Extracted Text and Formulas
Assessing sugary drinks (IMG1)
This case was challenging in that this shape did not belong to any definite quadrilateral.
Hence, this good can be assumed as a cone and cylinder. To analyze the surface area used
and calculate wastage, a 500 mL bottle was placed on Desmos (1 cm of bottle corresponding
to 1 unit on graph). The bottle was divided into intervals, and a function was derived for
each of these intervals. After calculating respective volume and surface area, the bottle was
assumed to be a cylinder and cone placed end to end. Using the earlier derived conditions
for optimal surface area (in cylinder and cone), the wastage was calculated.
Piece-wise function \( f(x) \)
The four segments of piece-wise function f(x) to describe the shape of the bottle is displayed
below:
f(x) = {sin(((x - 6.3)^2)/3.77) - 5.9 + 2.31, for 0 <= x <= 11.06} \n {3.228, for 11.06 <= x
<= 15.4} \n {(x - 21.6)^2/42.9 - (x - 13) + 1.05, for 15.4 <= x <= 21.6} \n {1.05, for 21.6
<= x <= 23.65}
Volume Calculations
By applying integrals for the limits, the following table displays calculations and subsequent
results on volume for each segment.
1) π ∫[0 to 11.06] {sin(((x - 6.3)^2)/3.77) - 5.9) + 2.31 dx} = 311.81 cm³
2) π ∫[11.06 to 15.4] {3.228 dx} = 142.07 cm³
3) π ∫[15.4 to 21.6] {(x - 21.6)^2/42.9 - (x - 13) + 1.05 dx} = 108.99 cm³
4) π ∫[21.6 to 23.65] {1.05 dx} = 7.1 cm³
Calculations (IMG2)
This shape can be assumed as a cylinder for limits [0 ≤ x ≤ 15.4; Part 1 in Fig 12] and cone
for limits [15.4 ≤ x ≤ 23.65; Parts 2, 3, 4 in Fig 12]. However, as depicted in Fig. 11, this
assumption leads to an underestimation. For the following calculations, r = 3.3 cm, h = 23.65
cm.
Using formulae for used surface area of cylindrical segment and applying in this scenario for
the volume for limits [0, 15.4]:
S_used (Cylinder) = 2πr² + 2πrh = 388 cm²
S_used (Cone) = πr √(r² + (3V/πr²)²) + πr² = 126 cm²
S_total = S_used (Cone) + S_used (Cylinder) = 514 cm²
Using the derived conditions for optimal surface area for both cylinder and cone and
applying these conditions across the same limits to derive optimal radius and height:
1) For Cylinder S_opt exists for V = 2πr³_opt:
V_[0, 15.4] = 312 + 142 = 454 cm³
454 = 2πr³_opt
r_opt = 4.16 cm
h_opt = 2r_opt = 8.32 cm
Then, S_opt for cylinder segment is easily derivable: S_opt = 326 cm²
2) For Cone S_opt exists for r_opt = [9V ⋅ 2/8π]^(1/6):
r_opt = [9V_[15.4, 23.65]/8π]^(1/6)
r_opt = 3.40 cm
However, if the radius were to be altered, it would lead to awkward shaping of the bottle
since the cylinder has a larger radius and cone has a smaller radius. Hence, to maintain
continuity in shape, the optimal radius of the cylinder r = 4.16 cm was used in further
calculations for the cone as well.
h_opt = 3V/πr² = 3(116.09)/π(4.16)² = 6.40 cm
S_opt for cone is easily derivable now, S_opt = πr √(r² + (h_opt)²) + πr² = 154 cm²