College of Engineering and Technology
Electronics and Communication Department
EEC3220 Introduction to Communication Systems
LECTURE (4) – FOURIER TRANSFORM
Dr. Dina A. Ragab
10/29/2024 1
Lecture (4) – Fourier Transform
Contacts
Lecturer: Dr. Dina A. Ragab
Email: dinaragab@[Link]
Section and Lab: Eng. Hesham Tarek
Email: hesham_tarek@[Link]
Dr. Dina A. Ragab
10/29/2024 2
Lecture (4) – Fourier Transform
Text Book
Charles L. Philips, John Parr, and Eve Riskin “Signals,
Systems and Transforms,” 4th Edition, Prentice Hall,
2008.
Dr. Dina A. Ragab
10/29/2024 3
Lecture (4) – Fourier Transform
Grading System
7th Week = 30%
5% : Section (5th)
5%: Lab (5th)
20%: Exam (7th)
12th Week = 20%
5% : Section (10th)
15%: Exam (12th)
10% = Lab Exam (14th)
40% = Final Exam
Dr. Dina A. Ragab
10/29/2024 4
Lecture (4) – Fourier Transform
ABET Outcomes
Dr. Dina A. Ragab
10/29/2024 5
Lecture (4) – Fourier Transform
Course Outline
Week Description
1 Introduction
2 Types of Signals – Types of Systems
3 Fourier Series
4 Fourier Transform
5 Fourier Transform Properties (1)
6 Fourier Transform Properties (2) – Convolution
7 7th week Exam
8 Fourier Transform of Special Functions
9 Fourier Transform for Periodic Signals
10 Correlation
11 Filters in Time and Frequency Domain
12 12th week Exam
13 Amplitude and Frequency Modulation
14 Digital Systems and Digital Modulation Techniques
15 Revision
Dr. Dina A. Ragab
10/29/2024 6
Lecture (4) – Fourier Transform
Lecture (4)
Fourier Transform
Dr. Dina A. Ragab
10/29/2024 7
Lecture (4) – Fourier Transform
REMEMBER: Fourier Analysis
It is a tool that changes a time domain signal to a frequency
domain signal and vice versa.
Fourier Analysis
Fourier series Periodic Fourier Transform
signals Non-periodic signals
Dr. Dina A. Ragab
10/29/2024 8
Lecture (4) – Fourier Transform
Fourier Transform
A signal g(t) and its Fourier transform G(f) are related by the Fourier transform
equations ∞
𝐺 𝑓 = න 𝑔 𝑡 𝑒 −𝑗2𝜋𝑓𝑡 𝑑𝑡 = 𝐹𝑇 {𝑔 𝑡 }
−∞
and ∞
𝑔 𝑡 = න 𝐺 𝑓 𝑒 𝑗2𝜋𝑓𝑡 𝑑𝑓 = 𝐹𝑇 −1 {𝐺 𝑓 }
−∞
We will refer to g(t) and G(f) as a Fourier transform pair with the notation
𝑔 𝑡 ↔ 𝐺(𝑓)
– Note that: The lower case letters are used for the time domain (i.e.: x(t), h(t)) while the upper case letters are used for the
frequency domain (i.e.: X(f), H(f))
Dr. Dina A. Ragab
10/29/2024 9
Lecture (4) – Fourier Transform
Example (1): Rectangular Pulse
𝑡
𝑔 𝑡 = 𝐴 𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡
𝑇
∞
𝐺 𝑓 = න 𝑔 𝑡 𝑒 −𝑗2𝜋𝑓𝑡 𝑑𝑡
−∞
𝑇
𝑇
2
−𝐴 𝑒 −𝑗2𝜋𝑓𝑡 2 𝐴
𝐺 𝑓 = න𝐴 𝑒 −𝑗2𝜋𝑓𝑡 𝑑𝑡 = = 𝑒 𝑗𝜋𝑓𝑇 − 𝑒 −𝑗𝜋𝑓𝑇
𝑗2𝜋𝑓 −
𝑇 𝑗2𝜋𝑓
𝑇 2
−
2
1
∵ sin 𝜃 = (𝑒 𝑗𝜃 − 𝑒 −𝑗𝜃 )
2𝑗
𝐴 𝐴 𝑻 sin(𝜋𝑓𝑇)
∴𝐺 𝑓 = sin π𝑓𝑇 = sin π𝑓𝑇 = AT = 𝐴𝑇 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑐(𝑓𝑇)
𝜋𝑓 𝜋𝑓 𝑻 𝜋𝑓𝑇
Dr. Dina A. Ragab
10/29/2024 10
Lecture (4) – Fourier Transform
𝑡
𝐴 𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡 ↔ 𝐴𝑇 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑐(𝑓𝑇)
𝑇
Dr. Dina A. Ragab
10/29/2024 11
Lecture (4) – Fourier Transform
Sinc Function Properties
Sinc (0) = 1
The Sinc function is an even
function
Sinc (x) = 0 for nonzero integer x
𝑥 = ±1, ±2, ±3, . .
