Mod 5- SUPPORT SERVICES

FROM: JOSEPHAT MAUTI

OBJECTIVES
 OBJECTIVES
• Explain the objective of aerodrome rescue and
fire fighting services
• State the maximum response time to be
provided
• Equipment and materials required to fight
aircraft fires.
 Rescue and fire fighting
• Aircraft accident fires are rare or they do
occur.
• Rescue and firefighting measures must be
available for immediate response.
• NB: These are provided by Aerodromes rescue
and fire fighting services.
 Cont..
• Aerodrome Rescue and Fire Fighting is
codified in
• (a) ICAO Annex 14 Volume I, Attachment A,
Section 17 – Rescue and fire fighting services
(b) Airport Services Manual, Part 1 – Rescue
and fire fighting
 Rescue and Fire Fighting Personnel
Safety
• Fire fighters should possess basic knowledge
of fire chemistry, smoke hazards and various
safety precautions. The training course should
also contain hazards of helicopters and
military aircraft
 Emergency Communications Systems
• Knowledge of operating radio communication
equipment, proper procedures of
radiotelephony communications and basic
hand signals is essential to fire fighters in their
operations.
 Handling of Equipment
• All fire fighters must be trained in the use of fire hoses,
nozzles, turrets and other appliances required for
compliance with Annex 14, Volume I, Chapter 9, 9.2. All
fire fighters must also be trained in the operation and
maintenance of the range of basic rescue equipment
listed in Appendix 4. They must be capable of handling
their equipment, not only under drill ground
conditions, but also in rapidly changing conditions. The
aim is to ensure that every individual is so well versed
in the handling of all types of equipment that he can
perform automatically under stress conditions.
Application of Extinguishing Agents
• It is essential to acquire a thorough
knowledge of the extinguishing agents
employed in aircraft fire fighting.
• In particular, fire fighters shall be trained in
the application of all the types of
extinguishing agents required for compliance
with Annex 14, Volume I, Chapter 9, 9.2.
 Emergency Aircraft Evacuation
• The training program me will need to provide
instructions on aircraft evacuation procedures
for different situations so that fire fighters can
assist to evacuate occupants in the shortest
time possible in the event of an aircraft
accident or incident
 Fire Fighting Operations
• All fire fighters must have a general
knowledge of the causes of fire, factors
contributing to its spread and the principles of
fire extinction.
• They should also possess knowledge of fire
prevention. All fire fighters are required to be
trained in combating various types of fires:
 Types of fire
A. aircraft fires;
➢ engine fire
➢ internal fire
➢ fuel line fire
➢ helicopter fire
• b) building fire;
• c) liquefied petroleum gas fire; and
• d) bulk fuel fire.
 Dangerous goods
• All fire fighters may be called upon to respond
to an incident or accident involving hazardous
materials. As such, they will require basic
knowledge on detection methods and
containment measures.
 Adaptation and Use of Structural
Rescue and Fire Fighting Equipment
for Aircraft Rescue and Fire Fighting
• All fire fighters must be conversant with the
proper usage and operation of various types
of specialized rescue tools and fire fighting
equipment for structural and aircraft rescue
and fire fighting purposes.
 Classes of fire
❖Class A
❖Class B
❖Class C
❖Class D
Elements of fire
▪ Heat
▪ Oxygen
▪ fuel
 Sources
• Class A - wood and paper

• Class B- flammable liquids like grease, gasoline

and oil

• Class C- electrically energized fires

• Class D- flammable metals

 Types of Fire Safety Equipment
• Fire Extinguishers. Most buildings contain a
variety of hand-held firefighting equipment. ...
• Fire Blankets. Fire blankets are designed to
smother class F fires. ...
• Fire Hose Reels. ...
 Cont..
• Signage. ...

• Sprinklers. ...

• First Aid Kits. ...

• Emergency & Exit Signs. ...

• Smoke Alarms.
 types of fire extinguishers
• Water.

• Powder.

• Foam.

• CO2.

