Transformations

2.1 Translations
Chapter Learning Target: 2.2 Reflections
Understand transformations.
Chapter Success Criteria:
2.3 Rotations
I can identify a transformation.
I can describe a rigid 2.4 Congruent Figures
transformation.
I can use a scale factor to dilate a 2.5 Dilations
figure.
I can find transformations between 2.6 Similar Figures
congruent figures and between
similar figures.
Surface Deep

GO DIGITAL

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 7
MTR
Mathematicians who apply mathematics to real-world contexts
connect mathematical concepts to everyday experiences.

STEAM Video Shadow Puppets

In the video, Tory and

Robert demonstrate
how puppeteers create
different effects during
a puppet show.

1. Tory and Robert are using a light source to display puppets on a screen. Tory wants
to show the pig jumping from the floor to the window. Should she use a translation,
reflection, rotation, or dilation? Explain.

2
MTR
2. MAKING AN ARGUMENT How can Tory show the pig getting smaller as it jumps out
the window?

STEAM Performance Task Master Puppeteer

After completing this chapter, you will be able to use the concepts you learned to
answer the questions in the STEAM Performance Task. You will be given the
coordinates of a figure being used by a puppeteer.
y
2
1
A D
−3 −2 O 1 4 x
C
−2
B
−3
−4

You will be asked to identify transformations for given movements of the figure.
When might a puppeteer want to use a reflection?
GO DIGITAL

49

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 Getting Ready for Chapter 2 WITH
Chapter Exploration
1
MTR
Actively Participate in Effortful Learning Collectively
Work with a partner to prepare for concepts in this chapter.

Congruent (same size and shape) Not Congruent (same shape but not same size)

1. Form each triangle on a geoboard.

• Which of the triangles are congruent to the triangle at the right?

• Measure the sides of each triangle with a ruler.
Record your results in a table.
• Write a conclusion about the side lengths of
triangles that are congruent.

a. b. c.

d. e. f.

Vocabulary
The following terms are defined in this chapter. Think about what each might mean
and record your thoughts.
translation rotation dilation
reflection rigid motion similar figures GO DIGITAL

50

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 2.1 Translations
Learning Target: Translate figures in the coordinate plane.
Success Criteria: • I can identify a translation.
• I can find the coordinates of a translated figure.
• I can use coordinates to translate a figure.

Exploration 1 Sliding Figures

Work with a partner.
a. For each figure below, draw the figure in a coordinate plane. Then
copy the figure onto a piece of transparent paper and slide the copy to a
new location in the coordinate plane. Describe the location of the copy
compared to the location of the original.
• point • triangle
• line segment • rectangle
• line

y
6
5
A′
4
3
A
2
B′
1
C′
O 3 4 5 6 7 x
B
−2
C

b. When you slide figures, what do you notice about sides, angles,
and parallel lines?
2
MTR MAKE A c. Describe the location of each point below compared to the
CONNECTION point A(x, y).
How can you use your
answer to part (d) to B(x + 1, y + 2) C(x − 3, y + 4)
describe what happens to
each figure in part (a) D(x − 2, y + 3) E(x + 4, y − 1)
when you slide it
horizontally a units and
d. You copy a point with coordinates (x, y) and slide it horizontally a units
vertically b units?
and vertically b units. What are the coordinates of the copy?

Geometric Reasoning
[Link].2.3 Describe and apply the effect of a single transformation on two-dimensional figures using coordinates
GO DIGITAL and the coordinate plane.

Section 2.1 Translations 51

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 2.1 Lesson
A transformation changes a figure into another figure. The new figure
is called the image.
Key Vocabulary
transformation, p. 52 A translation is a transformation in which a figure Slide
image, p. 52 slides but does not turn. Every point of the figure
translation, p. 52 moves the same distance and in the same direction.

Example 1 Identifying a Translation

Tell whether the blue figure is a translation of the red figure.
a. b.

The red figure slides to The red figure turns to

form the blue figure. form the blue figure.
So, the blue figure is a So, the blue figure is not a
translation of the red figure. translation of the red figure.

Try It Tell whether the blue figure is a translation of the red figure.

1. 2.

Key Idea
Reading Translations in the Coordinate Plane
Words To translate a figure a units B y
A′ is read “A prime.” Use 4
prime symbols when horizontally and b units vertically 3
naming an image. in a coordinate plane, add a to 2
the x-coordinates and b to the A B′
A A′ 1

B B′ y-coordinates of the vertices. −4 −3 O 1 3 4 x

C C′ Positive values of a and b represent C A′
−2
translations up and right. Negative −3
values of a and b represent −4
C′
translations down and left.
Algebra (x, y) (x + a, y + b)
In a translation, the original figure and its image are identical.
GO DIGITAL

52 Chapter 2 Transformations

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 Example 2 Translating a Figure in the Coordinate Plane
y B Translate the red triangle 3 units right and 3 units down. What are
5
4
the coordinates of the image?
Method 1: Use a coordinate plane. Move each vertex 3 units right
A C and 3 units down.
1

−2 O 1 2 3 4 5 6 x y B Move each vertex 3 units

5 right and 3 units down.
−2 4
−3
B′
A C
Connect the vertices.
−2 O 5 6 x
Label as A′, B′, and C′.
C′
−2
A′
−3

The coordinates of the image are A′(1, −2), B′(5, 2), and C′(4, −1).

Method 2: Use coordinates. Add 3 to the x-coordinates of the vertices and

add −3, or subtract 3, from the y-coordinates of the vertices.

A(−2, 1) A′(−2 + 3, 1 − 3) A′(1, −2)

B(2, 5) B′(2 + 3, 5 − 3) B′(5, 2)
C(1, 2) C′(1 + 3, 2 − 3) C′(4, −1)

The coordinates of the image are A′(1, −2), B′(5, 2), and C′(4, −1).

Try It
3. WHAT IF? The red triangle is translated 4 units left and 2 units up.
What are the coordinates of the image?

In-Class Practice 1 I don’t

understand yet. 2 I can do it
with help. 3 I can do it
on my own. 4 I can teach
someone else.

IDENTIFYING A TRANSLATION Tell whether the blue figure is a translation

of the red figure.
4. 5.

6. TRANSLATING A FIGURE The vertices of a triangle are A(−2, −2),

B (0, 2), and C (3, 0). Translate the triangle 1 unit left and 2 units up.
What are the coordinates of the image?
GO DIGITAL

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 7
Example 3 Modeling Real Life MTR

A landscaper represents a park using a coordinate plane. He draws

a square with vertices A(1, −2), B(3, −2), C(3, −4), and D(1, −4) to
represent the location of a new fountain. City officials want to move the
fountain 4 units left and 6 units up. Find the coordinates of the image.
Then draw the original figure and the image in a coordinate plane.

You are given the coordinates for the vertices of a fountain. You are asked to
Understand
the problem. find the coordinates after a translation 4 units left and 6 units up, and then
graph the original figure and its image in a coordinate plane.

Use the coordinates of the original figure to calculate the coordinates of the
Make a plan.
image after the translation. Then graph each figure in a coordinate plane.

Solve and To find the coordinates of the image, subtract 4 from each x-coordinate and
check.
add 6 to each y-coordinate.

(x, y) (x — 4, y + 6) A′ B′ 4 y
Check Counting grid 3
A(1, −2) A′(1 − 4, −2 + 6) A′(−3, 4)
lines in the graph 2
D′ C′
shows that each B(3, −2) B′(3 − 4, −2 + 6) B′(−1, 4) 1
vertex of the image is −4 −3 −2 O 1 2 3 4 x
translated 4 units C(3, −4) C′(3 − 4, −4 + 6) C′(−1, 2) A B
left and 6 units up. ✓ D(1, −4) D′(1 − 4, −4 + 6) D′(−3, 2)
−2
−3
−4
D C
The coordinates of the image are
A′(−3, 4), B′(−1, 4), C′(−1, 2), and D′(−3, 2).

In-Class Practice 1 I don’t

understand yet. 2 I can do it
with help. 3 I can do it
on my own. 4 I can teach
someone else.

7. A neighborhood planner uses a coordinate plane to design a new

neighborhood. The coordinates A(1, −1), B(1, −2), and C (2 , −1)
represent House A, House B, and House C. The planner decides to place a
y
4 playground centered at the origin, and moves the houses to make space.
Wide receiver House A is now located at A′(3, −4). What are the new coordinates of
3
2 House B and House C when each house is moved using the same
1 translation? Justify your answer.
Quarterback
O 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 x
8. The locations of a quarterback and a wide receiver on a football field
−2
are represented in a coordinate plane. The quarterback throws the
−3
−4
football to the point (6, −2). Use a translation to describe a path the
wide receiver can take to catch the pass.
GO DIGITAL

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 2.1 Practice WITH AND

Review & Refresh

Solve the inequality.
1 2
1. 4x − 2 > 10 2. 17 ≤ — z + 5 3. −— b − 7 ≥ 21
3 5
4. You put $550 in an account that earns 4.4% simple interest per year.
How much interest do you earn in 6 months?

Concepts, Skills, & Problem Solving

DESCRIBING RELATIONSHIPS For each figure, describe the location of the blue figure
relative to the location of the red figure. (See Exploration 1.)
5. y 6. y
4 4
3 3
2 2
1 1

−4 −2 O 1 3 x −2 O 1 4 x

−2 −2
−3 −3
−4 −4

IDENTIFYING A TRANSLATION Tell whether the blue figure is a translation of the

red figure. (See Example 1.)
7. 8. 9.

10. 11. 12.

TRANSLATING A FIGURE The vertices of a triangle are L(0, 1), M(1, −2), and
N(−2, 1). Draw the figure and its image after the translation.
13. 1 unit left and 6 units up 14. 5 units right
15. (x + 2, y + 3) 16. (x − 3, y − 4)

1 17. HELP A CLASSMATE Your friend wants

MTR to translate point A 2 units down and 1 unit right. A(3, 1) A′( 3 ,1 ) A′( , )
GO DIGITAL
Explain how your friend can complete the work.

Section 2.1 Translations 55

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 18. TRANSLATING A FIGURE 19. TRANSLATING A FIGURE
Translate the triangle 4 units right Translate the figure 2 units left
and 3 units down. What are the and 4 units down. What are the
coordinates of the image? (See Example 2.) coordinates of the image?
y A y
4
J B
3 3
2 2
1 1
L K C
−4 −3 −2 O 1 2 3 4 x −4 −3 −2 3 4 x
D
−2 −2
−3 −3
−4 −4

DESCRIBING A TRANSLATION Describe the translation of the point to its image.