Dr. Dina A. Ragab
10/29/2024 12
Lecture (4) – Fourier Transform
Example (2): Single Sided Exponential
−𝑡
1
𝑔 𝑡 = 𝑒 0 <𝑡 < ∞ 𝐺 𝑓 =
1 + 𝑗2𝜋𝑓
g(t)
∞ ∞
𝐺 𝑓 = න 𝑔 𝑡 𝑒 −𝑗2𝜋𝑓𝑡 𝑑𝑡 = න 𝑒 −𝑡 𝑒 −𝑗2𝜋𝑓𝑡 𝑑𝑡
−∞ 0
∞
− 1+𝑗2𝜋𝑓 𝑡
−1 1+𝑗2𝜋𝑓 𝑡 ∞
−1 1
𝐺 𝑓 =න𝑒 𝑑𝑡 = 𝑒− = 0−1 =
1 + 𝑗2𝜋𝑓 0 1 + 𝑗2𝜋𝑓 1 + 𝑗2𝜋𝑓
0
Dr. Dina A. Ragab
10/29/2024 13
Lecture (4) – Fourier Transform
Task (1): Single Sided Exponential and Double Sided Exponential
Find the Fourier Transform for following signals:
𝑎 𝑔 𝑡 = 𝑒𝑡 − ∞ < 𝑡 < 0 𝑏 𝑔 𝑡 = 𝑒− 𝑡 − ∞ < 𝑡 < ∞
100
100
90
90
80 80
70 70
60 60
50 50
40 40
30 30
20
20
10
10
0
-10 -9 -8 -7 -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 0
-10 -8 -6 -4 -2 0 2 4 6 8 10
Dr. Dina A. Ragab
10/29/2024 14
Lecture (4) – Fourier Transform
Task (2): Triangular Pulse (Bonus)
𝑡
𝐴 𝑡𝑟𝑖 ↔ 𝐴𝑇 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑐 2 (𝑓𝑇)
𝑇
Dr. Dina A. Ragab
10/29/2024 15
Lecture (4) – Fourier Transform
Fourier Transform Properties
The time and frequency domains are alternative
ways of representing signals.
The Fourier transform is the mathematical
relationship between these two representations.
If a signal is modified in one domain, it will also be
changed in the other domain, although usually not
in the same way.
Dr. Dina A. Ragab
10/29/2024 16
Lecture (4) – Fourier Transform
Cont’d
Mathematical operations have a matching operation in the
opposite domain, such as
addition,
scaling,
multiplication,
shifting,
integration and differentiation.
These relationships are called properties of the Fourier Transform,
how a mathematical change in one domain results in a
mathematical change in the other domain.
Dr. Dina A. Ragab
10/29/2024 17
Lecture (4) – Fourier Transform
Fourier Transform Properties
1. Linearity 7. Frequency Shifting
2. Time Scaling 8. Differentiation in Time Domain
3. Duality 9. Differentiation in Frequency Domain
4. Area under g(t) [Link] in Time Domain
5. Area under G(f) [Link] in Frequency Domain
6. Time Shifting [Link] in Time Domain
Dr. Dina A. Ragab
10/29/2024 18
Lecture (4) – Fourier Transform
1. Linearity
𝐼𝑓 𝑔1 𝑡 ↔ 𝐺1 𝑓
𝑔2 𝑡 ↔ 𝐺2 𝑓
∴ 𝑎𝑔1 𝑡 + 𝑏𝑔2 𝑡 ↔ 𝑎𝐺1 𝑓 + 𝑏𝐺2 (𝑓)
This follows directly from the definition of the Fourier
transform (as the integral operator is linear) & it extends
easily to an arbitrary number of signals.
