increasing frequency and • Wavelengths range from 700 nm (red light) to
decreasing wavelength. 30 nm (violet light) with frequencies higher than
• As you go from left → right, the wavelengths get infrared waves.
smaller and the frequencies get higher. This is • These are the waves in the EM spectrum that
an inverse relationship between wave size and humans can see.
frequency. (As one goes up, the other goes • Visible light waves are a very small part of the
down.) This is because the speed of ALL EM EM spectrum!
waves is the speed of light (300,000 km/s). • Stop light, television, light in photosynthesis
Radio waves • Red, orange, yellow, green, blue, violet

• Have the longest wavelengths and the lowest Ultraviolet

frequencies; wavelengths range from 1000s of • Wavelengths range from 400 nm to 10 nm; the
meters to .001 m frequency (and therefore the energy) is high
• Used in: RADAR, cooking food, satellite enough with UV rays to penetrate living cells
transmissions and cause them damage.
• Automatic door, Bluetooth, wifi, gps, RFID, UPC, • Although we cannot see UV light, bees, bats,
MRI butterflies, some small rodents and birds can.
• UV on our skin produces vitamin D in our
bodies. Too much UV can lead to sunburn and
Microwaves skin cancer. UV rays are easily blocked by
• radio waves with wavelengths less than 30 cm clothing.
and higher frequency & shorter wavelength. • Used for sterilization because they kill bacteria.
• Cell phones and satellites use microwaves
between 1 cm & 20 cm for communication.
 L2: Reflection of light in mirrors
Mirror - a highly polished surface that is usually made of
glass coated with silver or aluminum on one surface

Two types of mirrors:

a) Plane mirrors

- Flat Surface

b) Spherical mirror

- Curved Mirror
X-rays
When the light hits a reflecting surface such as a mirror,
Roentgen Ray
light is reflected
• Wavelengths from 10 nm to .001 nm. These rays
Reflection - Is the bouncing back of light into the same
have enough energy to penetrate deep into
medium it has been traveling after striking a surface.
tissues and cause damage to cells; are stopped
by dense materials, such as bone. Incident Ray- the ray that strik es the surface.
• Used to look at solid structures, such as bones
Reflected ray - the ray that rebounds from the surface.
and bridges (for cracks), and for treatment of
cancer. Normal- line perpendicular to the surface at the point of
incidence.
Gamma rays
The angle of incidence (θi) – the angle between the
• Carry the most energy and have the shortest
incidence ray and the normal.
wavelengths, less than one trillionth of a meter
(10-12). The angle of Reflection ( θf) – the angle between the
• Gamma rays have enough energy to go through reflected ray and the normal.
most materials easily; you would need a 3-4 ft
thick concrete wall to stop them!
• Gamma rays are released by nuclear reactions in
nuclear power plants, by nuclear bombs, and by
naturally occurring elements on Earth.
• Sometimes used in the treatment of cancers.

• This picture is a “scintigram”

• It shows an asthmatic person’s lungs.
• The patient was given a slightly radioactive gas
to breath, and the picture was taken using a
gamma camera to detect the radiation.
• The colors show the air flow in the lungs.
Types of Reflection: Types of image:

Specular Reflection- reflection off a smooth surface Real image

• Image appears in front of the mirror (could be

projected onto a screen)

Virtual image
Diffuse Reflection- reflection off an irregular or dull
surface • Image appears behind the mirror

Law of Reflection: Size:

• The angle of incidence is equal to the angle of Enlarged: image is larger than the object
reflection. That is, (θi) = (θf).
Reduced- image is smaller than the object
• The incident ray, the normal, and the reflected
ray lie on one plane The same- image is the same size as the object
• A ray of light is incident on a surface at 35 ̊ from
the normal. It follow by the law of reflection,
that the angle of reflection is also 35 ̊.
Therefore, the angle between the incident ray
and the reflected ray is 70 ̊

