Animal motor
system
Trinh Le Van, PhD
Laboratory of Regenerative Biomedicine, Faculty of
Biology and Biotechnology
lvtrinh@[Link]
Contents
01 02 03 04 05
Overview Sensors Muscle Skeletal Animal
of animal function function behavior
motor
system
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1. Overview
of animal
motor
system
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1. Component of animal motor system
Signal: Receptor: sensor
internal/environment
muscle Action/behavior
CNS
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2. Sensor
• Sensory receptors transduce stimulus energy and transmit signals to
the central nervous system
Reception Transduction Transmission Perception
Các tín hiệu từ thụ thể, thụ thể nhận tín hiệu truyền đến hệ thần kinh trung ương -> cảm nhận tín hiệu (hình ảnh, nhận thức trong não).
Trinh LV 5
2. Sensory Reception
and Transduction
• Sensory cell is a specialized neuron
or a non-neuronal cell
• Sensory receptor is a subcellular
structure, detects stimuli
• Inside body stimuli: temperate,
cảm nhận nhiệt độ bằng protein về nhiệt
blood pressure…
• Environment stimuli: heat, light, photton
chemical, mechanical
=> Membrane potential
2 loại: đều có thụ thể để nhận tín hiệu
tb thần kinh: nhận tín hiệu trực tiếp -> điện hđ (điện thế màng).
Không phải tb thần kinh: khi nhận tín hiệu -> báo cho tb thần kinh bik -> chất trung gian dẫn truyền thần kinh.
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2. Transmission
• Action potential travel along nerve to CNS
• Frequent of potential depend on
• Intensity of stimulus
• Receptor size and number
• Number of neurotransmitter release
• Some sensory neuron spontaneously
generate action potential. Stimulus
change how often action potential
generate
• CNS integrates information
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2. Perception
Brain receive sensory neuron signal and
Identify kind of stimuli: type, source…
generate the perception of the stimulus
Amplification: strengthening stimuli signal –
Two kind of modification transduction relate to enzyme catalyze
stimuli: Adaption: continued stimulation cause
decrease in responsiveness
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2. Type of sensory
receptor
• Mechanoreceptor
• Stimuli: pressure, touch, stretch,
motion, and sound
lông mao
• Structure: cilia link to ion chanel
• Type: neutron dendrites neuron
• Locate: connective tissue,
muscle, nose, ear
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2. Type of sensory receptor
Electromagnetic
Chemoreceptors Thermoreceptor Pain receptor
Receptors
• Overall solute • Light, • Detect heat • Nociceptor,
concentration electricity, and and cold: damage
• Specific magnetism • Capsaicin nhạy nhiệt
protein
molecule or
molecule • Protein sensor receptor, 5 temperature
• Binding of for magnetic types of thụ thể hóa học -> cảm nhận
receptor and based receptor transient những phân tử tổn thương
molecule or iron bind receptor
initiates ion protein potential
permeability
giống kháng thể/kháng nguyên
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2. Mechanoreceptor detect moving fluid
ear Cochlea
Hair cell Trinh LV Corti 11
2. Sensory reception by hair cells
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2. Equilibrium/vestibule
cơ quan tiền
đình
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2. Visual receptor
• Light detectors = photoreceptors
• Sensory cells that contain light-absorbing pigment molecules
Light-Detecting Organs
nhìn toàn cảnh xung quanh 180
không nhận biết đc những tia sáng có
bước sóng khác nhau (màu sắc)
tế bào nhận ánh sáng
Ocellus: simplest
Compound Eyes - ommatidia
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Single-Lens Eyes
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Activate opsin
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Trinh LV 18
trong thủy tinh thể có cơ hiển vi -> co giãn làm cho thủy tinh thể nhìn thấy những
vật ở xa
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2. Chemical senses – for smell and taste
• Mammals perceive five tastes: sweet,
sour, salty, bitter, and umami
• The receptor cells are modified epithelial
cells organized into taste buds
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• Olfactory receptor cells line the upper portion of the nasal
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Class work
Sensory organ Sensory cell Receptor Stimuli (signal)
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3. Muscle function
[Link] Trinh LV 23
• skeletal muscle
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3. The Sliding-Filament Model of Muscle
Contraction
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3. The Role of Calcium and Regulatory
Proteins
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3. Nervous Control of Muscle Tension
• Motor units in a vertebrate skeletal
muscle: A motor unit consists of a
single motor neuron and all the
muscle fibers it controls.
