The basic and essential functions / process

performed by living organisms to maintain their life

NUTRITION RESPIRATION TRANSPORTATION TRANSPORTATION

Obtaining and Breaking down Transfer of Removal of

utilisation of of food to obtain substances from waste material
food energy one part of the products in the
body to another cells of the body
 AUTOTROPHIC NUTRITION HETEROTROPHIC NUTRITION

organism cannot make (or synthesize ) its own

The organism makes its own food

food from simple inorganic materials .
from simple inorganic materials

Example: Green Plants,

Autotrophic Bacteria
Holozoic Saprophytic Parasitic
Organisms consume Organisms feed Organisms derive nutrition
and internally digest on dead and from another living
complex organic food decaying organic organism (host), often
substances. matter. causing harm to the host.
e.g. : lice, leech,
e.g. Human beings e.g. Fungi (bread
tapeworm , Cascuta
moulds,
Dog , Cat (amer-bel)
yeast, mushroom)
The process by which plants make their own food from
carbon dioxide and water by using sunlight energy in
the presence of chlorophyll is called photosynthesis
Conditions necessary for photosynthesis
A) Sunlight B) Chlorophyll
C) Carbon dioxide D) Water

● CO2 enters through Stomata

● Stomata → tiny pores present on the Surface of the
1) Absorption of light energy by chlorophyll.
leaves
↓
2) Conversion of light energy to chemical energy and splitting of water molecules
into hydrogen and oxygen. WATER - TAKEN UP BY ROOTS FROM SOIL
↓
Nitrogen, phosphorous, magnesium, and iron are
3) Reduction of carbon dioxide to carbohydrates.
also taken
Nitrogen is taken in form of nitrates and nitrites
Site of photosynthesis: Chloroplasts
Chlorophyll is present in the green-coloured organelles
In plants, food (glucose) is stored in the form of starch
called ‘chloroplasts’ inside the plant cells. The leaves are
In animals, it is stored in the form of glycogen
green because they contain chloroplasts.
 Variegated leaf Activity 5.1 & 5.2

Starch is present at green sites only

1) Boiling Water Proving chlorophyll is essential for
photosynthesis
2) Boiling Alcohol

3) Iodine Solution
blue black colour with starch

1) Glass jars sealed & kept in Sun

2) KOH in one jar

3) Test for Starch KOH

Carbon Dioxide is essential for Photosynthesis

Question - (a) What is photosynthesis? Identify the organelle and the organs
where it occurs, explain the process using the balanced equation, and state the
source of the oxygen released during this process.

(b) How would you design an experiment to demonstrate that carbon dioxide is
essential for photosynthesis, and what would be the expected observation and
conclusion? (CBSE 2021,2022,2023,2024)
HOLOZOIC NUTRITION
breaks

exit of waste material via anus is regulated by anus sphincter

 A B
Herbivorous --> longer small
intestine for digestion of
Iodine
Iodine cellulose

Carnivorous --> shorter

small intestine since meat is
easier to digest

Starch + Saliva Starch

(breaks down starch)

No color change Color change

Starch not present Starch present

CONCLUSION Saliva causes break

down of starch
Question - (a) What is the name of the enzyme found in the fluid of our mouth
cavity, and which gland produces it? Explain the action of saliva on food with the
help of an activity.

(b) Name the type of nutrition exhibited by Amoeba. Explain how food is taken in
and digested by this organism. (CBSE 2023, 2024)
Question - (a) What is the role of each of the following in the human digestive
system:
(i) Hydrochloric acid (ii) Villi (iii) Anal sphincter (iv) Lipase (v) Mucus (vi) Bile
juice (vii) Trypsin
(b) How is the absorption of digested food carried out in the small intestine, and
why is it necessary?
(c) Why is the small intestine longer in herbivores than in carnivores?
CBSE(2020,2023,2024)
 Alcoholic respiration/ Fermentation

Lactic acid respiration/ Fermentation

Attached to bones

The buildup of lactic acid in our muscles during sudden activity causes cramps
 Rings Of Cartilage
Prevents air passage from collapsing

(voice-box)

Exchange
The diaphragm is a large, dome-
shaped muscle that separates
the chest from the abdomen