Attitude or Orientation:
Image
Upright- image is right-side up
• A reproduction of an original object through the
use of light Inverted (vertical)- image is upside-down

Different properties of image Laterally inverted- image is flipped horizontally

a.) Type
b.) Size
Location:
c.) Attitude
d.) Location • Behind the mirror
• The same distance
• In front of the mirror
 Common eye defects

Myopia

• Nearsighted
• Corrective Lenses
- Concave Lens

Hyperopia

• Farsighted
• Corrective Lenses
Lens - Convex Lenses
• A transparent piece of glass with two refracting
surfaces
Astigmatism
• Both surfaces can be curved.

Types of Lens:
L3: ELECTRIC MOTOR AND ELECTRIC GENERATOR
Converging lenses or convex lenses
Two Types of Motor:
• If the lenses are thicker at the center or at the
middle than at their edges. Simple Motor

Diverging lenses or concave lenses • It works by placing an electromagnet between a

pair of permanent magnets.
• If the lenses are thinner at the center or at the
middle than at their edges.

Complex Motor

• It typically consists of three or more different

electromagnets and at least three permanent
magnets.
I. Electric Motors DC Power Supply

• Is a device that converts electrical energy to • Source of

mechanical energy. Power
• Mechanical Energy (ME)- sum of kinetic energy
and potential energy
• An object possesses mechanical energy if it has
the ability to do work
Magnetic Field

• It consists of the motor housing and two curved

II. Parts of a Motor permanent magnet

Commutator

• Consists of a pair of plates attached to the axle

and provides two connections for the coil of the
electromagnet.

Axle

• It contains the armature and commutator.

Armature or Motor

• Consists of a set of electromagnets made up of

copper thin wire.

Brushes

• It consists of two pieces of springy metals that

contact the commutator.
III. How does an electric motor work? • Rotating loop of wire
• Varies in value but not in direction
• The electric motor uses magnets to create
motion. As we know, opposite poles attract, and
like poles repel. These two forces cause the
rotational motion of an armature that affects
the magnetic field to create an electric current.

IV. Application of Motor

• Medical equipment
• Entertainment
VII. Application of Generators
• Medium industrial
• Fitness equipment • GE Wind Turbine
• Commercial device • Dry Steam power plant
• Hydroelectric power system
V. Generator (Alternator)

• Is a device that converts mechanical energy into

electrical energy
• To run a generator, electricity is the basic
requirement. However, it would produce
without a magnetic field.

VI. Two Types of Generators

AC Generator

• Alternating Current Generator

• Single coil of wire
• Uniform field

DC Generator

• Direct Current Generator

 • boundary between the crust and the mantle

L4: Earth's Internal Structure and Plate Tectonic CORE

A. The Earth's Interior • is the inner part of the Earth.

• is composed of Iron and Nickel.
The Internal Structure and Composition of the Solid
Earth: Outer core

Layers of the Earth: Inner Core, Outer Core, Mantle & • Liquid
Crust • 2210 km thick

CRUST Inner core

• the outermost layer of the earth. • Solid

• is not uniform and ranges from 5 to 100 • 1216 km thick
kilometers.
• Abundant metal: aluminum

Oceanic Crust

• Uppermost layer of the oceanic portion of the

tectonic plates.
• 5 to 10 km thick
• Consists of Basaltic rock.

Continental Crust

• the outermost layer of Earth's lithosphere that The data shows that temperature generally increases
makes up the planet's continents and with depth. It is hotter in the mantle than it is in crust
continental shelves. and the core is hotter than the mantle.
• 10 to 70 km thick
• Made up of granite- type rocks
B. Investigating Earth’s Interior
MANTLE
Techniques and Methods:
• is a layer inside a planetary body bounded
below by a core and above by a crust. 1. Rocks Expelled by Volcanism
• is not uniform and ranges from 2,885 kilometers • Volcanoes extrude molten rocks that formed at
thick. great depths.
Upper mantle • Outgassing
• -Is a process when molten rocks erupted onto
• Begins just beneath the crust and ends at the the surface as lava, the release of pressure
top of the lower mantle. expels trapped gases
• Solid
2. Clues from Meteorites
Lower mantle
• Meteorites- remains of meteoroids on Earth.
• Solid but behaves • Earth’s core must contain a greater amount of
• somewhat “plastic” iron than that found in surface rocks.
• Malleable and deform with pressure