• Wet chemical.
 elements of fire
• Heat
• Fuel
• Oxygen

• NB : There is no one extinguisher type which

works on all classes of fire.
 CLASSES OF FIRE
• Class A fires – combustible materials: caused by
flammable solids, such as wood, paper, and fabric
– Class B fires – flammable liquids: such as petrol,
turpentine or paint
– Class C fires – flammable gases: like hydrogen,
butane or methane
– Class D fires – combustible metals: chemicals such
as magnesium, aluminum or potassium
– Electrical fires – electrical equipment: once the
electrical item is removed, the fire changes class
– Class F fires – cooking oils: typically a chip-pan fire
 Types of fire extinguisher

1) Water Extinguishers
Water extinguishers are the most common fire
extinguisher type for class A fire risk. Most
premises will require either water or foam
extinguishers.
Label Colour:
– Bright Red
 Use for

– Organic materials such as:

o Paper and cardboard
o Fabrics and textiles
o Wood and coal
NB: Do not use for:
– Fires involving electrical equipment
– Kitchen fires
– Flammable gas and liquids
 Foam Extinguishers
• Foam extinguishers are most common type of fire
extinguisher for Class B fires, but also work on
Class A fires as they are water-based.
• Label Color:
– Cream
• Use for:
– Organic materials such as:
o Paper and cardboard
o Fabrics and textiles
o Wood and coal
Plus:
– Flammable liquids, like paint and petrol
How foam extinguishers work:

As with water extinguishers, foam

extinguishers have a cooling effect on the fuel.
On burning liquids, the foaming agent creates
a barrier between the flame and the fuel,
extinguishing the fire.
 Dry Powder Extinguishers
• Standard dry powder extinguishers are also
called ‘ABC’ extinguishers because they tackle
class A, B and C fires, however they are not
recommended for use in enclosed spaces.
• This is because the powder can be easily
inhaled, and also the residue is very difficult to
clean up after. ABC powder extinguishers can
also be used on some electrical fires. Specialist
dry powder extinguishers are used for
flammable metals.
 CONT..
• Label Color:
– Blue
• Use for:
– Organic materials such as:
o Paper and cardboard
o Fabrics and textiles
o Wood and coal
 CONT..
• How dry powder extinguishers work:
Dry powder extinguishers smother fires by
forming a barrier between the fuel and the
source of oxygen.
• Types of premises/business who may need Dry
Powder extinguishers:
– Businesses using flammable gases for chemical
processes
– Premises where welding and flame cutting
takes place
– Garage forecourts
– Liquid petroleum gas (LPG) dispensing plants
– Premises with large, commercial boiler rooms
 Carbon Dioxide (CO2) Extinguishers

• CO2 extinguishers are predominantly used for

electrical fire risks and are usually the main
fire extinguisher type provided in computer
server rooms
• . They also put out Class B fires (flammable
liquids, such as paint and petroleum).
NB :Label Color:
– Black
 CONT..
• Use for:
– Flammable liquids, like paint and petrol
– Electrical fires

• How CO2 extinguishers work:

CO2 extinguishers suffocate fires by displacing
the oxygen the fire needs to burn.
 Wet Chemical Extinguishers

• Wet chemical extinguishers are designed for

use on Class F fires, involving cooking oils and
fats.
• They can also be used on Class A fires
although it is more usual to have a foam or
water extinguisher for this type of fire risk.
 Cont…
• Label Color:
– Yellow
• Use for:
– Cooking oil/fat fires
– Organic materials such as:
o Paper and cardboard
o Fabrics and textiles
o Wood and coal
 How wet chemical extinguishers
work:

Wet chemical extinguishers create a layer of

foam on the surface of the burning oil or fat,
preventing oxygen from fuelling the fire any
further. The spray also has a cooling effect.
 ON SITE SERVICES
1. Rescue and Fire Fighting
• ICAO requires that Rescue and Fire Fighting
services and equipment be provided at all
aerodromes
 What qualities make a good
firefighter?
• Integrity. ...
• Physical fitness. ...
• Communication. ...
• Flexibility and adaptability. ...
• Dedication. ...
• Team player. ...
• Mechanical aptitude. ...
• Public image-conscious.
 What makes a firefighter a hero?
• Firefighters are heroes/ heroins Because
They Do More than Fight Fires. ... Firefighters
care for the sick and injured.
• They rescue pets, pull animals out of trees,
and help the future generation stay warm.
• Firefighters also work to prevent future fires
from happening.
 What are the skills needed to be a
firefighter?
• physical fitness
• effective communication skills.
• integrity,
• composure and a reassuring manner.
• the ability to follow instructions.
EQUIPMENT FOR RESCUE OPERATIONS