20. (3, −2) (1, 0) 21. (−8, −4) (−3, 5)

22. REASONING You can click and drag an icon on a computer’s desktop.
Is this an example of a translation? Explain.

7
MTR
23. MODELING REAL LIFE The proposed location for a new oil platform is represented
in a coordinate plane by a rectangle with vertices A(1, −3), B(1, 4), C(4, 4),
and D(4, −3). An inspector recommends moving the oil platform 4 units right and
2 units down. Find the coordinates of the image. Then draw the original figure
and the image in the coordinate plane. (See Example 3.)
y 24. PROBLEM SOLVING A school of fish translates from
point F to point D.
D
F a. Describe the translation of the school of fish.
Lake George
b. Can the fishing boat make the same translation?
O x
B Drayton
Explain.
Island
c. Describe a translation the fishing boat could make
to get to point D.
25. REASONING The vertices of a triangle are A(0, −3), B(2, −1), and C(3, −3). You
translate the triangle 5 units right and 2 units down. Then you translate the image
3 units left and 8 units down. Is the original triangle identical to the final image?
Explain your reasoning.
8

7
26. Dig Deeper In chess, a knight can move only in 6
an L-shaped pattern: 5
• two vertical squares, then one horizontal square; 4
• two horizontal squares, then one vertical square; 3
• one vertical square, then two horizontal squares; or 2

• one horizontal square, then two vertical squares. 1

Write a series of translations to move the knight a b c d e f g h

from g8 to g5. GO DIGITAL

56 Chapter 2 Transformations

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 2.2 Reflections
Learning Target: Reflect figures in the coordinate plane.
Success Criteria: • I can identify a reflection.
• I can find the coordinates of a figure reflected in an axis.
• I can use coordinates to reflect a figure in the x- or y-axis.
• I can use coordinates to reflect a figure in a horizontal or vertical line.

Exploration 1 Reflecting Figures

Work with a partner.
a. For each figure below, draw the figure in the coordinate plane. Then
copy the axes and the figure onto a piece of transparent paper. Flip the
transparent paper, and align the origin and the axes with the coordinate
plane. For each pair of figures, describe the line of symmetry.
• point • triangle
• line segment • rectangle
• line

y
6
5
4
A B B′ A′
3
2
1

−44 O 2 4 x
D C C′ D′
−22

b. When you reflect figures, what do you notice about sides, angles,
and parallel lines?

5
MTR USE
c. Describe the relationship between each point below and the point
STRUCTURE A(4, 7) in terms of reflections.
How can you show B(24, 7) C(4, 27) D(24, 27)
that the image of a
figure reflected in the d. A point with coordinates (x, y) is reflected in the x-axis. What are
coordinate plane is
the coordinates of the image?
identical to the original
figure?
e. Repeat part (d) when the point is reflected in the y-axis.

f. Sketch a figure and its reflection in a horizontal or vertical line

that is not an axis.

Geometric Reasoning
[Link].2.3 Describe and apply the effect of a single transformation on two-dimensional figures using
GO DIGITAL coordinates and the coordinate plane.

Section 2.2 Reflections 57

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 2.2 Lesson
A reflection, or flip, is a transformation Line of reflection
Key Vocabulary in which a figure is reflected in a line called
reflection, p. 58 the line of reflection. A reflection creates a
line of reflection, p. 58 mirror image of the original figure.

Flip

Example 1 Identifying Reflections

Tell whether the blue figure is a reflection of the red figure.
a. b.

The red figure can be flipped If the red figure were flipped,
to form the blue figure. it would point to the left.

So, the blue figure is a So, the blue figure is not a

reflection of the red figure. reflection of the red figure.

Try It Tell whether the blue figure is a reflection of the red figure.

1. 2.

Key Idea
Reflecting Figures in the x-Axis and y-Axis
Words To reflect a figure in the x-axis, take B y B″
4
the opposite of the y-coordinate. 3
To reflect a figure in the y-axis, take 2
1
the opposite of the x-coordinate. A C C″ A″
−4 −3 −2 O 1 2 3 4 x
Algebra Reflection in x-axis: (x, y) (x, −y) A′ C′
−2
Reflection in y-axis: (x, y) (−x, y) −3
−4
In a reflection, the original figure and its B′
image are identical. GO DIGITAL

58 Chapter 2 Transformations

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 Example 2 Reflecting Figures in the x-Axis and y-Axis
The vertices of a triangle are A(1, 1), B(1, 4), and C(3, 4). Draw the
figure and its reflection in (a) the x-axis and (b) the y-axis. What are
the coordinates of the image?
a. Point A is 1 unit above the x-axis, so plot A′ 1 unit below the
Another Method x-axis. Points B and C are 4 units above the x-axis, so plot B′ and
Take the opposite of C′ 4 units below the x-axis.
each y-coordinate.
y B C
The x-coordinates do 4
not change. 3
2
A(1, 1) A′(1, 21)
1
A
B(1, 4) B′(1, 24)
−4 −3 −2 O A′ 2 3 4 x
C(3, 4) C′(3, 24) ✓ −2
−3
−4
B′ C′

The coordinates of the image are A′(1, −1), B′(1, −4), and
C ′(3, −4).
b. Points A and B are 1 unit to the right of the y-axis, so plot A′ and
B′ 1 unit to the left of the y-axis. Point C is 3 units to the right of
the y-axis, so plot C′ 3 units to the left of the y-axis.
C′ B′ y B C
4
3
2
1
A′ A
−4 −3 −2 O 1 2 3 4 x

−2
−3
−4

The coordinates of the image are A′(−1, 1), B′(−1, 4), and
C ′(−3, 4).

Try It
3. The vertices of a rectangle are A(−4, −3), B(−4, −1), C(−1, −1), and
D(−1, −3). Draw the figure and its reflection in (a) the x-axis and
(b) the y-axis.

Key Idea
Reflecting Figures in Horizontal and Vertical Lines
To reflect a figure in a horizontal or vertical line, plot the image of
each point on the opposite side of the line so that the point and
GO DIGITAL the image are the same distance from the line.

Section 2.2 Reflections 59

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 Example 3 Reflecting Figures in Horizontal and Vertical Lines
The vertices of a triangle are A(−2, −2), B(−2, −4), and C(−4, −4). Draw
the figure and its reflection in (a) the line y = −1 and (b) the line x = −1.
What are the coordinates of the image?

a. Point A is 1 unit below the line, so plot A′ y

4
1 unit above the line. Points B and C are
3
3 units below the line, so plot B′ and C′ B′ 2
C′ 3 units above the line. 1
A′
−4 −3 −2 O 2 3 4 x
The coordinates of the image are
A
A′(−2, 0), B′(−2, 2), and C ′(−4, 2). −2
y = −1
−3
−4
C B

b. Points A and B are 1 unit to the left of the y

4
the line, so plot A′ and B′ 1 unit to the
3
right of the line. Point C is 3 units to the x = −1 2
left of the line, so plot C′ 3 units to the 1
right of the line.
−4 −3 −2 O 1 2 3 4 x
A A′
The coordinates of the image are
A′(0, −2), B′(0, −4), and C ′(2, −4).
C B B′ C′

Try It
4. The vertices of a triangle are A(4, 5), B(4, 8), and C(7, 8). Draw the figure
and its reflection in (a) the line y = 3 and (b) the line x = 3.

In-Class Practice 1 I don’t

understand yet. 2 I can do it
with help. 3 I can do it
on my own. 4 I can teach
someone else.

5. REFLECTING A FIGURE IN THE x-AXIS AND y-AXIS The vertices of a triangle

are J (23, 25), K(22, 2), and L(1, 24). Draw the figure and its reflection in (a)
the x-axis and (b) the y-axis.
6. REFLECTING A FIGURE IN HORIZONTAL AND VERTICAL LINES The vertices
of a rectangle are A(3, 3), B(3, 5), C(6, 5), and D(6, 3). Draw the figure and its
reflection in (a) the line y = 2 and (b) the line x = 1.
7. WHICH ONE DOESN’T BELONG? Which transformation does not belong with
the other three? Explain your reasoning.

GO DIGITAL

60 Chapter 2 Transformations

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 7
Example 4 Modeling Real Life MTR

A graphic artist designs a T-shirt using a pentagon with

vertices P(0, 0), Q(−2, 0), R(−1, 3), S(−4, 3), and T (0, 7).
The artist reflects the pentagon in the y-axis to create the
design. Find the coordinates of the reflected image.
Then draw the design in the coordinate plane.

The pentagon is reflected in the y-axis. To find the

coordinates of the reflected image, take the opposite of
each x-coordinate. The y-coordinates do not change.

(x, y) (—x, y) y

T T′
P(0, 0) P′(0, 0) 6
5
Q(−2, 0) Q′(2, 0)
4
S R 3 R′ S′
R(−1, 3) R′(1, 3)
2
S(−4, 3) S′(4, 3)
Q P P′ Q′
T (0, 7) T′(0, 7) −4 −3 −2 O 1 2 3 4 x

The coordinates of the reflected image are P′(0, 0), Q′(2, 0),
R′(1, 3), S′(4, 3), and T′(0, 7).

In-Class Practice 1 I don’t

understand yet. 2 I can do it
with help. 3 I can do it
on my own. 4 I can teach
someone else.

y 8. You design a logo using the figure shown at the left. You want both
4
3
the x-axis and the y-axis to be lines of reflection. Describe how to
A B use reflections to complete the design. Then draw the logo in the
2
1 coordinate plane.
C
−4 −3 D O 1 2 3 4 x
9. Dig Deeper You hit the golf ball
y
−2 along the path shown, so that its
−3
final location is a reflection in the
−4
y-axis of its starting location.
a. Does the golf ball land in the hole? 2
Explain. 1

−4 −3 −2 O 1 2 3 4 x
b. Your friend tries the shot from the
same starting location. He bounces −2
the ball off the wall at the point
(−0.5, 7) so that its path is a reflection.
Does the golf ball land in the hole?
GO DIGITAL

Section 2.2 Reflections 61

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 2.2 Practice WITH AND

Review & Refresh

The vertices of a quadrilateral are P(−1, −1), Q(0, 4), R(3, 1), and S(1, −2).
Draw the figure and its image after the translation.
1. 7 units down 2. 3 units left and 2 units up
3. (x 1 4, y 2 1) 4. (x 2 5, y 2 6)

Find the missing values in the ratio table. Then write the equivalent ratios.
5. 6.
Cups 3 12 Miles 0.75 3
Hours 2 6 Days 4 20

Write and solve a proportion to answer the question.

7. 12 is what percent of 60? 8. 36 is 75% of what number?

Concepts, Skills, & Problem Solving

DESCRIBING RELATIONSHIPS Describe the relationship between the given
point and the point A(5, 3) in terms of reflections. (See Exploration 1.)
9. B(5, 23) 10. C(25, 23) 11. D(25, 3)

IDENTIFYING A REFLECTION Tell whether the blue figure is a reflection of the

red figure. (See Example 1.)
12. 13. 14.

15. 16. 17.

7
MTR
18. MODELING REAL LIFE You are visiting
Butterfly World in Coconut Creek,
Florida. Are the butterfly’s
wings reflections of each
other? Explain.