MOHOROVIčIć DISCONTINUITY.
 • According to scientists, the composition of
meteorite represents the materials that make
up Earth and other planets.

3. Earth’s Magnetic Field from Lava Flow

• Lava flow led to discovered the magnetic

alignment in minerals containing iron.
• Magnetic alignment and polarity are preserved
in the solidified rock.
• Continental Drift Theory

4. Behavior of seismic waves

• Using the seismic record, ANDRIJA Seismic wave

MOHOROVIčIć found out that the velocity of
• The thickness of each layer of Earth was also
seismic waves increases abruptly below a depth
established based on studied of seismic wave.
of 50 km.
• Seismic waves are waves of energy that travel
• also suggested that Earth’s interior is divided
through the Earth's layers, and are a result of
into layers of different densities.
earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, magma
• Carbonaceous Chondrite Meteorite is a
movement, large landslides and large man-
meteorite composed of elements similar to
made explosions that give out low-frequency
those in Earth’s interior.
acoustic energy.

Beno Gutenberg observed that P waves generated

during earthquakes diminish and die completely when
they are about 105 degrees from an earthquake but
reappear when they are about 142 degrees away.

Victor Conrad was an Austrian-American physicist,

seismologist and meteorologist. He was the first director
of the Austrian seismological service, and a reputed
academician of international accomplishment.

Inge Lehmann was a Danish seismologist and

geophysicist. In 1936, she discovered that the Earth has
a solid inner core inside a molten outer core.

William C. Repetti was an American geophysicist who Lithosphere – is the solid, outer part of the Earth.
investigated this boundary layer with seismological • crust
methods. • upper mantle
• cam be broken down into tectonic plates

Asthenosphere – is the solid, outer part of the Earth.

C. Interfaces mark the boundaries between the layers • under the Lithosphere
of the earth. • lower part of the mantle
 • made of bendable rock
o like a marshmallow
o still a solid but it can move and flow.
• Astheno- weak (Greek)