• A general knowledge of all equipment is

essential in order to ensure its correct
handling and to ensure thorough maintenance
which is essential to guarantee operational
efficiency under all circumstances.
• All fire fighters must be trained in the
operation and maintenance of the range of
basic rescue equipment:
 EQUIPMENT LIST
• 1)Lighting equipment
• 2) Power operated tools
• 3) Hand tools
• 4) Forcing equipment
• 5) Respiratory protection
• 6) Communications equipment
 Cont..
• 7) Equipment capable of delivering water
spray with aircraft fuselages

• 8) Equipment capable of delivering a fresh air

supply, probably by means of a powered-fan
unit and incorporating trunking to suit aircraft
delivery purposes

• 9) Medical first aid equipment

 Objective
• : The objective of Rescue and Fire Fighting
services is to save lives after a survivable
accident.
• It is achieved by extinguishing fire and by each
aerodrome. assisting passengers and crew to
evacuate the aircraft safely
• NB; Most aircraft accidents occur on the
aerodrome or during the few seconds
preceding a landing or following a take off.
 CONT..
• Rescue and Fire Fighting services are provided
on the aerodrome and in its immediate
vicinity.
• NB: The requirement to fight building and
other structural fires is not taken into account.
 FIGHTING BUILDING AND
STRUCTURAL FIRES
• What causes building fires?
a) Electrical and Heating Malfunctions – Worn
electrical cords and faulty wiring are also a
major cause of commercial fires. ...
b) Arson - Intentional fire-setting in
abandoned buildings, especially in the current
economic climate, provide an easy target
for fire setters.
NB: Don't let these hazards kill or injure
firefighters.
 What is the most common cause of
workplace fires?
• Faulty equipment. Defective electrics such
as loose wires, or faulty equipment that can
overheat and cause sparks, are common
causes of fires in the workplace.
It is essential that workplace equipment is
regularly inspected and replaced upon any
signs of electrical damage.
How does fire spread in a building?
• Fire Spread By Convection. This type of heat
transfer occurs only in liquids and gases. The
heat from the fire can heat the air, to a very
hot temperature. ... These will travel through
the house in hot air currents often igniting
more combustible materials causing
the fire to spread.
 How many fire drills are required by
law each year?
• Ideally you should aim to have two fire drills a
year at your premises, although this may vary
depending on what has been set out in your
company's risk assessment.
• If you employ shift workers, appropriate
arrangements should be made to ensure all
staff participate in at least one fire drill per
year.
 EQUIPMENT LIST
• 1)Lighting equipment
• Scene Lighting also known as Emergency Scene
Lighting is used by firefighters, rescue teams and
the emergency services to illuminate a scene of
an emergency incident with scene lights at night.
• Sourcing the most appropriate Fire Emergency
Lighting for use in emergency operations can
prove difficult but when it comes to finding the
latest scene illuminations for your professional
rescue team or crew choosing Fire Product Search
makes that search easier
 5) Respiratory protection

• RPE is divided into two main types:

Respirator (filtering device) – uses filters to remove
contaminants in the workplace air , there are two main
types:
• A) Non-powered respirators – rely on the wearer's
breathing to draw air through the filter.

• B)Personal protective equipment comprises protective

clothing and respiratory equipment. Briefly, it can be
described as the equipment that shields or isolates
response personnel from physical elementsl, chemical
and/or thermal hazards at the incident scene.
Provider of rescue and fire fighting
• The airport operator normally provides Rescue
and Fire Fighting services

NB : However, other suitably equipped and located

agencies may provide them

• NB: aerodrome Rescue and Fire Fighting services

are neither responsible nor equipped to respond
to building and other structural fires, other
agencies must be available to respond to them.
 CONT..
• NB: Airport operators often rely on the
nearest municipal Fire Fighting service to do
it.

