Lecture 1
Sentence
A sentence has to be a word or group of words which carry a complete idea or sense or meaning.
It might have a subject and/or verb and/or object. Ex- Rahim(Subject) eats(Verb), Anowar
(Subject) plays(Verb) football(Object), Come!(One word sentence)
# Subject :- A subject of a sentence is a person or thing about which something is said or
written. Subject is the doer of actions. Ex- Jhorna goes to school every day.
Here, Jhorna is doing the action, means ‘Goes’ (action) to school.
# Verb :- Any word presents actions in a sentence. Also, any word that helps the main action
verb. Ex- Jhorna goes to school every day.
# Object :- Once we identify the subject, whatever the subject deals with is an object in a
sentences. Ex- I eat rice, Jhorna goes to school every day.
Here, Subject and Verb indicate School, which is an object.
For both speaking and formal writing, we need to have a clear understanding in Sentence
Structure. There are 4 types of Sentence Structures. Simple, Compound, Complex, Compound-
Complex
Simple Sentence Structure: It has one independent clause. An independent clause contains a
subject and verb and expresses a complete thought. Ex- Mohoshin wants to buy a Laptop. I went
to Canada
Compound Sentence Structure: It has two or more Independent clauses joined by conjunction
or semi-colon. Each of them can form a sentence alone. Ex- I read book and Alex plays cricket.
Our car broke down; we came last.
Complex Sentence Structure: When A sentence has an Independent clause and a dependent
clause. Dependent clause starts with Conjunction or relative Pronoun.
Ex- We missed our plane because we were late. He bought a car, which was too expensive. I
know that he cannot do it.
If you don’t eat, I won’t go. He is a very talented player though he is out of form.
Compound-Complex Sentence Structure: This structure will have at least two independent
clauses and one or more dependent clauses.
Ex- Kate does not like cartoons because they are loud, so she does not watch [Link] dog
started barking so the cat ran away and I couldn’t keep up, so I stopped.
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Conditional Sentences
Conditional sentences are statements discussing known factors or hypothetical situations and
their consequences. Complete conditional sentences contain a conditional clause (often referred
to as the if-clause) and the consequence. Consider the following sentences:
If a certain condition is true, then a particular result happens.
I would travel around the world if I won the lottery.
When water reaches 100 degrees, it boils
Conditional Sentences in Categories
There are four different types of conditional sentences in English. Each expresses a different
degree of probability that a situation will occur or would have occurred under certain
circumstances.
Zero Conditional Sentences
First Conditional Sentences
Third Conditional Sentences
Let’s look at each of these different types of conditional sentences in more detail.
Use of Zero Conditional Sentences
Zero conditional sentences express general truths—situations in which one thing always cause
another. When you use a zero conditional, you’re talking about a general truth rather than a
specific instance of something.
Structure: IF + Present Indefinite + Present Indefinite
Consider the following examples:
If you don’t brush your teeth, you get cavities.
When people smoke cigarettes, their health suffers
There are a couple of things to take note of in the above sentences in which the zero conditional
is used. First, when using the zero conditional, the correct tense to use in both clauses is the
simple present tense. A common mistake is to use the simple future tense.
Incorrect: When people smoke cigarettes, their health will suffer.
Secondly, notice that the words if and when can be used interchangeably in these zero
conditional sentences. This is because the outcome will always be the same, so it doesn’t matter
“if” or “when” it happens.
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Use of First Conditional Sentences
First conditional sentences are used to express situations in which the outcome is likely (but not
guaranteed) to happen in the future. Look at the examples below:
If you rest, you will feel better.
If you set your mind to a goal, you’ll eventually achieve it.
Structure: IF + Present Indefinite + Future Indefinite
Note that we use the simple present tense in the if-clause and simple future tense in the main
clause—that is, the clause that expresses the likely outcome. This is how we indicate that under a
certain condition (as expressed in the if-clause), a specific result will likely happen in the future.
Examine some of the common mistakes people make using the first conditional structure:
If you will rest, you will feel better.
If you rest, you will feel better.
Explanation: Use the simple present tense in the if-clause.
If you set your mind to a goal, you eventually achieve it.
If you set your mind to a goal, you’ll eventually achieve it.
Explanation: Use the zero conditional (i.e., simple present + simple present) only when a certain
result is guaranteed. If the result is likely, use the first conditional (i.e., simple present
+ simple future).
Use of Second Conditional Sentences
Second conditional sentences are useful for expressing outcomes that are completely unrealistic
or will not likely happen in the future. Consider the examples below:
If I inherited a billion dollars, I would travel to the moon.
If I owned a zoo, I might let people interact with the animals more.
Structure: IF + Past Indefinite + Would + Vo
Notice the correct way to structure second conditional sentences is to use the simple past tense in
the if-clause and an auxiliary modal verb (e.g., could, should, would, might) in the main clause
(the one that expresses the unrealistic or unlikely outcome). The following sentences illustrate a
couple of the common mistakes people make when using the second conditional:
Incorrect: If I inherit a billion dollars, I would travel to the moon.
Correct: If I inherited a billion dollars, I would travel to the moon.
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Use of Third Conditional Sentences
Third conditional sentences are used to explain that present circumstances would be different if
something different had happened in the past. Look at the following examples:
If you had told me you needed a ride, I would have left earlier.
If I had cleaned the house, I could have gone to the movies.
Structure: IF + Past Perfect + Would + Have + Past Participle
These sentences express a condition that was likely enough, but did not actually happen in the
past. The speaker in the first sentence was capable of leaving early, but did not. Along these
same lines, the speaker in the second sentence was capable of cleaning the house, but did not.
These are all conditions that were likely, but regrettably did not happen.
Note that when using the third conditional, we use the past perfect (i.e., had + past participle) in
the if-clause. The modal auxiliary (would, could, shoud, etc.) + have + past participle in the main
clause expresses the theoretical situation that could have happened.
Consider these common mistakes when applying the third conditional:
Incorrect: If you would have told me you needed a ride, I would have left earlier.
Correct: If you had told me you needed a ride, I would have left earlier.
Explanation: With third conditional sentences, do not use a modal auxiliary verb in the if-
clause.
Incorrect: If I had cleaned the house, I could go to the movies.
Correct: If I had cleaned the house, I could have gone to the movies.
Explanation: The third conditional mood expresses a situation that could have only happened in
the past if a certain condition had been met. That’s why we use the modal auxiliary verb + have
+ the past participle.
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