GENBIO REVIEWER

Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) — known as the “energy currency”

Redox Reaction – A process of stripping or adding an electron in a compound.

Compound – a term in Chemistry which refers to any material that is composed of two or more components (elements).

Oxidation – stripping of electrons

Reduction – addition of electrons

Photosynthesis - •An example of endergonic reaction in the living system.

Endergonic reactions – require an input of energy.

Exergonic Reaction – A reaction which releases energy. (Ex. Cellular Respiration)

Hydrolysis of ATP – It is the process of breaking complex macromolecules.

The hydrolysis of ATP produces ADP, together with an inorganic phosphate ion , and the release of free energy.

Dehydration of ATP – This reaction reverse the hydrolysis of ATP by regenerating ATP. (Require an input of energy)

Adenosine triphosphate(ATP) – the energy currency used throughout the cell

ATP provides energy for the cell to do work, such as mechanical work, transport substances across the membrane, and perform various chemical
reactions.

• ATP is composed of phosphate groups, a Ribose and adenine.

• In the structure of ATP, there are three Phosphate groups attached to adenosine. The last two bonds on the phosphate groups contain especially high
energy and are therefore very useful for doing work within living cells.

• The bonds that hold phosphate groups are easily broken by hydrolysis which results in the release of energy.

• At the heart of ATP is a molecule of adenosine monophosphate (AMP), which is composed of adenine molecule bonded to a ribose molecule and to a
single phosphate group.

• In AMP, the addition of a second phosphate group to this core molecule results in the formation of adenosine diphosphate (ADP);

The addition of the third phosphate group forms adenosine triphosphate. The Three phosphate groups are labeled as alpha, beta

And gamma. These chemical groups constitute an energy powerhouse.

Ribose – a five-carbon sugar found in RNA.

Adenine – one of the nucleotides in RNA.

High-energy bonds are the bonds between the second and third (beta and gamma) and between the first and second phosphate groups.

Autotrophs – Producer

Heterotrophs – Consumer

Photosynthesis – A metabolic processwhere in light energy (sunlight) is transformed into chemical energy (food).
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Autotrophs – Producer

Heterotrophs – Consumer

Photosynthesis – A metabolic process where in light energy (sunlight) is transformed into chemical energy (food).

Photosynthesis – is the process by which plants, some bacteria and some protistans use the energy from sunlight to produce glucose from carbon
dioxide and water.

Autotrophs – Organisms that can produce their own food.

Ecosystem – Organisms according to their ability of food production

Heterotrophs – Organisms that cannot produce their own food.

An anabolic, endergonic, carbon dioxide (CO2) requiring process that uses light energy (photons) and water (H2O) to produce organic macromolecules
(glucose).

How do plants manufacture their own food?

✓Through the process of Photosynthesis

What are the essential factors needed by plant to undergo the process of photosynthesis ?

✓Light, Carbon Dioxide (CO2) and Water (H2O)

What are the end products of Photosynthesis?

✓Glucose (C6H12O6) and 6 O2

Plants are green because their cells contain chloroplasts which have the pigment chlorophyll.

Plants are green because the green wavelength is reflected, not absorbed.

CHLOROPHYLL – the pigment that gives plants and algae their green color.

FALL COLORS

•DURING THE FALL, THE GREEN CHLOROPHYLL PIGMENTS ARE GREATLY REDUCED REVEALING THE OTHER PIGMENTS.

CAROTENOIDS – ARE PIGMENTS THAT ARE EITHER RED OR YELLOW.

Photosynthesis takes place in two sequential

Stages:

PART I: LIGHT DEPENDENT REACTION;

PART II: LIGHT INDEPENDENT REACTION

(CALVIN CYCLE)

LIGHT DEPENDENT REACTIONS –

The light-dependent reactions take place in the thylakoid membranes in the granum (stack of thylakoids), within the chloroplast. It uses light energy
(photons) to produce NADPH and ATP.

ATP (Adenosine triphosphate)- compound that stores energy in the cell.

NADP (Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate)

- A chemical that pick up two hydrogen atoms from water molecules to form NADPH.

NADPH- reduced form NADP, which is a powerful reducing agent for converting CO2 to glucose.

- produced from electron transport chain

-It plays an important role in light independent reaction.

PHOTOSYNTHESIS –

•-these are pigment containing protein complexes that contain reaction centers.

•-has two types: PS1 and PS2.

AND NADPH WHEN IT COMES TO ITS STRUCTURE?

• The main difference between NADP+ and NADPH is that NADP+ is the oxidized form of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADP), while
NADPH is the reduced form.

• NADP+ underwent Redox reaction, wherein it received an electron from the electron transport chain from PSII.

• NADP+ - in photosynthesis, it is used as an electron acceptor in the Electron Transport Chain.

• NADPH – It helps to fuel the reactions that occur in the second stage of the process of photosynthesis.

SUMMARY—LIGHT DEPENDENT REACTIONS

OVER-ALL INPUT

▪ Light Energy and Water (H2O)

OVER-ALL OUTPUT

▪ ATP, NADPH and Oxygen gas (O2

• 1. Two molecules of glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate (G3P) is used to make one molecule of glucose phosphate. Overall, it requires twelve molecules of it
in order for the 6-carbon glucose to be created.

• 2. Glucose can be modified to form other molecules such as sucrose,starch, and cellulose.

• 3. Glucose is the FINAL product of PHOTOSYNTHESIS!!!

QUESTION TO PONDER: “WHY CAN’T THE PLANTS JUST MAKE A CHAIN OF CARBON FROM THE CARBON DIOXIDE TO FORM SIX-CARBON GLUCOSE?”

• Answer: According to the energy transformation, when we build up molecules,

It is highly endergonic, meaning it requires a high input of energy: and this endergonic process must be coupled to exergonic processes which involves
the NADPH and the ATP molecules to bring down the energy expenditures by coupling an endergonic reactions with an exergonic reactions in order for
our system to become efficient. If you will notice, the entire process of photosynthesis starts with building up, breaking down of molecules, then another
building up, breaking down of molecules, and so on.

SUMMARY—LIGHT INDEPENDENT REACTIONS

Overall input:

CO2 , ATP, NADPH

Overall output:

Glucose

•What affects photosynthesis?

•Light intensity: as light increases, rate of photosynthesis increases

•Carbon Dioxide: As CO2 increases, rate of photosynthesis increases

• Temperature:

- Temperature Low = Rate of photosynthesis low

- Temperature Increases = Rate of photosynthesis increases

- If temperature too hot, rate

❑ PHOTOSYNTHESIS IS A MULTI-STEP PROCESS WHEREBY THE LIGHT ENERGY IS TRAPPED BY CHLOROPHYLL IN PLANTS AND CONVERTED INTO
CHEMICAL ENERGY.

❑ THIS PROCESS IS POSSIBLE UPON THE PRESENCE OF THE DIFFERENT STRUCTURES OF THE PLANTS WHICH IS RESPONSIBLE

ON THE CONDUCT OF THE DIFFERENT PROCESSES.