It requires that this service be familiar with

the airport layout, its access points, and its
building occupants and users.
 Response Time
• Response time is defined as the time elapsed
from the initial call for assistance to the first
effective intervention by a Rescue and Fire
Fighting vehicle.
• NB: In optimum conditions of visibility and
surface conditions, the response time to the
end of each runway should be two minutes
It should not exceed three minutes.
 Equipment and Materials
• Rescue and fire fighting equipment:
• NB: Aircraft fires are caused by fuel carried in their
tanks that ignites in flight or following an accident on
the ground.
• The extinguishing agent used to fight aircraft fires is
foam.
• It is produced by mixing water with a dry chemical
powder.
▪ The foam produced is then pumped and discharged
onto the fire.
.
 Equipment
• The equipment used to carry water and dry
chemical, and to discharge foam on a fire consists
of trucks, specially designed for this task.
• NB: It is capable of manoeuvring on unprepared
surfaces.
• NB: When an aerodrome is located near a body
of water or a marshy area, the equipment used
should be capable of responding to an aircraft
accident occurring on water or on wet ground .
CONT..
 Level of Protection
• Given the range of aerodrome activity and the
size of aircraft serving an aerodrome, the level
of Rescue and Fire Fighting services to be
provided varies.
• It is based on the length of the longest aircraft
serving the aerodrome on a regular basis.
 Cont..
• There are currently ten aerodrome categories
for Rescue and Fire Fighting, numbered from 1
to 10, in increasing order of requirements.
• To meet the requirements of the Aircraft
Category for Fire Fighting, it is necessary for
the aerodrome to have a declared minimum
fire fighting capacity measured on the basis of
the number of available vehicles and their
foam production capability.
 Cont..
• In this respect, the declared Category is that
actually available at the time of an aircraft
approach, which may temporarily be lower
than the Category normally available and so
promulgated(to put into effect as a regulation)
in official reference publications.
 Cont..
• The applicable category determines the quantity
of water and dry chemical to be made available
and the discharge rate of foam that vehicles must
be capable of delivering.
• Ultimately, the above quantities determine the
number of vehicles and firefighters that must be
provided.
• NB: One vehicle may be sufficient for a small
airport, while large airports serving numerous
large aircraft should have at least three.
 Commercial service airports
• There are two types of commercial
service airports:
• Nonprimary (having no more than 10,000
passenger boardings each year)
• Primary (having more than 10,000 passenger
boardings each year)
 What qualifies an international
airport?
• An international airport is an airport with
customs and border control facilities enabling
passengers to travel between countries.
... International airports often also host
domestic flights.
 What is difference between domestic
and international airport?
• A domestic airport is an airport that handles
only domestic flights—flights within the same
country.
• Domestic airports do not have customs and
immigration facilities and so cannot handle
flights to or from a foreign airport.
 CONT..
• An international airport
• is an airport with customs and border
control facilities enabling passengers to travel
between countries.
• International airports are typically larger
than domestic airports and often feature
longer runways and facilities to accommodate
the heavier aircraft commonly used for
international and intercontinental travel.
 CONT..
• international airports sometimes serve military as
well as commercial purposes and their viability is
also affected by technological developments.
• The construction and operation of an
international airport depends on a complicated
set of decisions that are affected by technology,
politics, economics and geography as well as both
local and international law.
 CONT..

• International airports have commercial

relationships with and provide services to airlines
and passengers from around the world. Many
also serve as hubs(A point where many routes
meet and traffic is distributed, dispensed or
diverted.,) or places where non-direct flights may
land and passengers may switch planes, while
others serve primarily direct point-to-
point flights.
 CONT..
• This affects airport design factors, including
the number and placement of terminals as
well as the flow of passengers and baggage
between different areas of the airport.
• An airport specializing in point-to-point
transit can have international and domestic
terminals, each in their separate building
equipped with separate baggage handling
facilities.
 CONT..
• Airport management have to take into
account a wide range of factors, among which
are
➢ the performance of airlines
➢, the technical requirements of aircraft,
➢ airport-airline relationships
➢ services for travelling customers
➢ security and environmental impacts.
 Customs and immigration

• Airports with international flights have

customs and immigration facilities, which
allow right of entry.
• NB : Passengers connecting to domestic flights
from an international flight generally must
take their checked luggage through customs
and re-check their luggage at the domestic
airline counter, requiring extra time in the
process.
 Airport names