GO DIGITAL

62 Chapter 2 Transformations

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 REFLECTING FIGURES IN AXES Draw the figure and its reflection in (a) the x-axis and
(b) the y-axis. Identify the coordinates of the image. (See Example 2.)
19. A(3, 2), B(4, 4), C(1, 3) 20. M(−2, 1), N(0, 3), P(2, 2)
21. H(2, −2), J(4, −1), K(6, −3), L(5, −4) 22. D(−2, −5), E(0, −1), F(2, −1), G(0, −5)
23. Q(−4, 2), R(−2, 4), S(−1, 1) 24. T(4, −2), U(4, 2), V(6, −2)
25. W(2, −1), X(5, −2), Y(5, −5), Z(2, −4) 26. J(2, 2), K(7, 4), L(9, −2), M(3, −1)

REFLECTING FIGURES IN HORIZONTAL AND VERTICAL LINES Draw the figure and its
reflection in (a) the line y = −2 and (b) the line x = 1. (See Example 3.)
27. D(2, 0), E(4, −1), F (5, 2) 28. L(−3, −1), M(−6, 1), N(−3, 1)
29. H(−1, −1), I(−2, 1), J(2, 1) 30. A(−3, 0), B(−2, −3), C(1, −2)
31. S(0, −3), T(−2, −5), U(2, −3), V(3, −5) −4, −3), X (−1, −3), Y ((−3,
32. W ((−4, −3, −1), Z (0, −1)

4
MTR
33. YOU BE THE TEACHER Your friend reflects the N' M'
4
y M N
rectangle in the x-axis. Is your friend correct?
3
Explain your reasoning. 2
P' L' L P
1

−4 −3 −2 O 1 2 3 4 x

−2
−3
−4

34. B.E.S.T. Test Prep What are the coordinates of the S y

image after reflecting the triangle in the y-axis? 4
3
2
A S′(−4, −4), R′(−4, −1), T ′(−2, −1)
1
R T
B S′(−4, −1), R′(−4, −4), T ′(−2, −4) −4 −3 −2 O 1 2 3 4 x

C S′(4, 4), R′(4, 1), T ′(2, 1) −2

−3
D S′(2, 4), R′(2, 1), T ′(4, 1) −4

35. REASONING Which letters look the same when reflected in the line?

5
MTR
STRUCTURE The coordinates of a point and its image after a reflection
are given. Identify the line of reflection.
36. (2, −2) (2, 2) 37. (−4, 1) (4, 1)
38. (−2, −5) (4, −5) 39. (−3, −4) (−3, 0)
40. (−7, 8) (−1, 8) 41. (3, 6) (7, 6)

GO DIGITAL

Section 2.2 Reflections 63

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 7
MTR
42. MODELING REAL LIFE You are designing a logo for y
9
F
your soccer team using the hexagon shown. You reflect
8
the hexagon in the line x = 4 to create the logo. Find the
7
coordinates of the reflected image. Then draw the logo in 6
E
D
the coordinate plane. (See Example 4.) 5
4
C
3
A
2
B
1
0
43. REASONING Hold a mirror to the 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 x

left side of the photo of the vehicle.

a. What word do you see in the mirror?
b. Why do you think it is written that way
on the front of the vehicle?

44. REASONING Front-facing cameras on cell phones will

often mirror the image displayed to make it easier to
take photos. Compare photos taken with the front-facing
camera and the back-facing camera on a cell phone.
How do they differ?

4
MTR
45. MAKING AN ARGUMENT Your friend says you can fi nd the
line of reflection of a point and its image in a coordinate
plane by finding the mean of the x-values of the two points.
Is your friend correct? Explain your reasoning.

46. OPEN-ENDED Draw a shape with six vertices so

that the shape and its image touch at two vertices
when it is reflected in either the x-axis or the y-axis.

47. REASONING Use the coordinate plane. y

X
Y
a. Reflect the parallelogram in the x-axis, and then
2
reflect its image in the y-axis. Identify the
1
coordinates of the final image. W Z
−4 −3 −2 O 1 2 3 4 x
b. Do you find the same final image if the original
−2
object is first refl ected in the y-axis and then
−3
reflected in the x-axis? Justify your answer. −4

48. Dig Deeper Reflect the triangle in the line y = x. D 3 y

How are the x- and y-coordinates of the image related 2
to the x- and y-coordinates of the original triangle? y=x
F E
−4 −3 −2 1 2 3 4 x

−2
−3 GO DIGITAL

64 Chapter 2 Transformations

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 2.3 Rotations
Learning Target: Rotate figures in the coordinate plane.
Success Criteria: • I can identify a rotation.
• I can find the coordinates of a figure rotated about the origin.
• I can use coordinates to rotate a figure about the origin.

Exploration 1 Rotating Figures

Work with a partner.
a. For each figure below, draw the figure in the coordinate plane. Then
copy the axes and the figure onto a piece of transparent paper. Turn the
transparent paper, and align the origin and the axes with the coordinate
4
MTR COMMUNICATE plane. For each pair of figures, describe the angle of rotation.
CLEARLY
• point • triangle
What does it mean to
rotate a figure about the • line segment • rectangle
origin?
• line

y
6
5
C′
B′ 4

2
1
B
A′
−33 −
−22 O 1 4 x
A C
−2
2

b. When you rotate figures, what do you notice about sides, angles,
and parallel lines?

c. Describe the relationship between each point below and the point
A(3, 6) in terms of rotations.
B(23, 26) C(6, 23) D(26, 3)

d. What are the coordinates of a point P(x, y) after a rotation

90° counterclockwise about the origin? 180°? 270°? 360°?

Geometric Reasoning
[Link].2.3 Describe and apply the effect of a single transformation on two-dimensional figures using
GO DIGITAL coordinates and the coordinate plane.

Section 2.3 Rotations 65

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 2.3 Lesson
A rotation, or turn, is a transformation in Turn
Key Vocabulary which a figure is rotated about a point
rotation, p. 66 called the center of rotation. The number Angle
center of rotation, p. 66 of degrees a figure rotates is the of rotation
angle of rotation, p. 66 angle of rotation.
Center of
rotation

Example 1 B.E.S.T. Test Prep: Identifying a Rotation

You must rotate the puzzle piece 270° clockwise
about point P to fit it into a puzzle. Which piece
fits in the puzzle as shown? P

A B C D

Rotate the puzzle piece 270° clockwise about point P.

When rotating figures,
it may help to sketch
the rotation in several
steps, as shown in
Example 1.
turn 270°
P

So, the correct answer is C .

Try It Tell whether the blue figure is a rotation of the red figure
about the origin. If so, give the angle and direction of rotation.

1. y 2. y
4 4
3 3
2 2
1 1

−4 −3 −2 O 1 2 3 4 x −4 −3 −2 O 1 2 3 4 x

−2 −2
−3 −3
−4 −4

GO DIGITAL

66 Chapter 2 Transformations

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 You can use coordinate rules to find the coordinates of a point after a
rotation of 90°, 180°, 270°, or 360° about the origin.

Key Idea
Rotations in the Coordinate Plane
When a point (x, y) is rotated y

counterclockwise about the (−y, x)

A counterclockwise (x, y)
origin, the following are true.
rotation of n° is the same 90°
180°
as a clockwise rotation • For a rotation of 90°, (x, y) (2y, x).
of (360 2 n)°. Similarly, x

a clockwise rotation • For a rotation of 180°, (x, y) (2x, 2y). 360°

270°
of n° is the same as a (−x, −y)
counterclockwise rotation • For a rotation of 270°, (x, y) (y, 2x). (y, −x)
of (360 2 n)°. • For a rotation of 360°, (x, y) (x, y).

In a rotation, the original figure and its image are identical.

Example 2 Rotating a Figure Counterclockwise

4
MTR CONSTRUCT AN
The vertices of a trapezoid are W(−4, 2), X(−3, 4), Y(−1, 4), and
ARGUMENT Z(−1, 2). Rotate the trapezoid 180° about the origin. What are the
Explain why you do coordinates of the image?
not need to specify
direction when rotating A point (x, y) rotated 180° about the origin results in an image with
a figure 180°. coordinates (2x, 2y).

(x, y) (—x, —y) X Y y

4
3
W(24, 2) W′(4, 22)
2
W Z
X(23, 4) X′(3, 24)
−4 −3 −2 1 2 3 4 x
Y(−1, 4) Y′(1, 24)
turn 180° W′
−2
Z(−1, 2) Z′(1, 22) −3
Z′
−4
Y′ X′

The coordinates of the image are W′(4, 22), X ′(3, −4), Y ′(1, −4),
and Z′(1, −2).

The vertices of a figure are given. Rotate the figure as

Try It described. Find the coordinates of the image.

3. J(24, 24), K(24, 2), L(21, 0), M(22, 23); 180° about the origin

4. P(23, 2), Q(6, 1), R(21, 25); 90° counterclockwise about the origin

GO DIGITAL 5. A (5, 3), B(4, 21), C(1, −1); 360° about the origin

Section 2.3 Rotations 67

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 Example 3 Rotating a Figure Clockwise
The vertices of a rectangle are A(−3, −3), B(1, −3), C(1, −5), and
D(−3, −5). Rotate the rectangle 90° clockwise about the origin. What
are the coordinates of the image?
Common A rotation of 90° clockwise about the origin is the same as a rotation of
Error 270° counterclockwise about the origin. Use coordinate rules to find the
coordinates of the image after a rotation of 270° counterclockwise about the origin.
Be sure to pay attention
to whether a rotation A point (x, y) rotated 270° counterclockwise about the origin results in an
is clockwise or image with coordinates (y, 2x).
counterclockwise. D′ A′ y
3
(x, y) (y, —x) 2

A(23, 23) A′(−3, 3) 1

−4 1 2 3 4 5 x
B(1, 23) B′(−3, −1)
C′ B′ turn 90°
−2
C(1, −5) C′(−5, −1) A B
−4
D(−3, −5) D′(−5, 3)
D C

The coordinates of the image are A′(−3, 3), B′(−3, −1), C′(−5, −1),
and D′(−5, 3).

Try It
6. The vertices of a triangle are A(5, 3), B(4, 21), and C(1, −1). Rotate the
triangle 90° clockwise about the origin. What are the coordinates of the image?

In-Class Practice 1 I don’t

understand yet. 2 I can do it
with help. 3 I can do it
on my own. 4 I can teach
someone else.

P 7. IDENTIFYING A ROTATION Tell whether the blue figure is a rotation of

the red figure about point P. If so, give the angle and direction of rotation.

