Chapter 1 - Electronic Component and Signals
Q. Define active and passive component with examples.
Ans:
Electronic Components are classified in two types.
Active Components
Active Components are those which conduct upon providing some external energy.
Active Components produce energy in the form of voltage or current.
Active components have ability to amplify the signal.
Examples -
Transistors
Diodes
Passive Components
Passive components are those which start their operation once they are connected. No external energy is needed
for their operation.
Passive components store and maintain energy in the form of voltage or current.
Passive components cannot amplify the signal.
Examples −
Resistor
Capacitor
Inductor
Q. What is Resistor, define resistance?
Ans:
Resist is the word which means “to oppose”.
Resistance is the property of opposing the flow of electrons, in a conductor or a semiconductor.
A Resistor is an electronic component which has the property of resistance.
Q. State Symbol, unit and formula of resistor?
Ans:
Compiled by Mrs. Tanvi G.
Chapter 1 - Electronic Component and Signals
Resistor Color Coding
Refer the following the chart.
How to Read Resistor Color Code?
Example 1
Compiled by Mrs. Tanvi G.
Chapter 1 - Electronic Component and Signals
Example 2
Q. Explain the specifications of resistor?
Ans:
Resistivity: It is the resistance of wire of unit length and unit cross-sectional area.
Tolerance: It is actual value of the resistor may be either large or smaller than that of the indicated value. Low %
means high accuracy.
Wattage/ Power rating: It is the maximum amount of heat dissipated by a resistor at maximum specified
temperature without damage. The normally available resistors have power ratings of 1/8W, 1/2W, 1W, 2W. The
size of a resistor depends on its power handing capacity.
Maximum Operating temperature: The maximum temperature at which the resistor can be operated without
failure is called maximum temperature.
Temperature coefficient: It is defined as change in resistance per unit change in temperature. It can be positive/
negative.
Q. What is capacitor, define capacitance?
Ans:
A capacitor is a two-terminal electrical device that possesses the ability to store energy in the form of an electric
charge.
It consists of two electrical conductors that are separated by a distance.
The space between the conductors is be filled by vacuum or with an insulating material known as a dielectric.
The ability of the capacitor to store charges is known as capacitance.
Compiled by Mrs. Tanvi G.
Chapter 1 - Electronic Component and Signals
Q. State symbol, unit and formula of capacitor?
Ans:
Q. What is Inductor, define Inductance?
Ans:
An inductor is a passive electronic component which can store electrical energy in the form of magnetic energy.
Basically, it uses a conductor that is wound into a coil, and when electricity flows into the coil from the left to the
right, this will generate a magnetic field in the clockwise direction.
The ability of the inductor to store electrical energy in the form of magnetic energy is known as inductance.
Q. State symbol, unit and formula of capacitor?
Ans:
Compiled by Mrs. Tanvi G.
Chapter 1 - Electronic Component and Signals
Definitions
Amplitude
Amplitude of a signal refers to the height of the signal.
Amplitude is measured in volts, amperes or watts depending on the type of signal.
Period
Period refers to the amount of time in which a signal completes one cycle.
It is measured in seconds.
Frequency
Frequency refers to number of periods in one second or number of cycles per second.
Frequency is measured in Hertz (Hz)
Compiled by Mrs. Tanvi G.
Chapter 1 - Electronic Component and Signals
Phase
Phase describes the position of the waveform relative to time zero.
Phase describes the amount by which the waveform shifts forward or backward along the time axis.
Phase is measured in degrees or radians.
Wavelength
Wavelength (λ) is the physical length from one point of a wave to the same point on the next wave.
In free space, Speed of light = 3 * 10^8 m/s, suppose frequency = 2500 MHz
Then, Wavelength = (3 *10^8) / (2000 *10^6) = 0.12 meter
Q. Calculate peak-to-peak amplitude, frequency and wavelength of waveforms.
Ans:
Compiled by Mrs. Tanvi G.
Chapter 1 - Electronic Component and Signals
Solution:
For sine waveform:
1. Peak to peak amplitude =10 V
2. Frequency=1/T =1/ (2.5ms) = 400 Hz
3. Wavelength λ = Vc/f = (3*108)/400 =750000 m
For square waveform:
1. Peak to peak amplitude =20 V
2. Frequency=1/T =1/ (20 ms) = 50 Hz
3. Wavelength λ = Vc/f = (3*108)/50 =6000000 m
Q. List and draw different types of signals.
Ans:
Compiled by Mrs. Tanvi G.
Chapter 1 - Electronic Component and Signals
Q. What is IC? State the advantages and disadvantages of IC.
Ans:
An IC (integrated circuit) is a miniature, low cost complete electronic circuit consisting of active and passive components
that are inseparably joined together on a single small crystal chip of semiconductor material like silicon or on a single
insulating substrate, like glass.
Advantages of IC
Its size is thousand times smaller than a discrete circuit.
Its weight of very less as compared to that of equivalent discrete circuits.
Due to smaller size, power consumption is less.
Interconnections errors are not existent in practice.
In case of circuit failure, it is easy to replace IC by new one.
Its cost is very less because many identical circuits can be built simultaneously on a single wafer.
Disadvantages of IC
Coils or inductors cannot be fabricated.
IC’s function at low voltage
They handle only limited amount of power.
They are quite delicate and cannot withstand rough handing.
Power dissipation is limited to 10Watts.
Low noise and high voltage operation are not easily obtained.
Q. Explain the types of scale of integration.
Ans:
Small scale of integration (ssi): In this case, the number of circuits contained in one IC package is less than 12 (or
number of components is less than 50)
Eg. logic gate.
Medium scale of integration (msi): In this case, the number of circuits contained in one IC package is between 13
and 99 (or number of components is between 50-5000)
Eg. Counters, Amplifier
Large scale of integration (lsi): In this case, the number of circuits contained in one IC package is between 100 and
9999 (or number of components is between 5000-100000).
Eg. RAM
Very large scale of integration (vlsi): In this case, the number of circuits contained in one IC package is between
1000 and 99999 (or number of components is between 100000-10000000).
Eg. Microcontroller
Compiled by Mrs. Tanvi G.
Chapter 1 - Electronic Component and Signals
Voltage Source and Current Source
A Source is a device which converts mechanical, chemical, thermal or some other form of energy into electrical
energy. In other words, the source is an active network element meant for generating electrical energy.
Voltage Source
Ideal Voltage Source
A voltage source is a two-terminal device whose
voltage at any instant of time is constant and is
independent of the current drawn from it.
Such a voltage source is called an Ideal Voltage
Source and have zero internal resistance.
Practically an ideal voltage source cannot be
obtained.
Practical Voltage Source
Sources having some amount of internal
resistances are known as Practical Voltage Source.
Due to this internal resistance; voltage drop takes
place, and it causes the terminal voltage to
reduce.
The smaller is the internal resistance (r) of a
voltage source, the more closer it is to an Ideal
Source
Compiled by Mrs. Tanvi G.
Chapter 1 - Electronic Component and Signals
Current Source
Ideal Current Source
An ideal current source is a two-terminal circuit
element which supplies the same current to any
load resistance connected across its terminals.
Practical Current Source
A practical current source is represented as an
ideal current source connected with the
resistance in parallel.
Compiled by Mrs. Tanvi G.