• Toponymy( the study of place names) is one of

the most common sources for the naming of
airports. A number of areas close to them have
lent their names, including villages, estates, city
districts, historical areas and regions, islands and
even a waterfall.
• Sometimes the toponym is combined with or
renamed to incorporate another name from
another source such as from one of the following:
 CONT..
• Athletes such as Louisville Muhammad Ali
International Airport named
for boxer Muhammad Ali.
• Aviators such as pilots (civil and military) and
others who played a role in the development
of aviation. Sydney Airport is also known as
Kingsford Smith Airport, named after Charles
Kingsford Smith
 CONT..
• Cultural leaders (poets, artists, writers,
musicians) such as Leonardo da Vinci–
Fiumicino Airport, named after Leonardo da
Vinci;
• Ethnic groups, such as Minangkabau
International Airport in Padang, Indonesia,
named after the local Minangkabau people.
• deals in combination with toponyms, such
as Newark Liberty International Airport.
 CONT..
• Mythology and religion, such as heroes of epics
and myths, church hierarchs and saints and
similar names. Manas International Airport (or
Bishkek) in Kyrgyzstan is named after Manas in
the Kyrgyz national epic poem.
• Politicians and statesmen, such as Heads of
State, Members of parliament and leaders
of political parties as well as high-ranking military
personnel. Examples include: Paris-Charles de
Gaulle Airport, named after Charles de Gaulle,
 CONT..
• Public figures (advocates, engineers, doctors,
teachers, journalists or sport people), such
as George Best Belfast City Airport, named after
footballer George Best, who came from the city.
• Royalty, such as King Fahd International
Airport at Dammam, Chhatrapati Shivaji
International Airport at Mumbai, Tribhuvan
International Airport at Kathmandu are all named
after royalty.
 CONT..
• Scientists such as Bologna Guglielmo Marconi
Airport, named after Guglielmo Marconi.
 What is considered a domestic flight?
• A domestic flight is a form of
commercial flight within civil aviation where
the departure and the arrival take place in the
same country.
• Airports serving domestic flights only are
known as domestic airports.
 Airports in Somalia
• Somalia has 62 airports, 7 of these have paved
runways. Among the latter, four have runways
of over 3,047 m; two between 2,438 m
and 3,047 m; and one 1,524 m to 2,437 m
long.
• There are 55 airports with unpaved landing
areas.
 Categories of aerodromes
Aerodrome water Discharge
rate
Category litres Foam Water(l)
minute(litre solution/mi
s) nute(l)
1 350 350 230
2 1000 800 670
3 1800 1300 1200
4 3600 2600 2400
5 8100 4500 5400
6 11800 6000 7900
7 18200 7900 12100
8 27300 10800 18200
9 36400 13500 24300
10 48200 16600 32300
 QUESTIONS
• :1. When an aerodrome is located near a body of
water or a marshy area, the equipment used
should be incapable of responding to an aircraft
accident occurring on water or on wet
ground.(True or False)
• 2. B)Personal protective equipment comprises
protective clothing and respiratory equipment.
Briefly, it can be described as the equipment that
shields or isolates response [Link]
three .
 QUESTIONS
• [Link] Fire Fighting service airport
operators requires to be familiar with the
following as they respond to the airport or
building fires. Name them.
 Changes in the Level of Service
• When traffic characteristics change
significantly and stabilize themselves at a
higher or lower level, the aerodrome category
must be adjusted accordingly, and the change
published.
• ([Link] LATER)
 Cont..
• When, for reasons of equipment unavailability
(break down or maintenance), the aerodrome
operator becomes unable to maintain the
published category, he must inform aircraft
operators and Air Traffic Services.
• Once the situation returns to normal, affected
parties must be advised immediately.
 Personnel
• Aerodrome fire fighters must be trained, fit,
and qualified to carry out their functions
efficiently.
• They should regularly participate in exercises
designed to test their technical and physical
skills, and their equipment.
• Exercises consist in extinguishing practice
fires and in participating in aerodrome-wide
emergency exercises.
 Cont..
• The presence of a representative from the
Rescue and Fire Fighting services at the EOC or
at the Command Post during exercises and
real emergencies is key.
 Conclusion/summary
❖ICAO requires that aerodromes provide
Rescue and Fire Fighting services.
❖Their objective is to save lives after a
survivable aircraft accident.
❖The aerodrome operator or any other suitable
agency can provide them.
❖The response time to an on-aerodrome
accident should be two minutes in optimum
conditions and should not exceed three
minutes.
 Conclusion/summary
❖Aircraft fires are fought using foam discharged
by specially designed vehicles capable of
manoeuvring on unprepared or soft surfaces.
❖The level of Rescue and Fire Fighting services
to be provided at a given aerodrome is based
upon the length and of the longest aircraft
serving this aerodrome.
❖There are ten Rescue and Fire fighting
categories.
 Conclusion/summary
❖Each category determines the quantity of water
and dry chemical to be made available.
These quantities determine the number of
vehicles and firefighters to be provided.
❖Any permanent or temporary change in the
provided category must be communicated to
aircraft operators.
❖Aerodrome fire fighters must be trained, fit, and
qualified. They benefit from participating in
emergency exercises.
 External Services
• Overview
An airport can be compared to a town in that it
requires some external services to function.
These services are of two categories:
➢municipal utilities
➢ purchased or leased goods and services.
 CONT..
• These goods and services are often obtained
from external public or private suppliers.