• In the whole muscle, there may be
hundreds of motor units. As more
and more of the corresponding
motor neurons are activated, a
process called recruitment, the
force (tension) developed by a
muscle progressively increases
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Types of Skeletal Muscle Fibers
Slow Fast Fast
Oxidative Oxidative Glycolytic
contraction
Slow Fast Fast
speed
Major Atp Aerobic Aerobic
Glycolysis
source respiration respiration
rate of
Slow intermediate Fast
fatigue
Mitochondria Many Many Few
Myoglobin high (red high (red Low (white
content muscle) muscle) muscle)
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Fast-Twitch and Slow-Twitch Fibers
Fast-twitch fibers develop tension two to three times faster than slowtwitch
fibers
• rapid, powerful contractions
Slow fiber has less sarcoplasmic reticulum and pumps Ca2+ more slowly
Slow fibrer reflect the rate of myosin heads hydrolyze ATP
Human skeletal muscles contain both fast-twitch and slow-twitch fibers
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3. Other Types of Muscle
Cardiac muscle: heart
Smooth muscle: the walls of
hollow organs
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4. Skeletal function
• Skeletal systems transform
muscle contraction into
locomotion
• Muscles are anchored to bone
indirectly via connective tissue
formed into a tendon
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4. Types of Skeletal Systems
Hydrostatic Skeletons
Exoskeletons
Endoskeletons
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Hydrostatic skeleton
• Fluid held under pressure in a closed
body compartment
• Found in cnidarians, flatworms,
nematodes, and annelids
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Exoskeletons
• The shell, a hard covering deposited on an
animal’s surface
• The shells of clams and most other molluscs
are made of calcium carbonate secreted by
the mantle, a sheetlike extension of the body
wall
• Insects and other arthropods have a jointed
exoskeleton called a cuticle, a coat secreted
by the epidermis. About 30–50% of the
arthropod cuticle consists of chitin, a
polysaccharide similar to cellulose
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Endoskeletons
• Vertebrates have an
endoskeleton consisting of
cartilage, bone or some
combination of these materials
• The mammalian skeleton
contains more than 200 bones,
some fused together and others
connected at joints by
ligaments that allow freedom of
movement
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Types of Locomotion
Locomotion
Swimming Flying
on Land
walking,
running,
hopping,
or crawling
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5. Animal behavior
• Behavior is the sum of an animal’s responses to external and internal
stimuli.
• A fixed action pattern is a largely invariant behavior triggered by a simple
cue known as a sign stimulus. Migratory movements involve navigation,
which can be based on orientation relative to the sun, the stars, or
Earth’s magnetic field. Animal behavior is often synchronized to the
circadian cycle of light and dark in the environment or to cues that cycle
over the seasons.
• The transmission and reception of signals constitute animal
communication. Animals use visual, auditory, chemical, and tactile
signals. Chemical substances called pheromones transmit species-
specific information between members of a species in behaviors
ranging from foraging to courtship.
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• Learning establishes specific
links between experience and
behavior
• Learning, the modification of
behavior as a result of
experience, can take many
forms:
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• Selection for individual survival and reproductive success can explain
diverse behaviors
• An optimal foraging model is based on the idea that natural selection
should favor foraging behavior that minimizes the costs of foraging and
maximizes the benefits.
• Sexual dimorphism correlates with the types of mating relationship,
which include monogamous and polygamous mating systems. Variations
in mating system and mode of fertilization affect certainty of paternity,
which in turn has a significant influence on mating behavior and parental
care.
• Game theory provides a way of thinking about evolution in situations
where the fitness of a particular behavioral phenotype is influenced by
other behavioral phenotypes in the population.
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• Genetic analyses and the concept of inclusive fitness provide a basis
for studying the evolution of behavior
• Genetic studies in insects have revealed the existence of master
regulatory genes that control complex behaviors. Within the underlying
hierarchy, multiple genes influence specific behaviors, such as a
courtship song. Research on voles illustrates how variation in a single
gene can determine differences in complex behaviors.
• Behavioral variation within a species that corresponds to
environmental variation may be evidence of past evolution
• Altruism can be explained by the concept of inclusive fitness, the effect
an individual has on proliferating its genes by producing its own
offspring and by providing aid that enables close relatives to reproduce.
The coefficient of relatedness and Hamilton’s rule provide a way of
measuring the strength of the selective forces favoring altruism against
the potential cost of the “selfless” behavior. Kin selection favors
altruistic behavior by enhancing the reproductive success of relatives
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Campbell Biology, Unit 7, Chapter
50-51
Reference
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