Dr. Dina A. Ragab
10/29/2024 19
Lecture (4) – Fourier Transform
𝐹 𝛼𝑥 𝑡 + 𝛽𝑦 𝑡 = 𝛼𝐹 𝑥 𝑡 + 𝛽 𝐹{𝑦 𝑡 }
Dr. Dina A. Ragab
10/29/2024 20
Lecture (4) – Fourier Transform
Dr. Dina A. Ragab
10/29/2024 21
Lecture (4) – Fourier Transform
2. Time Scaling
𝐼𝑓 𝑔 𝑡 ↔ 𝐺 𝑓
1 𝑓
𝑔 𝑎𝑡 ↔ 𝐺
𝑎 𝑎
|a| > 1: compression, increases frequency
|a| < 1: expansion, decreases frequency
The time and frequency scaling properties indicate that if a signal is
expanded in one domain it is compressed in the other domain.
f(t) is wider spectrum is narrower
f(t) is narrower spectrum is wider
Dr. Dina A. Ragab
10/29/2024 22
Lecture (4) – Fourier Transform
F (f)
The Scale Theorem in action f (t)
Short
pulse
t f
The shorter the pulse, Medium-
length
the broader the pulse
spectrum! t f
Long
pulse
t f
Dr. Dina A. Ragab
10/29/2024 23
Lecture (4) – Fourier Transform
Example
𝑔 𝑡 = 𝑒 −𝑎𝑡 , 𝑡>0
𝐺 𝑓 = න 𝑒 −𝑎𝑡 𝑒 −𝑗2𝜋𝑓𝑡 𝑑𝑡
0
∞
−1 𝑡 ∞
𝐺 𝑓 =න 𝑒 − 𝑎+𝑗2𝜋𝑓 𝑡 𝑑𝑡 = 𝑒 − 𝑎+𝑗2𝜋𝑓
𝑎 + 𝑗2𝜋𝑓 0
0
−1 1
𝐺(𝑓) = 0−1 =
𝑎 + 𝑗2𝜋𝑓 𝑎 + 𝑗2𝜋𝑓
Dr. Dina A. Ragab
10/29/2024 24
Lecture (4) – Fourier Transform
3. Duality
∞ ∞
𝐺 𝑓 = න 𝑔 𝑡 𝑒 −𝑗2𝜋𝑓𝑡 𝑑𝑡 𝑔 𝑡 = න 𝐺 𝑓 𝑒 𝑗2𝜋𝑓𝑡 𝑑𝑓
−∞ −∞
g(t)
T
1 G(f)
t f
-t/2 0 t/2
0
𝑔 𝑡 ↔ 𝐺(𝑓)
Dr. Dina A. Ragab
10/29/2024 25
Lecture (4) – Fourier Transform
If
𝑔 𝑡 ↔ 𝐺(𝑓)
Then, the Duality is
∴ 𝐺 𝑡 ↔ 𝑔(−𝑓)
OR
𝐺 −𝑡 ↔ 𝑔(𝑓)
Dr. Dina A. Ragab
10/29/2024 26
Lecture (4) – Fourier Transform
Example (1):
𝑡
𝐴 𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡 ↔ 𝐴𝑇 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑐(𝑓𝑇)
𝑇
Solution:
−𝑓
Apply duality 𝐴𝑇 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑐(𝑡𝑇) ↔ 𝐴 𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡
𝑇
𝑓
rect (·) is even 𝐴𝑇 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑐(𝑡𝑇) ↔ 𝐴 𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡
𝑇
Dr. Dina A. Ragab
10/29/2024 27
Lecture (4) – Fourier Transform
Example (2):
𝑡
3 𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡 ↔ 18 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑐(6𝑓)
6
Solution:
𝑓
Apply duality 18 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑐(−6𝑡) ↔ 3 𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡
6
𝑓
sinc (·) is even 18 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑐(6𝑡) ↔ 3 𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡
6
Dr. Dina A. Ragab
10/29/2024 28
Lecture (4) – Fourier Transform
4. Area Under g(t)
𝑔 𝑡 ↔ 𝐺(𝑓)
∞
𝐺 𝑓 = න 𝑔(𝑡) 𝑒 −𝑗2𝜋𝑓𝑡 𝑑𝑡
The area under the signal in the
−∞
time domain is equal to the
∞ Zeroth of the signal in the
𝐺 0 = න 𝑔(𝑡) 𝑑𝑡 frequency domain
−∞
Dr. Dina A. Ragab
10/29/2024 29
Lecture (4) – Fourier Transform
5. Area Under G(f)
𝑔 𝑡 ↔ 𝐺(𝑓)
∞
𝑔 𝑡 = න 𝐺(𝑓) 𝑒 𝑗2𝜋𝑓𝑡 𝑑𝑓
The area under the signal in the
−∞
frequency domain is equal to
∞ the Zeroth of the signal in the
𝑔 0 = න 𝐺(𝑓) 𝑑𝑓 time domain
−∞
Dr. Dina A. Ragab
10/29/2024 30
Lecture (4) – Fourier Transform
Note That:
The area under the signal in any
domain is equal to the origin value of
the signal in the other domain.
Dr. Dina A. Ragab
10/29/2024 31
Lecture (4) – Fourier Transform
Thank you
Good Luck
Dr. Dina A. Ragab
10/29/2024 32
Lecture (4) – Fourier Transform