• In some cases, however, airport operators

generate or complement these outside
sources through in-house expertise.
 Water Supply
The Need for Water
Airports need water for the following purposes:
➢Potable water for food and beverage
concessions and for work areas. potable
water, is water that is safe to drink or to use
for food preparation. The amount of drinking
water required varies. It depends on physical
activity, age, health issues, and environmental
conditions.
 CONT..
➢Flushing toilets.

➢Re-supplying fire fighting vehicles after an

exercise or a real fire fighting intervention

➢Washing vehicles and equipment.

 CONT..
➢Feeding fire hydrants (strategically located
along roads and streets to provide a source of
water to fight building fires).
➢Washing surfaces such as roads, parking lots,
and building walls.
➢Watering landscaped areas.
 CONT..
➢Flushing underground drainage pipes to
remove accumulated debris and sediments.
➢Preparing aircraft de-icing fluid.
N B: The amount of water required varies with
the size and level of activity of the airport.
 CONT..
N B: Water is a rare and expensive commodity,
therefore, airport operators should find ways of
meeting their water requirements while
keeping their costs down and avoid depleting
the local water supply.
 Sources of Water Supply
(a) Secure a feed of water from the closest town
or city.
(b) Secure a feed of raw water and construct and
operate an on-airport water treatment plant.
(c) Drill wells on airport property.
d) Use natural springs.
(e) Combination of several of the above options
 CONT…
• NB: Raw water includes rainwater,
groundwater, water from infiltration wells,
and water from bodies like lakes and rivers
 Cont..
• Raw water is water found in the environment
that has not been treated and does not have
any of its minerals, ions, particles, bacteria, or
parasites removed. Raw water includes
rainwater, groundwater, water from
infiltration wells, and water from bodies like
lakes and rivers.
 Distribution of Water
• When water is obtained from an outside
source, the supply pipe normally ends at the
airport property boundary.
• The airport operator must then construct its
own internal distribution system feeding each
building where water is needed.
• It also includes the many fire hydrants located
along roads and streets.
 Recovery of Water Costs
• From a municipal point of view, an airport is
generally considered as one large customer
who is billed for the whole volume of water
fed to the airport.
• Since the airport operator only consumes part
of this total volume, he should recover the
amount consumed by other users.
 CONT..
• Leases between the airport operator and
tenants and concessionaires who consume
water should cover these costs.
 CONT..
• This can be done either through
➢A fixed charge

