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Pharm Human Anatomy & Physiology Chapter-1 Introduction 1

HUMAN ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY

INTRODUCTION
• The systematic study of the human body is performed under two disciplines, i.e., anatomy (structure)
and physiology (function).
Anatomy
• Anatomy is made up of two Greek words, “ana” means up and “tome” means to cut.
• Anatomy is the study of different structures of the human body and their relationship with each
other.
Anatomy is sub-divided into:
1. Gross Anatomy: the study of such anatomical structures which can be seen with the naked eyes.
2. Microscopic Anatomy: very minute anatomical structures (tissues and cells) are studied with the help
of microscopes.
3. Superficial Anatomy or Surface Anatomy: study of external features of the body.
4. Comparative Anatomy: In this type of anatomy, the comparison of anatomical Structures both gross
and microscopic present in different animals is studied.
5. Cytology: Study of cell.
6. Histology: Study of tissues
7. Embryology: Study of embryo and foetus
8. Splanchnology: Study of organs
9. Haematology: Study of blood
10. Osteology: Study of bone
11. Ophthalmology: Study of eye
12. Arthrology: Study of joints
13. Myology: Study of muscular system
14. Neurology: Study of nervous system
15. Immunology: Study of immune system
16. Angiology: Study of heart and blood vessels
17. Teratology: Congenital malformation
18. Endocrinology: Study of hormones.
Physiology
• The Greek words “physis’ means nature and “logos” means study combine to form the term
physiology,
• Physiology is the study of different functioning of the human body and their relationship with each
other.
SCOPE OF ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY
• Study of human anatomy provides an essential base for the understanding of physiology and
pathophysiology. {function changes during the disease condition and aging}
• Helpful in the study of human evolution and development.
• Inquiring into the fascinating complexity of the structure and function of the human body.
• To understand the pathology of disease and pathological changes.
• To determine the techniques of surgeries.
• To know the parameters of normal health.
• Overall effective maintenance of individual and community health.

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Definition of Various Terminologies Used in Anatomy

For study point of view, medical science divides the body into various anatomical planes (flat surfaces),
which are the imaginary lines (vertical or Horizontal) drawn through an upright position of the body.
1. Directional terms
2. Sectional planes/planes of the body
Directional Terms
Directional terminologies are used to locate one body structure with respect to the other. The anatomical
position of a human can be described with the help of the following terms:
1. Superior (Upper, Cranial) End: The end of the head lies in the uppermost position; therefore, it is
known as the superior end of the extremity.
2. Inferior (Lower) End: This part starts from the extremity of the main body or the trunk along the legs
in the downward direction or ground.
3. Anterior or Ventral End: This includes the body parts present on the front Side, like chest, nipples,
abdomen, and external genitalia.
4. Posterior or Dorsal End: This includes the body parts present on the Back side, i.e., vertebral column
(also known as the backbone), shoulder blades, and buttocks.
5. Supine Position: In this position, the face is towards the upper side (roof) while the back faces
downwards.
6. Prone Position: In this position, the face focuses downwards or towards the ground.
7. Medial Position: It is an imaginary line passing through the longitudinal axis of the body, dividing it
into two equal halves from the middle, starting from front to the back.
8. Lateral Position: It is that anatomical position of the body in which it is divided into two fragments
through the midline and the body structures Remain away.
9. Proximal: It describes a body part that is closer to a point of attachment or closer to the trunk of the
body than another part. For example, the elbow is proximal to the wrist.
10. Distal: This position is the opposite of proximal. It means that a particular body part is farther from the
point of attachment or farther from the trunk of the body than another part. For example, the fingers
are distal to the wrist.
11. Superficial: This position means situated near the surface.
12. Peripheral: This position means outward or near the surface.
Planes of the Body
Following are the various planes in which the human body is classified:
1. Sagittal: In this plane, an imaginary line slicing the body (from head to toes) into two halves with
erratic proportion is drawn, from top to the down. A mid-sagittal plane runs parallel to the medial
plane, i.e., the plane of sagittal runs from the middle. Distinct to that of coronal plane, it starts from
the nose to back of the head and moves vertically from one ear to the other.
2. Horizontal: This plane is parallel to the ground and passes through the body at the 90° angle to both
coronal and medial plane.
3. Coronal: This plane divides the body into anterior (front) and posterior (back) portion, by passing
through the body at a right angle to the medial system. Medically, anterior means the front portion
and posterior means the back potion. Some terms can be used interchangeably like ventral for front
and dorsal for the back.

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4. Lithotomy Position: In this position, the individual is lying on the back with Thighs fully stretched and
knees directing towards the roof.

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Cell
Introduction
Cell is the basic structural and functional unit of all living organisms.
• Robert hook was the father of cell.
• Robert brown was the father of nucleus.
• Two types of cells
1. Prokaryotic cell: a cell without well-defined nucleus.
Ex: cyanobacteria
2. Eukaryotic cell: a cell with well-defined nucleus.
Ex: Animal and plant cell.

STRUCTURE OF THE CELL:

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Parts of the cell Main characteristics Function

• Outermost layer of the cell, very thin, • Regulates the entry of certain
Plasma flexible and semi permeable solutes and ions hence it is
membrane/cell membrane. called as semi permeable
membrane • It is a double layer membrane made up membrane. [diffusion process]
of phospholipid. • Maintains shape os the cell.
• It is the semifluid contains a mixture of • Different organelles contained
water and soluble inorganic and in it perform different functions.
Cytoplasm
organic compound and various • All metabolic activities occur in
organelles. it.

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• Largest cell organelles, mostly spherical

and dense in shape. • Regulates cell function.
Nucleus
• Nuclear membrane with pores to allow • Contains chromosomes.
substance in and out.
• It is thread like structure present in the
• Chromosomes carry hereditary
Chromatin nucleus.
information’s.
• Composed DNA and proteins.
• Highly coiled filamentous structure
Nucleolus • Produces ribosomes.
present in the nucleus.
• Network or reticulum of tiny structures
scattered in the cytoplasm called
• Rough endoplasmic reticulum:
endoplasmic reticulum.
cells actively involved in protein
1. The endoplasmic reticulum shows
synthesis
ribosomes attached to their outer
Endoplasmic • Smooth endoplasmic reticulum:
surface called Rough/granular
reticulum it is the site for the synthesis of
endoplasmic reticulum.
lipids, glycogen and steroid
2. The endoplasmic reticulum
hormones. It also store and
without ribosomes called
release calcium.
Smooth/Agranular endoplasmic
reticulum
• Mitochondrion is a double membrane
bound structure with outer and inner • They produce energy to the cell
membrane. in the form of ATP [Adenosine
Mitochondria • The inner membrane forms the triphosphate] in the presence of
number of infoldings called cristae oxygen hence they called as
towards the materials. power house of the cell.
• They contain proteins, enzymes, DNA.
• Responsible for packing of
• It is a cup shaped and consist of many materials.
Golgi apparatus flat disc shaped sacs called cristae. • It is the important site for
formation and modification of
proteins
• It is a granular structure, non-
• Main function is protein
membranous cell organelles and
Ribosome synthesis hence it is called as
composed of ribonucleic acid and
protein factory of the cell.
proteins.
• They contain hydrolytic
enzymes.
• Membrane bound vesicular structure
Lysosome • They digested the damage part
formed by Golgi body.
of the cell [apoptosis] hence it is
called as suicidal bag of cell.
• A region surrounding the centrioles,
• Initiates and regulate cell
located in the nucleus.
division.
Centrosome • Contain one or two centrioles.
• Microtubules helps in
• Centrioles are surrounded by
maintenance of cell shape.
microtubules.

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