Inhalation / Inspiration Exhalation / Expiration

diaphragm contracts diaphragm relaxes

Residual volume - Amount of diaphragm moves downward diaphragm moves upward and
air always remaining in lungs and becomes flat. becomes dome-shaped.
(to provide sufficient time to
absorb O2 and release CO2) Chest cavity becomes larger Chest cavity becomes smaller

Air is sucked into the lungs Air is pushed out from the lungs
 Day Time : Breathe Oxygen Use dissolved
Photosynthesis -> Oxygen produced in atmosphere oxygen in water
Respiration -> Carbon Dioxide is produced
This CO2 is used in Photosynthesis
Rate of breathing Rate of breathing
Net Result -> O2 is given out
is less is more
Night Time :
No Photosynthesis
Respiration -> Carbon Dioxide is produced
Net Result -> CO2 is given out

Breathing in Fish
Fish → take in water through Mouth → force it
past the gills -> dissolved O2 is taken by blood
Mouth open , Gill closed
Vice-Versa
Question - States reasons for the following:
(i) Sometimes while running, the athletes suffer from muscle cramps.
(ii) The lungs are designed in human beings to maximize the area for
exchange of gases.
(iii) Rate of breathing in aquatic organisms is much faster than that in
terrestrial organisms.
(iv) In human beings, when air is taken into the body through the
nostrils and passed through the throat, the air passage does not
collapse.
(v) The test tube containing lime water turns milky when we exhale.
CBSE(2020, 2021, 2022, 2024 )
 The process of transfer of substances from one part
of the body to other parts.

TRANSPORTATION IN HUMANS
CIRCULATORY SYSTEM
LYMPHATIC SYSTEM

The circulatory system consists of the heart, blood,

and blood vessels
 HEART
The heart is a muscular organ that is as big as our fist

Arteries- Carry oxygenated blood away from heart

Veins- Carry deoxygenated blood to the heart
Largest artery- Aorta
Pulmonary artery - Carries deoxygenated blood
Largest vein- Vena cava Pulmonary vein - Carries oxygenated blood
 Exceptions -
BLOOD VESSELS
Pulmonary artery- Carries deoxygenated blood
Pulmonary vein- Carries oxygenated blood

Feature Arteries Veins Capillaries

Carries
Direction
blood away Returns blood to Helps in exchange of
of Blood
from the the heart substances
Flow
heart

Rich in Contains Transports both

Oxygen oxygenated deoxygenated oxygenated &
blood blood deoxygenated blood

High
Pressure Low pressure Moderate pressure
pressure

Thick and Thin and less Very thin (one cell

Walls
elastic walls elastic walls thick)
Valves are present in veins to
Valves Not present
Present (to prevent
Absent prevent backflow of blood
backflow)
Double Circulation
Blood flows twice through the heart before completing
a full circuit.
Single Circulation
Blood passes only once through the heart in a
complete cycle.

Heart Body Temperature

Animal Group Circulation Type
Chambers Regulation

Birds (Aves) , Complete double

4 Warm blooded
Mammals circulation

Amphibians, Partial double

3 Cold blooded
Reptiles circulation

Fishes
2 Single circulation Cold blooded
(Pisces)
 Blood Components LYMPH or TISSUE FLUID
Plasma: Fluid medium, transports food, carbon Some components of blood leak through pores
dioxide and nitrogenous waste. in walls of capillaries ( plasma, proteins and blood cells
RBCs: Contain haemoglobin and transport oxygen (Not RBC)
Lymph is a part of lymphatic system
WBCs: Fight infections. Produce antibody to kill Colourless fluid
pathogens Contains less protein than blood
Carries digested and absorbed fat from intestine
Platelets: Clotting of blood
Drains excess fluid back into the blood

red blood cells

blood
vessels

White
blood
cells

Plasma
Question - States reasons for the following:
(i)The muscular walls of the ventricles are thicker than those of the
atria.(2020)
(ii) Circulation of blood in aquatic vertebrates differs from that in
terrestrial vertebrates.
(iii) When we are injured and start bleeding, it stops after some time.
 Slow transportation system - 1)Plants do not move 2) have a large proportion of dead cells in many tissues.
Hence they have low energy needs and use slow transport systems.
But, transportation distance can be very large