➢ Through the installation of a water meter at

each tenant and concessionaire premises.
 Points to note
➢ The amount of water required varies with the size and
level of activity of the airport.
➢ airport operators should find ways of meeting their
water requirements while keeping their costs down
and avoid depleting the local water supply.
➢ since potable water represents a small proportion of
the total water requirements, the option of providing
two separate feeds should be explored.
➢ Most of the requirements can be met with raw water,
while potable water should only be provided to points
where it is necessary.
 Sanitary Sewage
The Need for Sanitary Sewage
• After being used, much of the water fed to an
airport ends up in underground sanitary sewer
pipes.
• These pipes originate in each building and
carry water by gravity or through a pumping
station to a main collector.
Treatment of Raw Sanitary Sewage
• For health and environmental reasons, raw
sewage cannot be released into streams or
rivers.
• It must be treated according to local or
national criteria before doing so.
• A treatment plant is an elaborate facility
requiring a substantial investment and
recurring operating costs.
 CONT..
Airport operators can adopt one of the
following alternatives:
➢ On airport treatment and release.
➢Discharge of raw effluent into the closest
municipal sanitary sewer for treatment.
NB : Effluent- Liquid waste flowing out of a
factory, farm, commercial establishment, or a
household into a water body such as a river,
lake.
 CONT..
N B:The decision to adopt one alternative over
the other is based on an analysis of the
financial, technical, and environmental
implications of either solution.
 CONT..
NB :health and environment regulatory agencies
often require that airports monitor the quality
of water released after treatment, or for
treatment, depending on the adopted
alternative.
 Electrical Power
The Need for Electricity
• Many aerodrome, terminal, and landside
facilities and equipment that operate with
electricity.
• Airports are major consumers of electricity,
twenty-four hours a day, seven days a week.
 CONT…
• Electricity is required for safety, security, and
general operational reasons such as:
• lighting
• heating
• cooling
• operating the many pieces of equipment that
run on electricity, such as luggage conveyors,
passenger bridges, automatic doors.
 Sources of Electricity
• Airports rely on a public utility company to
secure a feed meeting their needs.
• The provision of a secondary power supply , is
only a back up solution designed to take over
the most crucial needs during an occasional
power outage/Failure.
 CONT..
• It is a good practice to secure more than one
electrical feed, originating from different points
on the external power distribution system.
• This approach provides redundancy to the normal
power supply, and reduces reliance on an on-site
secondary power supply for exceptional
circumstances and specific facilities.
•
 Distribution of Electricity
• Suppliers of electricity will normally bring a
primary power line to the airport.
• The airport operator must then construct its
own internal distribution system, feeding each
building where electricity is needed.
• It also includes the many lights located along
roads and streets and in parking lots.
 Recovery of Electricity Costs
• An airport is generally considered as one
large customer who is billed for the whole
quantity of electricity fed to the airport.
• the airport operator does not consume this
whole quantity, he should recover the amount
consumed by other users.
• Leases between the airport operator and
tenants and concessionaires who consume
electricity, should cover these costs.
 CONT..
• It can be done either through a fixed charge or
through the installation of a power meter at
each tenant and concessionaire premises.
 Surface Run-off Management
• Airports include vast expanses of paved
surfaces such as ;
✓Runways
✓ Taxiways
✓ Aprons
✓ Roads
✓ Parking lots
✓ Roofs
 CONT…
• These surfaces collect rainwater that would
otherwise infiltrate into the ground.
• Adequate drainage is required to prevent
flooding of the manoeuvring area and of roads
(a safety issue).
• It also prevents erosion of unpaved surfaces
and flooding of buildings.
 Management Techniques
• The design of any paved surface must include
water collectors. They consist of two types of
infrastructure:

(a) Surface gutters and ditches

(b) Underground pipes.
 CONT..
• Inside these infrastructures, water flows by
gravity to their lowest point. Since water run-
off cannot be retained on airport property
indefinitely, it must eventually be discharged
into an external system.
• NB: National or local regulations often require
that airport operators monitor the quality of
water released at their property boundary.
Airport Drainage Ditch
 CONT..
• N B: For reasons of environmental protection,
control of erosion, and pipe size limitation,
rainwater cannot be released uncontrolled into
municipal pipes and ditches, or into natural
ditches and streams.
• Water should be accumulated into one or several
detention ponds with sufficient capacity to hold a
typical rainfall, and then released gradually into
pipes or ditches.
Detention ponds
Detention ponds
 Cont..
• It is achieved by constructing an outlet of
smaller diameter than the inlet pipe, thereby
causing a partial and temporary accumulation
of water inside the pond.
 Cont..
• The detention ponds are dry most of the time:
under light rain conditions, water will flow
through them, with little or no accumulation.
• Only in heavy precipitation conditions will
they hold water for some time, until it is
gradually released downstream.
 Communications
• Airports rely on a number of communication
systems, one of them being fixed systems.
They consist of telephone and fibre optic links.