MTR
4 8. DIFFERENT WORDS, SAME QUESTION Which is different? Find “both”
answers.

y
What are the coordinates of the image after
A B
4 a 90° clockwise rotation about the origin?
3
2
1
What are the coordinates of the image after
C a 270° clockwise rotation about the origin?
−4 −3 −2 O 1 2 3 4 x

−2 What are the coordinates of the image after turning

−3
the figure 90° to the right about the origin?
−4

What are the coordinates of the image after a 270°

counterclockwise rotation about the origin? GO DIGITAL

68 Chapter 2 Transformations

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 7
Example 4 Modeling Real Life MTR

A carousel is represented in a coordinate plane with the center of

the carousel at the origin. You and three friends sit at A(−4, −4),
B(−3, 0), C(−1, −2), and D(−2, −3). At the end of the ride, your
positions have rotated 270° clockwise about the center of the
carousel. What are your locations at the end of the ride?

A rotation of 270° clockwise about the origin is the same as

a rotation of 90° counterclockwise about the origin. Use
coordinate rules to find the locations after a rotation of
90° counterclockwise about the origin.

A point (x, y) rotated 90° counterclockwise about the origin

results in an image with coordinates (2y, x).
y
(x, y) (—y, x) 4
3
A(24, 24) A′(4, 24) 2
turn 270°
B(23, 0) B′(0, 23) B
−4 −3 −2 O 1 3 4 x
C(21, 22) C′(2, 21) C C′ D′
−3
D(22, 23) D′(3, 22) D B′
−4
A A′

Your locations at the end of the ride

are A′(4, 24), B′(0, 23), C′(2, 21),
and D′(3, 22).

In-Class Practice 1 I don’t

understand yet. 2 I can do it
with help. 3 I can do it
on my own. 4 I can teach
someone else.

9. You rotate the red game piece about y

the origin before you move it straight
down to the indicated location. What −4 −3 −2 O 2 3 4 x

are the coordinates of the vertices −2

of the game piece after the rotation?
Justify your answer.

10. Dig Deeper Skytyping is a technique

y that airplanes use to write messages in
the sky. The coordinate plane shows a
message typed in the sky over a city, where
x
the positive y-axis represents north. What does
the message say? How can you transform the
message so that it is read from north to south?
GO DIGITAL

Section 2.3 Rotations 69

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 2.3 Practice WITH AND

Review & Refresh

Tell whether the blue figure is a reflection of the red figure.
1. 2.

Find the circumference of the object.

3. 4. 5.
0.5 ft
28 cm 11.4 in.

Concepts, Skills, & Problem Solving

DESCRIBING RELATIONSHIPS Describe the relationship between the given point and
the point A(2, 7) in terms of rotations. (See Exploration 1.)
6. B(7, 22) 7. C(27, 2) 8. D(22, 27)

IDENTIFYING A ROTATION Tell whether the blue figure is a rotation of the red
figure about the origin. If so, give the angle and direction of rotation. (See Example 1.)
9. y 10. y
4
3
2 2
1

−4 −3 −2 O 1 2 3 4 x −4 −3 −2 O 1 2 3 4 x

−2 −2
−3 −3
−4 −4

11. y 12. y
4 4
3 3
2 2
1 1

−4 −3 −2 O 1 2 3 4 x −4 −3 −2 O 1 2 3 4 x

−2 −2
−3 −3
−4 −4

GO DIGITAL

70 Chapter 2 Transformations

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 ROTATING A FIGURE The vertices of a figure are given. Rotate the figure as described.
Find the coordinates of the image. (See Examples 2 and 3.)
13. A(2, −2), B(4, −1), C(4, −3), D(2, −4) 14. F (1, 2), G(3, 5), H(3, 2)
90° counterclockwise about the origin 180° about the origin

15. J(−4, 1), K(−2, 1), L(−4, −3) 16. P(−3, 4), Q(−1, 4), R(−2, 1), S(−4, 1)
360° about the origin 270° clockwise about the origin

17. W(−6, −2), X(−2, −2), Y(−2, −6), Z(−5, −6) 18. A(1, −1), B(5, −6), C(1, −6)
270° counterclockwise about the origin 90° clockwise about the origin

4
MTR
19. YOU BE THE TEACHER The vertices of a triangle
are A(4, 4), B(1, 22), and C(23, 0). Your friend finds the A(4, 4) A′(−4, 4)
coordinates of the image after a rotation 90° clockwise B(1, −2) B′(2, 1)
about the origin. Is your friend correct?
C(−3, 0) C′(0, −3)
Explain your reasoning.

Free Spin 20. PROBLEM SOLVING A game show contestant spins the prize
wheel shown. The arrow remains in a fixed position while the
wheel rotates. The wheel stops spinning, resulting in an image
You Lose that is a rotation 270° clockwise about the center of the wheel.
What is the result?

5
MTR
PATTERNS A figure has rotational symmetry if a rotation of 180° or less
produces an image that fits exactly on the original figure. Determine whether
the figure has rotational symmetry. Explain your reasoning.

21. 22. 23.

6
MTR
24. ASSESS REASONABLENESS Your friend
wants to buy a gift that can be rotated 180°
and appear the same on a floor. Your friend
says the Mexican rug shown has the desired
design. Do you agree with your friend?
Explain.

GO DIGITAL

Section 2.3 Rotations 71

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 25. B.E.S.T. Test Prep You use a coordinate plane to plan a 4
y

shadow puppet show. What rotation about the origin can you 3
use to represent the dog taking a drink of water? 2
1
FIDO
A clockwise 90° C 180°
−4 −3 −2 O 1 2 3 4 x

B counterclockwise 90—° D 360° −2

−3
−4

7
MTR
26. MODELING REAL LIFE A classroom floor is represented in a coordinate
plane. A table in the shape of a trapezoid has vertices A(3, 3), B(5, 3), C(2, 0),
and D(6, 0). The teacher rotates the table 270° counterclockwise about the origin.
What are the new coordinates of the table? (See Example 4.)
y
6
(0, 5)
5
27. PROBLEM SOLVING Your friend has soccer practice 4
after school. It is currently 2 p.m. Soccer practice begins 3
(3, 2)
when the hour hand has rotated 90° clockwise. What 2
time does soccer practice start? 1

−6 −5 −4 −3 −2 O 1 2 3 4 5 6 x

3
MTR
28. CHOOSE A METHOD A trapezoid has vertices −2
A(−6, −2), B(−3, −2), C(−1, −4), and D(−6, −4). −3
−4
a. Rotate the trapezoid 180° about the origin. −5

What are the coordinates of the image? −6

b. Describe a way to obtain the same image without

using rotations.
c. Do you prefer using the method in part (a) or part (b)? Explain your reasoning.

29. PROBLEM SOLVING You rotate a triangle 90° counterclockwise about the origin.
The vertices of the final image are (−5, 0), (−2, 2), and (−2, −1). What are the
vertices of the original triangle? Justify your answer.

30. REASONING To open the lock you enter the three-number combination
correctly. You start on 5 and rotate the dial 270° clockwise and stop at the
first number, rotate the dial 450° counterclockwise and stop at the second
number, and then rotate the dial 360° clockwise. What is the combination?
Explain.

31. Dig Deeper A farmer rotates a herd of sheep to different grazing pastures to
promote grass health. The farmer uses four pastures that can be represented in a
coordinate plane. The vertices of the pasture the sheep are in on the first day of the
week are A(1, −2), B(2, −2), C(2, −1), and D(1, −1). Each day, the farmer moves the
herd to a new pasture that is a 90° clockwise rotation of the previous pasture about
the origin. What are the vertices of the pasture the herd is in on the third day of the
GO DIGITAL
week? fourth day of the week? Explain.

72 Chapter 2 Transformations

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 2.4 Congruent Figures
Learning Target: Understand the concept of congruent figures.
Success Criteria: • I can identify congruent figures.
• I can describe a rigid motion between two congruent figures.

Exploration 1 Transforming Figures

Work with a partner.
a. For each pair of figures whose vertices are given below, draw the
figures in a coordinate plane. Then copy one of the figures onto a
piece of transparent paper. Use a transformation to try to obtain
one of the figures from the other figure.

• A(−5, 1), B(−5, −4), C(−2, −4) and

D(1, 4), E(1, −1), F(4, −1)

• G(1, 2), H(2, −6), J(5, 0) and

L(−1, −2), M(−2, 6), N(−5, 0)

• P(0, 0), Q(2, 2), R(4, −2) and

X(0, 0), Y(3, 3), Z(6, −3)

• A(0, 4), B(3, 8), C(6, 4), D(3, 0) and

F (0, 4), G(−3, 8), H(−6, 4), J(−3, 0)

• P(−2, 1), Q(−1, −2), R(1, −2), S(1, 1) and

W(7, 1), X(5, −2), Y(3, −2), Z(3, 1)

y D
4
3
2
A
1
4
MTR JUSTIFY A −66 −33 −22 O 2 3 4 5 x
RESULT E F
When you can use a −22
translation, reflection, or −33
rotation to obtain one −44
B C
figure from another, what
do you know about the
side lengths and angle
measures of the figures?
b. Which pairs of figures in part (a) are identical? Explain your reasoning.

Geometric Reasoning
[Link].2.1 Given a preimage and image generated by a single transformation, identify the transformation that describes
GO DIGITAL the relationship.

Section 2.4 Congruent Figures 73

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 2.4 Lesson
A rigid motion is a transformation that preserves length and angle measure.
Key Vocabulary Translations, reflections, and rotations are rigid motions.
rigid motion, p. 74
congruent figures, p. 74
congruent angles, p. 74 Key Idea
congruent sides, p. 74
Congruent Figures
Two figures are congruent figures when one can be obtained from the
other by a sequence of rigid motions. Congruent figures have the same
size and the same shape. Angles with the same measure are called
congruent angles. Sides with the same measure are congruent sides.

The triangles below are congruent.

Corresponding angles of
congruent figures are congruent.
B E
Reading
The symbol △ means A C D F
triangle. The symbol ≅
means is congruent to. Corresponding sides of
In the Key Idea, congruent figures are congruent.
△ABC ≅ △DEF.
In diagrams, matching arcs
Sides Angles
indicate congruent angles.
— ≅ DE
AB —, BC
— ≅ EF
—, AC
— ≅ DF
— ∠A ≅ ∠D, ∠B ≅ ∠E, ∠C ≅ ∠F

Example 1 Identifying Congruent Figures

Identify any congruent figures in the Q P y B
4
coordinate plane. 3

△DEF is a translation 1 unit left and M N

Common R
1
A C
Error 5 units down of △MNP. So, △DEF and
−4 −3 −2 O 1 2 3 4 x
△MNP are congruent. F J L
When writing a congruence −2
statement, make sure to list △ABC is a reflection in the x-axis
the vertices of the figures D E
of △JKL. So, △ABC and △JKL K
in the correct order.
are congruent.

Try It
1. A triangle has vertices X(0, 4), Y(4, 4), and Z(4, 2). Is △XYZ
congruent to any of the triangles in Example 1? Explain.
GO DIGITAL

74 Chapter 2 Transformations

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 Example 2 Describing a Rigid Motion
y The red figure is congruent to the blue figure. Describe a rigid motion
4
between the figures.
3
2 The orientations of the figures are different. One way to match the
1 orientations is to rotate the red figure 90° counterclockwise about the origin.
−4 −3 O 4 x
A point (x, y) rotated 90° counterclockwise about the origin results in an
image with coordinates (−y, x).

