Reproductive System

and Feedback Mechanism

 Pre Test!
Let’s try correctly identifying all the parts of the male and female reproductive systems.

A F G

B H J

C E I
 ANSWER KEY

Pre Test!
Let’s try correctly identifying all the parts of the male and female reproductive systems.

Vas deferens Oviduct Ovary

Urethra

Prostate Uterus Vagina

Testes Penis Cervix

 Male Reproductive System
The male reproductive system consists of
a number of sex organs that play a role in
the procuess of human reproduction.
These organs are located on the outside
of the body, and within the pelvis.
 Male Reproductive Organs
Vas deferens Prostate
Carries sperm from the testes Produces a fluid that mixes
to the urethra during with sperm to form semen,
ejaculation nourishing and protecting
sperm

Testes Urethra
Produces sperm and Passageway for both urine and
testosterone—male sex semen when exiting the body
hormones that affect the way
bodies develop Penis
Used for both the elimination of urine
from the body and the delivery of
sperm for sexual reproduction
Female Reproductive System
The human female reproductive
system is made up of the internal
and external sex organs that
function in the reproduction of
new offspring.
 Female Reproductive Organs

Oviduct Ovary
(FALLOPIAN TUBE) Produces eggs (ova) and female
Passageway for eggs from the sex hormones like estrogen and
ovaries to the uterus and progesterone
provides the site for fertilisation
by the sperm

Uterus Vagina
Where a fertilised egg implants Receives the penis during
and grows into a fetus during sexual reproduction, allows the
pregnancy menstrual blood to exit the
Cervix body, and lets the baby passes
through during childbirth
Allows menstrual blood to flow from
the uterus and serves as a pathway
for sperm to enter the uterus
 The reproductive system is a group of organs responsible
for producing offspring. In humans, it consists of male and
female systems, each with distinct structures and functions.

Male Reproductive System: The primary Female Reproductive System: The primary
organs include the testes (which organs include the ovaries (which produce
produce sperm and testosterone), the eggs and hormones like estrogen and
epididymis (where sperm mature), the progesterone), the fallopian tubes (where
vas deferens (which carries sperm), the fertilization occurs), the uterus (where the
prostate gland, and the penis. The main embryo develops), and the vagina (which
function is to produce sperm and deliver serves as the birth canal). The system's
it during intercourse for fertilization. function is to produce eggs, support
fertilization, and carry a pregnancy.
 Menstrual
Cycle
It is a natural, recurring process in the
female reproductive system, lasting
about 28 days on average.

It involves body preparations for

potential pregnancy.
Menstruation Follicular Phase
Lining of the uterus is When the pituitary gland
shed, resulting in the releases hormones that stimulate
release of blood and 4
5 6
7
the growth and development of
tissue from the body 3 8
ovarian follicles
2 9
through the vagina 1 10

28
Stages of 11

27
the 12

26 Menstrual 13

25 Cycle 14

24 15

Luteal Phase Ovulation Phase

23 16
22 17
21 18
Empty ovarian follicle becomes 20 19
When a mature egg is
the corpus luteum, producing released from the ovary
hormones that prepare the uterus
and is ready for potential
for possible embryo implantation
fertilisation
- The menstrual cycle is the hormonal process that occurs
in a woman's body each month to prepare for a possible
pregnancy.
- An ovary normally releases only one egg every 28 days.
What controls the timing is called the hormones;controls
many of the changes in the reproductive system. They
also coordinate the development of the ovum and the
uterus.
- Hormones are chemicals that can affect certain body
organs. This cycle among females occurs every month
starting when a female is 10-13 years old
 What is feedback mechanism?
A feedback mechanism is the process
by which the amount of one
substance affects the amount of
another substance.
 Hypothalamus: Located in the brain, it releases GnRH
(gonadotropin-releasing hormone), which signals the pituitary gland
to release FSH (follicle-stimulating hormone) and LH (luteinizing
hormone).

Pituitary Gland: Responds to GnRH by secreting FSH and LH, which

act on the ovaries. FSH helps mature ovarian follicles, and LH
triggers ovulation (release of the egg).

Ovaries: The ovaries produce estrogen and progesterone. Estrogen

helps the follicles mature and, at high levels, triggers a positive
feedback loop to increase FSH and LH before ovulation. After
ovulation, the ovaries produce progesterone, which causes a
negative feedback loop to reduce FSH and LH, preventing further
ovulation during the same cycle.
A negative feedback affects the production of
hormones in the menstrual cycle. High levels
of one hormone may inhibit the production of
another hormone.
 Positive feedback
During days 12–14 of the menstrual cycle, estrogen
levels provide positive feedback to the hypothalamus
and pituitary gland, which causes a rapid increase in
estrogen production and leads to ovulation.
 Feedback mechanisms in menstrual cycle:
1. Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) stimulates the
ovaries to release estrogen. High levels of estrogen then
prevent the further production of FSH.
2. Estrogen also stimulates the release of luteinizing
hormone (LH) from the pituitary gland, which in turn
controls the production of progesterone. High levels of
progesterone then inhibit the further release of LH.
 Menstrual Cramps
Menstrual cramps happen because the muscles in the uterus
contract strongly to help shed the lining of the uterus during
menstruation. These contractions are triggered by a
hormone called prostaglandins. When the lining of the
uterus (called the endometrium) breaks down, it causes
inflammation, which leads to more prostaglandins being
produced. High levels of prostaglandins cause the uterine
muscles to contract even more intensely, leading to pain and
cramps.
 Mood swings during menstruation are caused by
hormonal fluctuations, particularly in estrogen and
progesterone, which affect brain chemicals like
serotonin that regulate mood. This can lead to
irritability, sadness, or anxiety.

The calendar method helps predict your chances of

getting pregnant by tracking your menstrual cycle. By
keeping track of your period and the changes in your
body, you can figure out your fertile days based on
how your hormones naturally rise and fall throughout
the month.
 Family
Planning
 The process of making decisions
about when to have children, how
many children to have, and the
methods used to achieve these
goals.
When choosing family planning, consider these key factors:

Health: Choose a method that suits your health and how

effective it is.

Availability and Cost: Make sure the method is easy to get

and affordable.
Cultural and Social: Think about cultural beliefs, religion,
and the support of family or community.
Personal Preference: Pick a method that fits your lifestyle
and comfort, and involve your partner if needed.
Age and Life Stage: Consider your age, whether you want
more children, or if you need something temporary or
permanent.
Future Plans: Think about your long-term family goals.
Informed Choice: Make sure you understand your options
and choose what’s best for you.