• These systems support telephone

communications, facsimile, Internet, airline
reservation systems, all crucial for operations.
 CONT..
• The providers of such infrastructure are public
or private agencies that provide a
communication backbone to which customers
connect.

• The cost of providing and maintaining this

infrastructure is recovered through a regular
service fee paid by each user.
 Natural Gas
• Natural gas is an efficient and relatively
inexpensive source of heat for buildings.
• N B: In light of the potential hazard caused by
gas leaks, providers of natural gas normally
install all pipes right up to individual burning
equipment.
Airport Combined Heating and
Cooling Plant
 CONT..
• Natural gas can be used to heat buildings
either through independent heating systems
or a central heating plant.
• NB: For efficiency reasons, cooling
plants are often co-located with heating
plants .
 Solid Waste Management
Types of solid waste:
(a) Food waste
✓ In-flight meals
✓ Airport food and beverage
✓ Concessions
✓ Employees cafeterias
 Cont..
• At the end of each flight, airlines collect food
waste that must be disposed of.
• For international flights, food waste must be
destroyed by incineration.
• NB: It is assumed that a potential risk of the
spread of animal diseases exists, being
dangerous to animal and human health if not
properly disposed of.
 Cont..
• Incineration is a waste treatment process that
involves the combustion of organic substances
contained in waste materials. Incineration and
other high-temperature waste treatment
systems are described as "thermal
treatment". Incineration of waste materials
converts the waste into ash, flue gas and heat.
 Cont..
• It can be done on airport if it is equipped with
an appropriate incinerator, or carried by a
qualified carrier to an off-airport incinerator.
• Food waste from national flights can be
disposed of using the same process as food
waste from airport food and beverage
concessions.
 Cont..
• it is temporarily stored in sealed waste
containers until it is carried away to an
approved waste disposal site, by municipal
services or by a contractor.
 B: Industrial Waste
• Airports generate substantial amounts of
industrial waste:
(a) Used oils
(b) Cleaning detergents
(c) Scrap metal from maintenance and repair
shops
 Cont..
(d) Scrap materials from construction or
maintenance work
• Concrete
• Bricks
• Asphalt

(e) Waste paper, cardboard, and plastic

 Waste Management
• Waste is expensive to dispose of and it
pollutes the environment.
• Re-using and re-cycling used materials
can reduce waste.
Examples:
(a) Re-using asphalt grindings when
rehabilitating paved surfaces such as runways,
taxiways, and roads.
 Cont..
• (b) Re-using ground concrete to stabilize and
strengthen an unpaved road(can be useful to
create a patrol road along a security fence).
• (c) Re-cycling glass, metal, paper, and plastic
(re-cycling allows an object to be produced
once and used several times). This requires
the triage of used material into separate
containers.
 Cont..
(d) Re-cycling used oil

(e) Re-cycling spent glycol (to produce non-aviation

anti-freeze such as plumbing or automobile
windshield washer anti-freeze). Antifreeze, Any
substance that lowers the freezing point of water,
protecting a system from the ill effects of ice
formation.

(f) Some airports are burning solid waste to

produce part of their heating needs.
 Purchased and Leased Goods and
Services
• Airports must purchase from external sources
goods that are not available on-site, and
purchase or lease services that may prove
more efficient to acquire from external
sources.
 examples of goods and services
purchased off-site:
(a)Fuel
(b) Mechanical parts
(c) Tools
(d) Stationary supplies
(e) Building materials
(f) Landscaping supplies
 Cont..
(g) Uniforms and work apparel
(h) Legal services
(i) Printing
(j) Accounting and Auditing services
(k) Rental of machinery and equipment
(l) Maintenance of specialized equipment
 Cont..
NB: The decision to lease services as opposed to
providing them in-house should be based on
an analysis including
➢ The availability of expertise,
➢ The respective cost of either alternative,
➢ The management philosophy of the airport
operator.
 THE END
•
• BYE BYE BYE BYE

• MODULE 4 SUPPORT SERVICES

• THE END