(x, y) (2y, x)
(0, 0) (0, 0)
(−1, −4) (4, −1)
(−3, −4) (4, −3)
y
4 (−2, 0) (0, −2)
So, one possible rigid motion is to rotate the red figure 90°
2
counterclockwise about the origin.

−4 −3 −2 O 1 2 3 4 x

−2
Try It
−4
2. The red figure is congruent to the blue figure. Describe a rigid
motion between the figures.

In-Class Practice 1 I don’t

understand yet. 2 I can do it
with help. 3 I can do it
on my own. 4 I can teach
someone else.

y 3. IDENTIFYING CONGRUENT FIGURES Use the coordinate plane shown.

4
F G 3 B C a. Identify any congruent figures.
2
1 b. A rectangle has vertices W(−4, −1), X(−4, 2), Y(−1, 2), and
E H A D Z(−1, −1). Is Rectangle WXYZ congruent to any of the
−4 −3 −2 O 1 2 3 4 x
J M
rectangles in the coordinate plane? Explain.
−2
−3
K L RIGID MOTIONS The red figure is congruent to the blue figure.
−4
Describe a rigid motion between the figures.
4. y 5. y
4
3
2 2
1 1

−4 −3 −2 O 1 2 3 4 x O 1 2 3 x

−2 −2
−3
−4

GO DIGITAL

Section 2.4 Congruent Figures 75

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 7
Example 3 Modeling Real Life MTR

A graphic designer creates a logo. An editor asks the designer to

transform the logo as shown. Describe a rigid motion the graphic
designer can use.

Original y Image
4
3
2
1

−5 −4 −3 −2 O 1 2 3 4 5 x

You need to choose a transformation that will move the shaded region to the
correct location. Because the original can be flipped over the y-axis to form
the image, the rigid motion is a reflection in the y-axis.

(x, y) (—x, y)

(−3, 0) (3, 0)
(−5, 4) (5, 4)
(−3, 3) (3, 3)
(−1, 4) (1, 4)

So, the designer can use a reflection in the y-axis.

In-Class Practice 1 I don’t

understand yet. 2 I can do it
with help. 3 I can do it
on my own. 4 I can teach
someone else.

6. In the coordinate plane, each grid line represents 50 feet. Each figure y
4
represents a pasture.
3
a. Are the figures congruent? Use rigid motions to justify your 2

answer. 1

−4 −3 −2 O 1 x
b. How many feet of fencing do you need to enclose each pasture?
−2
7. A home decorator uses a computer to design a floor tile. How can −3

the decorator transform the tile as shown? −4

Original Image

GO DIGITAL

76 Chapter 2 Transformations

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 2.4 Practice WITH AND

Review & Refresh

The vertices of a figure are given. Rotate the figure as described. Find the coordinates
of the image.
1. A(1, 3), B(2, 5), C(3, 5), D(2, 3) 2. F (−2, 1), G(−1, 3), H(3, 1)
90° counterclockwise about the origin 180° about the origin

Factor the expression using the greatest common factor.

3. 4n − 32 4. 3w + 66 5. 2y − 18

Concepts, Skills, & Problem Solving

TRANSFORMING FIGURES The vertices of a pair of figures are given. Determine
whether the figures are identical. (See Exploration 1.)
6. G(0, 0), H(3, 2), J(1, −2) and L(−1, 0), M(2, 2), N(0, −3)

7. A(−2, −1), B(−2, 2), C(−1, 1), D(−1, −2) and F(−2, 0), G(−1, 1), H(2, 1), J(1, 0)

IDENTIFYING CONGRUENT FIGURES Identify any congruent figures in the

coordinate plane. (See Example 1.)
8. y 9. y
4 4
B
C F G 3 C
3
B D
2
E H D
A E A
−4 F −2 G M 3 4 x −4 −3 K O 1 2 3 4 x
L N L
K H J
J Q P
−4 −4
M

DESCRIBING A RIGID MOTION The red figure is congruent to the blue figure.
Describe a rigid motion between the figures. (See Example 2.)
10. y 11. y
4 4
3 3
2 2
1 1

−4 −3 −2 O 1 2 3 4 x −4 −3 −2 O 1 2 3 4 x

−2 −2
−3 −3
−4 −4

GO DIGITAL

Section 2.4 Congruent Figures 77

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 4
MTR
12. YOU BE THE TEACHER Your friend describes a rigid motion between the figures.
Is your friend correct? Explain your reasoning.

y
4
3
Translate the blue figure 2
1
5 units right and 4 units
down. −4 −3 −2 O 1 2 3 4 x

−2
−3
−4

NAMING CORRESPONDING PARTS The figures are congruent. Name the

corresponding angles and the corresponding sides.
13. G 14. P W
Q V
A B
F
T X
D C
S R Z Y
E H

Original Image
7
MTR
15. MODELING REAL LIFE You use a
computer program to transform an
emoji. How can you transform the emoji
as shown? (See Example 3.)

4
MTR
16. DISCUSS MATHEMATICAL THINKING Two figures are congruent. Are the areas of
the two figures the same? the perimeters? Explain your reasoning.

17. Dig Deeper The houses are identical. A

a. What is the length of side LM ? J

E B
b. Which angle of JKLMN corresponds 20 ft
12 ft 12 ft
to ∠ D ? N K
D C
c. Side AB is congruent to side AE. What 32 ft
is the length of side AB? What is the M L
perimeter of ABCDE ?
y
8
7
6
5 18. REASONING Two constellations are represented
4 by the figures in the coordinate plane shown. Are
3
the figures congruent? Justify your answer.
2
1

O 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 x GO DIGITAL

78 Chapter 2 Transformations

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 2.5 Dilations
Learning Target: Dilate figures in the coordinate plane.
Success Criteria: • I can identify a dilation.
• I can find the coordinates of a figure dilated with respect to the origin.
• I can use coordinates to dilate a figure with respect to the origin.

The Meaning of a Word Dilate

When you have your eyes checked, dilates one or both of the pupils
the optometrist sometimes of your eyes.

Exploration 1 Dilating a Polygon

Work with a partner. Use geometry software.

5
MTR USE A SIMILAR
a. Draw a polygon in the coordinate plane. Then dilate the polygon
with respect to the origin. Describe the scale factor of the image.
PROBLEM
How does your previous Sample
6
work with scale drawings Points
help you understand the 5
A(1, 1)
concept of dilations?
4 B(2, 1)
B′ C(2, 0)
3 A′
Segments
2
AB = 1
1 A B BC = 1
0 C C′ AC = 1.41
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Angles
Available at [Link]. m∠A = 45°
m∠B = 90°
m∠C = 45°
b. Compare the image and the original polygon in part (a). What do you
notice about the sides? the angles?
c. Describe the relationship between each point below and the
point A(x, y) in terms of dilations.
B(3x, 3y) C(5x, 5y) D(0.5x, 0.5y)
d. What are the coordinates of a point P(x, y) after a dilation with respect
to the origin by a scale factor of k?

Geometric Reasoning
[Link].2.2 Given a preimage and image generated by a single dilation, identify the scale factor that describes the relationship.
GO DIGITAL [Link].2.3 Describe and apply the effect of a single transformation on two-dimensional figures using coordinates and the
coordinate plane.

Section 2.5 Dilations 79

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 2.5 Lesson
A dilation is a transformation in which a
A scale drawing is an figure is made larger or smaller with respect to a
example of a dilation. point called the center of dilation. In a dilation, Center of
the angles of the image and the original figure dilation
are congruent.

Example 1 Identifying a Dilation

Tell whether the blue figure is a dilation of the red figure.
Key Vocabulary
a. b.
dilation, p. 80
center of dilation, p. 80
scale factor, p. 80

Lines connecting corresponding The figures have the same

vertices meet at a point. size and shape. The red figure
slides to form the blue figure.

So, the blue figure is not a

dilation of the red figure.
It is a translation.
So, the blue figure is a
dilation of the red figure.

Try It Tell whether the blue figure is a dilation of the red figure.

1. 2.

In a dilation, the value of the ratio of the side lengths of the image to the
corresponding side lengths of the original figure is the scale factor of the dilation.

Key Idea
Dilations in the Coordinate Plane y
7
Words To dilate a figure with respect to the A′ B′
6
In this course, when origin, multiply the coordinates of 5
the center of dilation each vertex by the scale factor k. 4
is not specified, it is 3
A B
the origin. Algebra (x, y) (kx, ky) 2

> 1
• When k 1, the dilation is an enlargement. C C′
• When k > 0 and k < 1, the dilation is O 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 x
a reduction.
GO DIGITAL

80 Chapter 2 Transformations

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 Example 2 Dilating a Figure
The vertices of a triangle are A(1, 3), B(2, 3), and C(2, 1). Draw the image
after a dilation with a scale factor of 3. Identify the type of dilation.

Multiply each x- and y-coordinate by the scale factor 3.

(x, y) (3x, 3y) y

A′ B′
9

4
MTR JUSTIFY A
A(1, 3) ⋅ ⋅
A′(3 1, 3 3) A′(3, 9)
8
7
RESULT B(2, 3) B′(3 ⋅ 2, 3 ⋅ 3) B′(6, 9) 6

Check your answer by 5

drawing a line from the C(2, 1) C′(3 ⋅ 2, 3 ⋅ 1) C′(6, 3) 4
A
origin through each 3
B C′
vertex of the original 2
The image is shown at the right. The
figure. The vertices of 1
dilation is an enlargement because C
the image should lie on
O 1 2 3 4 5 6 x
these lines. the scale factor is greater than 1.

Try It
3. WHAT IF? Triangle ABC is dilated by a scale factor of 2. What are the
coordinates of the image?

Example 3 Dilating a Figure

The vertices of a rectangle are W(−4, −6), X(−4, 8), Y(4, 8), and Z(4, −6).
Draw the image after a dilation with a scale factor of 0.5. Identify the type
of dilation.

Multiply each x- and y-coordinate by the scale factor 0.5.

(x, y) (0.5x, 0.5y)

W(24, 26) ⋅ ⋅
W′(0.5 (24), 0.5 (26)) W′(22, 23)

X(24, 8) X′(0.5 ⋅ (24), 0.5 ⋅ 8) X′(22, 4) 10

y

X Y
Y(4, 8) Y′(0.5 ⋅ 4, 0.5 ⋅ 8) Y′(2, 4)
6
Z′(0.5 ⋅ 4, 0.5 ⋅ (26))
X′ Y′
Z(4, 26) Z′(2, 23)
2

−6 O 6 x
The image is shown at the right. The
W′ Z′
dilation is a reduction because the scale
factor is greater than 0 and less than 1. W Z
−8

Try It
1
GO DIGITAL 4. WHAT IF? Rectangle WXYZ is dilated by a scale factor of —. What are the
4
coordinates of the image?

