Fundamentals of Statistics
Dr. Srivaramangai
Statistics
• Imposing and representation of Mathematics
• Tables, Charts, figures, Graphs
• Newspapers, Journals, books, Various reports, speech,
Lectures, TV, Social Media,
• Numbers play an important role
• They provide raw data and information regarding the study
• These numbers are refined and presented in more
understandable format
• Statistics can be defined as:
• Collection
• Organization
• Summarization/Presentation
• Analysis
• Appropriate Interpretation of the information
• Is a table, list(Frequency table) or
graph ( histogram, bar) that describes
the frequency of various outcomes in a
Frequency
sample Frequency
Distributions
Distribution
Discrete Continuous
Variable Frequency Variable Frequency
Class
Class Limit Class Interval Midpoint/Class
Mark
[Link] Children [Link] Families Weight (kg) [Link] Children
1 20 0-10 30
2 150 10-20 70
3 15 20-30 50
4 10 30-40 35
5 5 40-50 15
General Consideration of Frequency
Distribution
Measures of • An attempt to find single figure to
Central Tendency describe whole figures
Averages
Mathematical Averages of
• Individual Data Averages Position
• Discrete Series
• Continuous Series
Arithmeti Geometri Harmonic Percentile
Median Mode Deciles Quartiles
c Mean c Mean Mean s
Simple Weighted
Mean Mean
432
147000/50 = 2940
1460/52 = 28.08=28
A statistic that tells us how the data values are dispersed or spread out is called the
measure of dispersion. A simple measure of dispersion is the range.
The range is equivalent to the difference between the highest and least data values.
Another measure of dispersion is the standard deviation, representing the expected
difference (or deviation) among a data value and the mean.
When a distribution is symmetrical, the mode, median and mean are all in the middle of
the distribution.
When a distribution is skewed the mode remains the most commonly occurring value, the
median remains the middle value in the distribution, but the mean is generally ‘pulled’ in
the direction of the tails.
Requisite for Appropriate Average
A proof reads through 73 pages manuscript The number of mistakes found on each of
the pages are summarized in the table below Determine the mean number of mistakes
found per page
The following the distribution of persons according to different income groups
The weights assigned to different components in an examination or
Component Weightage Marks scored
• A class consists of 4 boys and 3 girls. The average marks obtained by the
boys and girls are 20 and 30 respectively. Find the class average.
Use Combined Mean
• Calculate Arithmetic Mean for the following discrete data −
Items 14 36 45 70
Frequency 2 5 1 3
• Calculate the arithmetic mean from the following data
x 1 2 3 4
y 5 10 15 20