Xylem & Phloem are independent conducting tubes

Feature Xylem Transport Phloem Transport
Food, amino acids and
Transports Water and minerals
other substances
Unidirectional (upwards
Direction of Bidirectional (both
from roots to aerial
Flow upward and downward)
parts)
Physical forces( such as Active transport
Process
root pressure and (requires energy in the
Involved
transpirational pull) form of ATP)

Main
Xylem vessels, Sieve tubes,
Tissues
tracheids companion cells
Involved
 Transport of water
Root pressure-Roots take up ions from soil which
creates difference in the concentration of these
ions
water from soil moves into the roots
there is a constant movement of water into root
xylem and water is steadily pushed upwards.

Transpiration The loss of water in the form of vapour

from the aerial parts of the plant is called transpiration

Role of transpiration Transport of food

1. Absorption and upward movement of Translocation
water and minerals from roots to leaves The transfer of food from leaves to other
parts of the plant is called translocation
2. Temperature regulation.
phloem translocates the food made in the
Day time- Major force is transpirational pull leaves
These substances are especially delivered
Night time -Root pressure
to the storage organs of roots, fruits and
seeds and to growing organs
Question - States reasons for the following:
(i) The transport system in plants is relatively slow.
(ii) During the day, water and minerals move more quickly through the
xylem compared to at night.
 EXCRETION IN HUMAN BEINGS
Removal of harmful metabolic wastes from
the body is called excretion

The excretory system of human beings include-

Kidneys- Nitrogenous waste such as urea and
uric acid are removed from blood through
kidneys
A pair of ureters- Connects the kidneys with
the urinary bladder
Urinary bladder- Urine is stored in urinary
bladder until it is passed out (muscular, under
nervous control)
Urethra- Transports urine out of the body
 Nephron is the structural and functional unit of kidney. Each kidney has large
number of nephrons GLOMERULAR FILTRATION-
Nitrogenous wastes, glucose,
water, amino acid, excessive
salts from the blood are filtered
and initial filtrate enters into
Bowman Capsule of the
nephron.

SELECTIVE REABSORPTION-
Useful substances like glucose,
amino acids, salts and a major
amount of water from the filtrate
Glomerulus- Cluster of are reabsorbed back by
blood vessels capillaries surrounding the
nephron
Bowmans Capsule- Cup
shaped structure in each TUBULAR SECRETION -Urea,
Nephron ,that surrounds extra water and salts are
glomerulus and collects secreted into the tubule which
open up into the collecting duct
the filtrate
& then into the ureter.
Amount of water reabsorbed depends on
1. Amount of excess water in body
2. Amount of dissolved waste to be excreted
 Question - Read the following and answer the questions.
In case of kidney failure, an artificial kidney can be used. An artificial
kidney is a device to remove waste products from the blood through
dialysis.

(a) (i) Name the artery that brings oxygenated blood to the kidney.
(ii) Name the cluster the thin-walled blood capillaries present in the
Bowman’s capsule.
(b) In human excretory system name the organ which stores urine. Is this
organ under hormonal control or nervous control?
(c) (i) List two major steps involved in the formation of urine and state in
brief their functions.
(ii) In which part of the nephron does selective reabsorption take place?
List the factors which the amount of water from urine reabsorbed
depends on.
CBSE(2021, 2022, 2024) CBQ
 ARTIFICIAL KIDNEY (HEMODIALYSIS)
In case of kidney failure, an artificial kidney can be used
An artificial kidney removes nitrogenous waste products
from the blood through dialysis.
Artificial kidney --> No reabsorption involved

Dialysing fluid --> same osmotic pressure as blood

(without nitrogenous wastes)
Used dialysing solution --> rich in urea and excess
salts
Excretion in plants
Oxygen and carbon dioxide --> by
diffusion through stomata
Excess water --> removed by
transpiration.
Shedding of old leaves
Plants also secrete some waste
substances into the soil around
them.
Question - a) Describe the structure of the basic filtration unit present in the
kidney

b) Explain in brief two ways by which leaves of a plant help in excretion.

CBSE (2019 2020, 2021, 2023)