Section 2.5 Dilations 81

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 Given a figure and a dilation of the figure in a coordinate plane, the scale factor is
equal to the ratio of any nonzero x- or y-coordinate of any point on the image to
the corresponding x- or y-coordinate of the corresponding point on the preimage.

Example 4 B.E.S.T. Test Prep: Identifying a Scale Factor

Trapezoid A′B′C′D′ is a dilation of trapezoid ABCD. y
4
Identify the scale factor.
3
B′ C′
1
B C
2
MTR USE ANOTHER
A —
2
B 2 C 3 D 4

METHOD −5 −4 O 1 x
The coordinates of A′ are (24, 22), and the coordinates of A D
Show how you can solve
Example 4 using the A are (22, 21). Using the ratio of the x-coordinate of A’ to A′ D′
24
ratio of the y-coordinates the x-coordinate of A, the scale factor is — = 2.
of a different pair of 22
corresponding points. So, the correct answer is B .
y
4
D′
3

Try It 1
D
E E′
5. Triangle D′E′F′ is a dilation of triangle DEF. −4 −3 1 3 4 x
Identify the scale factor. F

−3
F′
−4

In-Class Practice 1 I don’t

understand yet. 2 I can do it
with help. 3 I can do it
on my own. 4 I can teach
someone else.

IDENTIFYING A DILATION Tell whether the blue figure is a dilation of

the red figure.
6. 7.

8. DILATING A FIGURE The vertices of a rectangle are J(4, 8),

4
y Q K(12, 8), L(12, 4), and M(4, 4). Draw the image after a dilation
1
3
Q′ R with a scale factor of —. Identify the type of dilation.
2 4
R′

−4 −3 −2 2 3 4 x
9. VOCABULARY How is a dilation different from other
transformations?
−3
P′ −4
10. IDENTIFYING A SCALE FACTOR Triangle P′Q′R′ is a dilation of
P triangle PQR. Identify the scale factor.
GO DIGITAL

82 Chapter 2 Transformations

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 7
Example 5 Modeling Real Life MTR

A wildlife refuge is mapped on a coordinate plane, where each grid line

represents 1 mile. The refuge has vertices J(0, 0), K(1, 3), and L(4, 0).
An expansion of the refuge can be represented by a dilation with a scale
factor of 1.5. How much does the area of the wildlife refuge increase?
Multiply each x- and y-coordinate by the scale factor 1.5. Then find the area
of each figure.
y
(x, y) (1.5x, 1.5y) 7
6

J(0, 0) ⋅ ⋅
J′(1.5 0, 1.5 0) J′(0, 0) 5
4
K′

K(1, 3) K′(1.5 ⋅ 1, 1.5 ⋅ 3) K′(1.5, 4.5) 3

K

L′(1.5 ⋅ 4, 1.5 ⋅ 0)
2
The Florida Panther National L(4, 0) L′(6, 0)
Wildlife Refuge was established J′ L L′
in 1989 as a habitat for the O J 2 3 4 5 6 7 x
endangered species.

The original figure is a triangle with a base of 4 miles and a height of 3 miles.
The image has a base of 6 miles and a height of 4.5 miles. Use the formula for
the area of a triangle to find the areas of the original figure and the image.

Original Figure Image

1 1
A 5 —bh Write the formula. A 5 —bh
2 2
5
MTR RELATE
1
5 —(4)(3) Substitute for b and h.
1
5 —(6)(4.5)
CONCEPTS 2 2
How is the ratio of the 56 Simplify. 5 13.5
areas related to the
scale factor?
So, the area of the wildlife refuge increases 13.5 − 6 = 7.5 square miles.

In-Class Practice 1 I don’t

understand yet. 2 I can do it
with help. 3 I can do it
on my own. 4 I can teach
someone else.

11. A photograph is dilated to fit in a frame, so that its area

after the dilation is 9 times greater than the area of the
original photograph. What is the scale factor of the
dilation? Explain.

12. Dig Deeper The location of a water treatment plant

is mapped using a coordinate plane, where each unit
represents 1 foot. The plant has vertices (0, 0), (0, 180),
(240, 180), and (240, 0). You dilate the figure with a
1
scale factor of —. What are the coordinates of the
3
image? What do you need to change so that the
image accurately represents the location of the plant?
Explain your reasoning.
GO DIGITAL

Section 2.5 Dilations 83

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 2.5 Practice WITH AND

Review & Refresh

The red figure is congruent to the blue figure. Describe a rigid motion between figures.
1. y 2. y
4 4
3 3
2 2
1 1

−4 −3 −2 O 1 2 3 4 x −4 −3 −2 O 1 2 3 4 x

−2
−3
−4

Tell whether the ratios form a proportion.

3. 3 : 5 and 15 : 20 4. 2 to 3 and 12 to 18 5. 7 : 28 and 12 : 48

Concepts, Skills, & Problem Solving

DESCRIBING RELATIONSHIPS Describe the relationship between the given point and
the point A(8, 12) in terms of dilations. (See Exploration 1.)
6. B(16, 24) 7. C(2, 3) 8. D(6, 9)

IDENTIFYING A DILATION Tell whether the blue figure is a dilation of the red figure.
(See Example 1.)
9. 10.

11. 12.

13. 14.

GO DIGITAL

84 Chapter 2 Transformations

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 DILATING A FIGURE The vertices of a figure are given. Draw the figure and its image after
a dilation with the given scale factor. Identify the type of dilation. (See Examples 2 and 3.)

15. A(1, 1), B(1, 4), C (3, 1); k = 4

16. D(0, 2), E(6, 2), F (6, 4); k = 0.5

17. G(−2, −2), H(−2, 6), J(2, 6); k = 0.25

18. M(2, 3), N(5, 3), P (5, 1); k = 3

1
19. Q(−3, 0), R(−3, 6), T(4, 6), U(4, 0); k = —
3

20. V(−2, −2), W(−2, 3), X(5, 3), Y(5, −2); k = 5

4
MTR
21. YOU BE THE TEACHER Your friend
finds the coordinates of the image of △ABC A(2, 5) ⋅ ⋅
A′(2 2, 2 5) A′(4, 10)
B ′(2 ⋅ 2, 2 ⋅ 0)
after a dilation with a scale factor of 2. Is your
B(2, 0) B′(4, 0)
friend correct? Explain your reasoning.
C(4, 0) C ′(2 ⋅ 4, 2 ⋅ 0) C ′(8, 0)

FINDING A SCALE FACTOR The blue figure is a dilation of the red figure. Identify the type
of dilation and find the scale factor. (See Example 4.)

22. y 23. X y
8 4
7 3
A′ B′
6 2
5 1
X′
4
A −3 −2 O 1 2 3 4 x
3
C′ B Y′ Z′
2 −2
1 −3
C
O 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 x Y Z

24. J′ y K′ 25. y
4
J K
−16 −8 O 4 8 12 16 x
2
Q′ R′
−8
−10 −4 O 2 x
P′ Q S′ R
−4 −16

M L
−8
P S
M′ −10 L′ −28

26. PROBLEM SOLVING The vertices of a trapezoid are A(−2, 3), B(2, 3),
C(5, −2), and D(−2, −2). Dilate the trapezoid with respect to the origin using a
scale factor of 2. What are the coordinates of the image? Explain the method
GO DIGITAL you used.

Section 2.5 Dilations 85

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 7
MTR
27. MODELING REAL LIFE A garden is mapped on a coordinate plane where each grid line
represents 1 meter. The garden has vertices at (0, 0), (2, 3), (4, 3), and (5, 0). A reduction
1
of the garden can be represented by a dilation with a scale factor of —. How much does
2
the area of the garden decrease? (See Example 5.)

28. REASONING You can use a flashlight and a shadow puppet (your hands)
to project shadows on the wall.

a. Identify the type of dilation.

b. What does the flashlight represent?

c. The length of the ears on the shadow puppet is

3 inches. The length of the ears on the shadow
is 4 inches. What is the scale factor?

d. Describe what happens as the

shadow puppet moves closer
to the flashlight. How does
this affect the scale factor?

5
MTR
29. PATTERNS Three triangles of a sequence of triangles are shown. Each
triangle in the sequence is a dilation by the same scale factor of the previous
triangle. Find the next triangle in the sequence.

3 1
1 1 6 11
4 7 4 4
2 2
3 5

7 1 3
10 15
2 4

4
MTR
30. MAKING AN ARGUMENT Your friend says that you can create an
enlargement of a triangle in a coordinate plane by adding the same number of
units to each side of the triangle. Is yourr friend correct? Explain your
reasoning.

7
MTR
31. INVESTIGATE Russian nesting dolls are
wooden figurines of decreasing size
placed one inside another.
olls
a. Do you think the Russian nesting dolls
are dilations of each other?
Explain your reasoning.
b. Research the dimensions of a set
of Russian nesting dolls. Is your
answer in part (a) correct? Justify
your answer.

32. Dig Deeper A figure is dilated using a scale factor of 21. How can you obtain
the image without using a dilation? Explain your reasoning.
GO DIGITAL

86 Chapter 2 Transformations

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 2.6 Similar Figures
Learning Target: Understand the concept of similar figures.
Success Criteria: • I can identify similar figures.
• I can describe a similarity transformation between two similar figures.

Exploration 1 Transforming Figures

Work with a partner. Use geometry software.
a. For each pair of figures whose vertices are given below, draw the
figures in a coordinate plane. Use a dilation to try to obtain one of
the figures from the other figure.

• A(−3, 6), B(0, −3), C(3, 6) and G(−1, 2), H(0, −1), J(1, 2)

• D(0, 0), E(3, 0), F(3, 3) and L(0, 0), M(6, 0), N(6, 6)

• P(1, 0), Q(4, 2), R(7, 0) and X(−1, 0), Y(−4, 6), Z(−7, 0)

• A(−3, 2), B(−1, 2), C(−1, −1), D(−3, −1) and

F (−6, 4), G(−2, 4), H(−2, −2), J(−6, −2)

• P(−2, 2), Q(−1, −1), R(1, −1), S(2, 2) and

W(2, 8), X(3, 3), Y(7, 3), Z(8, 8)

A C
5

G J

0
−4 −3 −2 0 2 3 4

4
MTR COMMUNICATE
H

CLEARLY −3 B
When you need a dilation
to obtain one figure Available at [Link].
from another, what does
it tell you about the
side lengths and angle b. Is a scale drawing represented by any of the pairs of figures in part (a)?
measures of the figures?
Explain your reasoning.

Geometric Reasoning
[Link].2.2 Given a preimage and image generated by a single dilation, identify the scale factor that
describes the relationship.
[Link].2.4 Solve mathematical and real-world problems involving proportional relationships between
GO DIGITAL similar triangles.