Thickest layer: core

Crust: 1% of the earth’s volume

Mantle: 84%

Core: 15%
Radio waves 17. Digestion in analytical chemistry for sample
preparation
1. Broadcasting (AM/FM radio)
18. Soldering and bonding in electronics
2. Television broadcasting
manufacturing
3. Cellular communication
19. Radio astronomy studies, including cosmic
4. Satellite communication
microwave background radiation
5. Radio astronomy
20. Soil remediation processes using microwaves
6. Wi-Fi networks
7. Bluetooth technology Infrared
8. RFID systems
1. Infrared thermometers for measuring
9. Remote controls (infrared)
temperature without contact.
10. Radio frequency heating in industry
2. Infrared imaging for night vision in military and
11. Weather radar systems
security applications.
12. Radio navigation systems (VOR, NDB)
3. Infrared photography for artistic and scientific
13. Medical imaging (MRI)
purposes.
14. Wireless sensor networks
4. Infrared saunas for therapeutic heat treatment.
15. Ham radio communication
5. Infrared motion detectors for security systems
16. Contactless payment systems (NFC)
and automatic lighting.
17. Smart meters for utilities
6. Infrared spectroscopy for chemical analysis and
18. Wireless microphone systems
identification.
19. Electronic toll collection (E-ZPass)
7. Infrared remote controls for operating
20. Radio frequency identification (RFID) tags
electronic devices.
Microwaves 8. Infrared communication systems for short-range
data transmission.
1. Microwave ovens for cooking food
9. Infrared heating in industrial processes, such as
2. Satellite communication
drying and curing.
3. Wireless LANs (Wi-Fi)
10. Infrared cooking appliances, such as grills and
4. Radar systems
ovens.
5. Microwave-based point-to-point communication
11. Infrared sensors in automotive systems for
links
collision avoidance and adaptive cruise control.
6. Medical imaging techniques (e.g., microwave
12. Infrared laser pointers for presentations and
tomography)
alignment tasks.
7. Moisture content measurement using
13. Infrared drying of coatings and paints in
microwave sensors
manufacturing.
8. Chemical analysis and identification through
14. Infrared detectors in fire alarms for early fire
microwave spectroscopy
detection.
9. Microwave-assisted chemical synthesis
15. Infrared therapy devices for pain relief and
10. Polymer curing in industrial processes
muscle relaxation.
11. Thawing frozen food products
16. Infrared spectroscopy in medicine for
12. Security scanners for detecting concealed
diagnosing diseases and monitoring patient
objects
health.
13. Plasma generation in industrial applications
17. Infrared astronomy for studying celestial
14. Sterilization of medical equipment and food
objects, including stars and galaxies.
packaging
18. Infrared gas analyzers for monitoring air quality
15. Drying agricultural products and wood using
and emissions.
microwaves
16. Extraction of bioactive compounds from plants
 19. Infrared surveillance cameras for monitoring 19. Dermatology (e.g., phototherapy)
indoor and outdoor spaces. 20. Biological research
20. Infrared spectroscopy in archaeology for
Gamma rays
analyzing artifacts and materials.
1. Medical Imaging (e.g., gamma camera scans)
Visible light
2. Cancer Treatment (radiation therapy)
1. Illumination 3. Sterilization (medical equipment, food products)
2. Photography 4. Industrial Radiography (inspection of welds)
3. Displays (e.g., LED, LCD) 5. Security Screening (cargo and luggage scanners)
4. Artistic Expression 6. Food Irradiation (extending shelf life)
5. Color Vision 7. Material Testing (non-destructive testing)
6. Optical Fiber Communication 8. Environmental Monitoring (measuring
7. Medical Applications (e.g., endoscopy) radioactivity)
8. Spectroscopy 9. Radiometric Dating (determining the age of
9. Holography artifacts)
10. Traffic Signals 10. Nuclear Energy (power generation)
11. Stage Lighting 11. Space Exploration (gamma-ray spectrometers)
12. Microscopy 12. Nuclear Medicine Therapy (targeted
13. Printing radionuclide therapy)
14. Dentistry (e.g., dental curing lights) 13. Smoke Detectors (ionization detectors)
15. Phototherapy 14. Research in Astrophysics (studying celestial
16. Optical Instruments (e.g., telescopes) objects)
17. Agriculture (photosynthesis) 15. Homeland Security (detection of radioactive
18. Consumer Electronics (e.g., LED TVs) materials)
19. Education 16. Oil and Gas Exploration (gamma-ray logging)
20. Navigation and Wayfinding 17. Archaeological Surveys (identifying buried
structures)
Ultraviolet
18. Forensic Analysis (tracing radioactive materials)
1. Sterilization 19. Measurement of Radioactive Contamination
2. UV lamps (e.g., tanning beds) (environmental monitoring)
3. Vitamin D synthesis 20. Quality Control in Manufacturing (checking for
4. Fluorescent materials defects)
5. Forensic analysis
6. Curing processes (e.g., UV curing of coatings)
7. Photolithography
8. Sunscreen testing
9. Insect traps
10. UV-blocking materials (e.g., sunglasses)
11. Fluorescence microscopy
12. Art conservation
13. Gemstone identification
14. UV printing
15. Water purification
16. Chemical analysis (e.g., UV-visible spectroscopy)
17. Artificial aging tests
18. Security printing