Section 2.6 Similar Figures 87

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 2.6 Lesson
Dilations do not preserve length, so dilations are not rigid motions. A similarity
Key Vocabulary transformation is a dilation or a sequence of dilations and rigid motions.
similarity
transformation, p. 88
similar figures, p. 88
Key Idea
Similar Figures
Two figures are similar figures when one can be obtained from the
other by a similarity transformation. Similar figures have the same
shape but not necessarily the same size. The triangles below are
similar.
Corresponding angles of
similar figures are congruent. E
B

A C D F
Corresponding side lengths of
Reading similar figures are proportional.
The symbol ∼ means
is similar to. Side Lengths Angles
In the Key Idea, AB BC AC
—=—=— ∠ A ≅ ∠ D, ∠ B ≅ ∠ E, ∠ C ≅ ∠ F
△ABC ∼ △DEF. DE EF DF

Example 1 Describing a Similarity Transformation

The red figure is similar to the blue figure. y

4
3
Describe a similarity transformation between
MTR JUSTIFY A 2
the figures.
RESULT 1

Use the coordinate rules By comparing corresponding side lengths, you O 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 x

for dilations to justify the can see that the blue figure is one-half the size of
scale factor in Example 1. −2
the red figure. −3
−4
−5
y
7
6 So, one possible similarity transformation is to dilate the red figure with
5 1
respect to the origin using a scale factor of —.
4 2
3

Try It
2
1

−7 −6 −5 −4 −3 −2 O 1 x 1. The red figure is similar to the blue figure. Describe a similarity

transformation between the figures. GO DIGITAL

88 Chapter 2 Transformations

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 Example 2 Finding an Unknown Measure in Similar Figures
The triangles are similar. Find x. 6m 8m

Because the triangles are similar,

corresponding side lengths are 9m x
proportional. So, write and solve
a proportion to find x.
6 8
—=— Write a proportion.
9 x
6x = 72 Cross Products Property
x = 12 Divide each side by 6.

So, x is 12 meters.

Try It
2. The figures are similar. Find x.

x
6 ft
6 ft
9 ft

In-Class Practice 1 I don’t

understand yet. 2 I can do it
with help. 3 I can do it
on my own. 4 I can teach
someone else.

3. SIMILARITY TRANSFORMATION The red triangle is similar to the blue triangle.

Describe a similarity transformation between the figures.
y
7
6
5
4
3
2
1

O 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 x

4. FINDING AN UNKNOWN MEASURE IN SIMILAR FIGURES The figures are similar.

Find x.
14 cm

7 cm
x
12 cm
5. REASONING Are two figures that have the same size and shape similar? Explain.
GO DIGITAL

Section 2.6 Similar Figures 89

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 A figure in a scale drawing is similar to the original figure.

7
Example 3 Modeling Real Life MTR

An artist draws a replica of a painting. The painting includes a

red triangle. The base of the similar triangle in the replica is
3.75 inches. What is the height h of the triangle in the replica?

12 in. h
3.75 in.

15 in. Replica

Painting

Because the triangles are similar, corresponding side lengths are

proportional. So, the ratios 3.75 : 15 and h : 12 are equivalent. Use
the values of the ratios to write and solve a proportion to find h.
3.75 h
— =— Write a proportion.
15 12

⋅ 3.75
12 — = 12 —
15 ⋅ 12h Multiplication Property of Equality

3=h Simplify.

So, the height of the triangle in the replica is 3 inches.

Another Method The replica is a scale drawing of the painting with a

3.75 1 1
scale factor of — = —. So, the height of the triangle in the replica is — the
15 4 4
1
height of the triangle in the painting, —(12) = 3 inches.
4
✓

In-Class Practice 1 I don’t

understand yet. 2 I can do it
with help. 3 I can do it
on my own. 4 I can teach
someone else.

6. The sail on a souvenir boat is similar in shape to the sail on

a sailboat. The sail on the sailboat is in the shape of a right triangle
with a base of 9 feet and a height of 24 feet. The height of
the souvenir’s sail is 3 inches. What is the base of the
souvenir’s sail?

7. A coordinate plane is used to represent a cheerleading formation.

The vertices of the formation are A(−4, 4), B(0, 8), C(4, 4), and
D(0, 6). A choreographer creates a new formation similar to
the original formation. Three vertices of the new formation are
J(−2, 2), K(0, 4), and L(2, 2). What is the location of the fourth
vertex? Explain.
GO DIGITAL

90 Chapter 2 Transformations

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 2.6 Practice WITH AND

Review & Refresh

Tell whether the blue figure is a dilation of the red figure.

1. 2.

Solve the inequality. Graph the solution.

2
3. — d < 16 4. 13 ≥ r + 21 5. 5 ≤ −p − 6 6. 4t + 3 > 27
7

Concepts, Skills, & Problem Solving

TRANSFORMING FIGURES The vertices of a pair of figures are given. Determine
whether a scale drawing is represented by the pair of figures. (See Exploration 1.)
7. A(−8, −2), B(−4, 2), C(−4, −2) and G(2, −1), H(4, −1), J(2, −3)

8. A(0, 3), B(3, 4), C(5, 3), D(3, 2) and F (−4, 4), G(−1, 5), H(5, 3), J(3, 2)

DESCRIBING A SIMILARITY TRANSFORMATION The red figure is similar to the blue

figure. Describe a similarity transformation between the figures. (See Example 1.)

9. y 10. y
8 7
7 6
6 5
5 4
4 3
3
2
1
−6 −5 −4 −3 −2 O 1 2 3 4 x
−8 −7 −6 −5 −4 −3 −2 O 1 2 x

FINDING AN UNKNOWN MEASURE IN SIMILAR FIGURES The figures are similar. Find x.
(See Example 2.)
11. 12. x

12 x
9
8

6
5
22

GO DIGITAL

Section 2.6 Similar Figures 91

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 y
13. B.E.S.T. Test Prep Rectangle ABCD is similar to 8
Rectangle EFGH. Identify a similarity transformation 7
E F
between Rectangle ABCD and Rectangle EFGH. 6
5
A dilation by a scale C dilation by a scale 4
H
A B G
1 factor of 3 3
factor of — 2
4 D C
1
B dilation by a scale D dilation by a scale
factor of 2 factor of 4 O 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 x

7
MTR
14. MODELING REAL LIFE A ramp in the shape of a triangle
is used for skateboarding. On a blueprint, a similar ramp is
2 inches tall and 6 inches wide. The height of the actual 1.2 yd
ramp is 1.2 yards. What is the width of the actual ramp? w
(See Example 3.)

4
MTR
15. DISCUSS MATHEMATICAL THINKING Are the following figures always, sometimes,
or never similar? Explain.
a. two triangles b. two squares c. two rectangles

16. REASONING The sign is rectangular.

a. You increase each side length by 20%. Is the new
sign similar to the original? Explain your reasoning.
b. You increase each side length by 6 inches. Is the new
sign similar to the original? Explain your reasoning.

17. Dig Deeper A person standing 20 feet from a

streetlight casts a shadow as shown. How many
times taller is the streetlight than the person?
6 ft Assume the triangles are similar.
10 ft
y
8
7
18. GEOMETRY Use a ruler to draw two different isosceles triangles 6
similar to the one shown. Measure the heights of each triangle. 5
4
a. Are the ratios of the corresponding heights equivalent 3
to the ratios of the corresponding side lengths? 2
1
b. Do you think this is true for all similar triangles? Explain.
O 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 x

19. REASONING Given △ABC ∼ △DEF and △DEF ∼ △JKL,

is △ABC ∼ △JKL? Justify your answer. GO DIGITAL

92 Chapter 2 Transformations

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 Connecting Concepts
5
MTR
Mathematicians who use patterns and structure to help understand and connect
mathematical concepts relate previously learned concepts to new concepts.

1
MTR
1. ANALYZE A PROBLEM An artist needs to find the area of a
large mural. The base of the mural is 27.5 feet, and the height
is unknown. A scale drawing of the mural is shown. Find the
area (in square feet) of the actual mural. 4 ft

Using the Problem-Solving Plan

You know the dimensions of the scale drawing. 2.5 ft
Understand
the problem. You are asked to find the area of the actual mural.

A scale drawing is similar to the actual object. So, use the

Make a plan. dimensions of the scale drawing to write and solve a proportion
to find the height of the actual mural. Then find the area of the actual mural.

Solve and
check. Use the plan to solve the problem. Then check your solution.

2. The locations of three cargo ships are shown in the y

60
coordinate plane. Each ship travels at the same speed 50
in the same direction. After 1 hour, the x- and y-coordinates 40
B
of Ship A increase 80%. Use a translation to describe the 30
A C
change in the locations of the ships. Then find the new 20
10
coordinates of each ship.
0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 x

3. All circles are similar. A circle with a radius of 2 inches is dilated,

resulting in a circle with a circumference of 22π inches. What is the
scale factor? Justify your answer.

STEAM Performance Task Master Puppeteer

At the beginning of this chapter, you watched a

STEAM Video called “Shadow Puppets.” You are
now ready to complete the STEAM Performance
Task, where you will identify transformations of the
movement of a figure. Be sure to use mathematical
thinking and reasoning, and the problem-solving plan
as you work through the performance task.

GO DIGITAL

Connecting Concepts 93

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 Chapter Review WITH
Review Vocabulary
Write the definition and give an example of each vocabulary term.
transformation, p. 52 center of rotation, p. 66 dilation, p. 80
image, p. 52 angle of rotation, p. 66 center of dilation, p. 80
translation, p. 52 rigid motion, p. 74 scale factor, p. 80
reflection, p. 58 congruent figures, p. 74 similarity transformation, p. 88
line of reflection, p. 58 congruent angles, p. 74 similar figures, p. 88
rotation, p. 66 congruent sides, p. 74

Graphic Organizers
You can use a Summary Triangle to explain a concept. Here is an example of
a Summary Triangle for translating a figure.

Translating
a figure

Slide every point

the same distance in
the same direction.

Examples:
Slide

Slide
Slide

Choose and complete a graphic

organizer to help you study I hope my owner sees
the concept. my Summary Triangle.
I just can’t seem to New
Tricks Good thing
1. reflecting a figure learn “roll over.” Chuck Berry didn’t
Can’t teach
An Old Newton feel this way.
2. rotating a figure Example: Roll over

3. congruent figures

4. dilating a figure

5. similar figures
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94 Chapter 2 Transformations

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 Chapter Learning Target: Understand transformations.
Chapter Success Criteria: I can identify a transformation.
I can describe a rigid transformation.
I can use a scale factor to dilate a figure.
I can find transformations between congruent figures
and between similar figures. Surface
Deep

Rate your understanding I don’t I can do it I can do it I can teach

after each section. 1 understand yet. 2 with help. 3 on my own. 4 someone else.

Translations (pp. 51–56)

2.1 Learning Target: Translate figures in the coordinate plane.

Tell whether the blue figure is a translation of the red figure.

1. 2.

3. The vertices of a quadrilateral are W(1, 2), X(1, 4), Y(4, 4), and Z(4, 2). Draw
the figure and its image after a translation 3 units left and 2 units down.

4. The vertices of a triangle are A(−1, −2), B(−2, 2),

and C(−3, 0). Draw the figure and its image after a
translation 5 units right and 1 unit up.

5. Your locker number is 20 and your friend’s locker

number is 33. Describe the location of your friend’s
locker relative to the location of your locker.

6. Translate the triangle 4 units left 7. Describe a translation of the

and 1 unit down. What are the airplane from point A to point B.
coordinates of the image?
y A y
5
A
4
3
B
2
1
C B
−2 O 1 2 3 4 5 6 x
x
−2
−3

GO DIGITAL

Chapter Review 95

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 Reflections (pp. 57–64)
2.2 Learning Target: Reflect figures in the coordinate plane.

Tell whether the blue figure is a reflection of the red figure.

8. 9. 10.

Draw the figure and its reflection in (a) the line y = 4 and (b) the line x = −4.
Identify the coordinates of the image.
11. F(1, 2), G(1, 1), H(−3, 2) 12. K(−2, 0), L(−2, −1), M(−3, 1), N(0, 3)

Draw the figure and its reflection in (a) the x-axis and (b) the y-axis. Identify the
coordinates of the image.
13. A(2, 0), B(1, 5), C(4, 3) 14. D(−5, −5), E(−5, 0), F(−2, −2), G(−2, −5)

15. The vertices of a rectangle are E(−1, 1), F(−1, 3), G(−5, 3), and H(−5, 1). Find the
coordinates of the figure after reflecting in the x-axis.

The coordinates of a point and its image after a reflection are given. Identify the
line of reflection.

16. (−1, −3) (1, −3) 17. (2, 1) (2, −1)

y
7
C F
6
5
4
18. Triangle DEF is a reflection of triangle ABC.
3
What is the line of reflection?
2
A B E D
1

−6 −5 −4 −3 −2 O 1 2 3 x

y
19. You perform an experiment involving angles of refraction 6

with a laser pen. You point a laser pen from point L at a 5

4
mirror along the red path, and the image is a reflection C L
3
in the y-axis. 2
1
a. Does the light reach a cat at point C ? Explain.
−4 −3 −2 O 1 2 3 4 x
b. You bounce the light off the top mirror so its path is
a reflection. What line of reflection is needed for the −2

light to reach the cat?

GO DIGITAL

96 Chapter 2 Transformations

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 Rotations (pp. 65–72)
2.3 Learning Target: Rotate figures in the coordinate plane.

Tell whether the blue figure is a rotation of the red figure about the origin.
If so, give the angle and the direction of rotation.
20. y 21. y
3 3
2 2
1

−4 O 4 x −4 −2 O 1 2 3 4 x

−2
−3 −3

The vertices of a triangle are A(−4, 2), B(−2, 2), and C(−3, 4). Rotate the
triangle as described. Find the coordinates of the image.
22. 180° about the origin 23. 270° clockwise about the origin

24. A bicycle wheel is represented in a coordinate plane with the center

of the wheel at the origin. Reflectors are placed on the bicycle wheel
at points (7, 4) and (−5, −6). After a bike ride, the reflectors have
rotated 90° counterclockwise about the origin. What are the locations
of the reflectors at the end of the bike ride?

y B C
4
3
25. You rotate the figure 90° counterclockwise
2
about the origin. Your friend says that you A D
1
actually rotated the figure 270° clockwise
−5 −4 −3 −2 O 1 2 3 4 5 x
about the origin. Who is correct? Explain
your reasoning. −2
−3
−4

26 A store runs a promotion using a wheel.

26.
25%
25% Customers cannot see the wheel, but can
discount choose to rotate the wheel clockwise 90°, 180°,
270°, or 360° while the arrow remains in place
40% 10% at the top. To receive the largest discount, which
discount discount rotation should a customer choose? Explain.

15%
discount

GO DIGITAL

Chapter Review 97

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 Congruent Figures (pp. 73–78)
2.4 Learning Target: Understand the concept of congruent figures.

Identify any congruent figures in the coordinate plane.

27. B y D 28. A B y E F
4 4
3
A C E
2 2
G 1 J D C H G
F I K R S
−4 −3 H O 1 2 3 4 x −4 −2 O 1 2 3 4 x
U T I J
−2 −2
L Q M −3
M L K
−4
N P N

The red figure is congruent to the blue figure. Describe a rigid motion
between the figures.
29. y 30. y
4 4
3 3
2 2
1 1

−4 O 1 2 3 4 x −4 −3 O 3 4 x

−2
−3 −3
−4 −4

31. The figures are congruent. Name A K

the corresponding angles and the
corresponding sides.
C B M L

32. Trapezoids EFGH and QRST are congruent.

a. What is the length of side QR? F 5 ft G R S
b. Which angle in QRST 3 ft 4 ft
corresponds to ∠ H?
E 8 ft H Q T
c. What is the perimeter of QRST ?

A E F

40° 33. The triangles are identical.

What is the measure of ∠ D?
50°
C B D

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98 Chapter 2 Transformations

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 Dilations (pp. 79– 86)
2.5 Learning Target: Dilate figures in the coordinate plane.

Tell whether the blue figure is a dilation of the red figure.

34. 35.

The vertices of a figure are given. Draw the figure and its image after a
dilation with the given scale factor. Identify the type of dilation.
36. P(−3, −2), Q(−3, 0), R(0, 0); k = 4 y
6
1
37. B(3, 3), C(3, 6), D(6, 6), E(6, 3); k = — 5
B′ C′
3 4

38. The blue figure is a dilation of the red figure. Identify the 3 A′
B
2
type of dilation and find the scale factor. C
1
A
39. The vertices of a rectangle are Q(−6, 2), R(6, 2), S(6, −4), O 1 2 3 4 5 6 x
and T(−6, −4). Dilate the rectangle with respect to the
3
origin using a scale factor of —. What are the coordinates of the image?
2

Similar Figures (pp. 87–92)

2.6 Learning Target: Understand the concept of similar figures.

40. The red figure is similar to the blue y

11
figure. Describe a similarity
10
transformation between the figures. 9
8
41. Draw figures with the given vertices in 7
6
a coordinate plane. Which figures are
5
similar? Explain your reasoning.
4
3
Triangle A: (−4, 4), (−2, 4), (−2, 0)
2
1
Triangle B: (−2, 2), (−1, 2), (−1, 0)
O 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 x
Triangle C: (−4, 6), (−2, 6), (−2, 0)

The figures are similar. Find x.

42. 43.
14 in.
20 in.
7 in. x 22.5 cm
7.5 cm

GO DIGITAL 5.5 cm
x

Chapter Review 99

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 Practice Test WITH
B
Triangles ABC and DEF are congruent.
5 cm 4 cm E
1. Which angle of DEF corresponds to ∠C ?
A 6 cm C
2. What is the perimeter of DEF ?
D F
Tell whether the blue figure is a translation, reflection, rotation, or
dilation of the red figure.
3. 4.

5. 6.

The vertices of a triangle are A(2, 5), B(1, 2), and C(3, 1). Find the coordinates
of the image after the transformations given.
7. Reflect in the y-axis. 8. Rotate 90° clockwise about the origin.

9. Translate 4 units down and 2 units to the right.

10. Dilate with respect to the origin using a scale factor of 2.

11. In a coordinate plane, draw Rectangle A: (−4, 4), (0, 4), (0, 2), (−4, 2);
Rectangle B: (−2, 2), (0, 2), (0, 1), (−2, 1); and Rectangle C: (−6, 6), (0, 6),
(0, 3), (−6, 3). Which figures are similar? Explain your reasoning.

12. Translate a point (x, y) 3 units left and 5 units up. What 15 yd
are the coordinates of the point after the translation?

13. A contractor needs to purchase x yards of fencing to finish x

expanding a triangular backyard. The original backyard is 50 yd
60
yd

similar to the new backyard. Find the number of yards

of fencing the contractor needs to purchase.

14. A wide-screen television measures 36 inches by 54 inches. A movie

theater screen measures 42 feet by 63 feet. Are the screens similar? Explain.

15. You want to use the rectangular piece of

fabric shown to make a pair of curtains for 16 in.
your window. Name the types of congruent
shapes you can make with one straight cut.
44 in. GO DIGITAL
Draw an example of each type.

100 Chapter 2 Transformations

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 Review & Refresh WITH
while Building Fluency
Write the expression using exponents.

⋅⋅⋅⋅
1. y y y y y ⋅ ⋅
2. (−h) (−h) (−h) ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅
3. 5 p p p p

Factor the expression using the greatest common factor.

4. 2w − 8 5. −5 + 20x 6. −8y + 4z

Identify the constant of proportionality in the situation.

7. A taxi driver charges $8.10 every 3 miles.

8. There are 45 workers in 15 different offices.

9. A nail artist paints 16 people’s nails in 4 hours.

10. You earn $7.50 an hour planting flowers. After buying

a pair of gardening gloves, you have $68.75 remaining
from this week’s paycheck. How many hours did you
work this week? $10
Divide. Write fractions in simplest form.
2 1 −8.6 12 2
11. —÷ — 12. — 13. − — ÷ —
9 3 −2 5 15

5x
8 14. The perimeter of the triangle is 42 units. Find
the length of each side.
x + 10

15. Out of 20 exhibits at a museum, 6 have paintings from the 18th century.
What percentage of the exhibits have paintings from the 18th century?

16. Two points, P (1, 4) and P′(1, −5), are on a graph. Describe the translation
of point P to point P′.

Find the median and the range of the data.

2 1 2 4 1 1 5
17. 2.4, 5.6, 1.9, 10.4, 6.5, 2.4 18. —, —, —, —, —, —, —
3 9 5 7 2 9 7

Solve the inequality. Graph the solution.

2
GO DIGITAL
19. 7x + 3 > 17 20. − — m ≤ −4 21. −10 < 9h + 8
3

Review & Refresh while Building Fluency 101

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 B.E.S.T. Test Prep WITH
Cumulative Practice
Test-Taking Strategy
1. A clockwise rotation of 90° is After Answering Easy Questions, Relax
GRIDDED equivalent to a counterclockwise
RESPONSE rotation of how many degrees? What type of transformation is shown?
A rotation C dilation

B translation D reflection

2. Which value of x makes the equation true? After answering the easy questions,
3 relax and try the harder ones. For Lookin’
— x = 12 this, the image is flipped. So, it’s D.
4 good!

A 9 C 16

1
B 11— D 48
4

3. You want to solve the inequality

−3(x + 2) ≤ 12x. What should you do first?

A Subtract 2 from each side. C Multiply each side by −3.

B Add 3 to each side. D Divide each side by −3.

4. A triangle is graphed in the coordinate plane. A y

4
What are the coordinates of the image after a
3
translation 3 units right and 2 units down?

A A′(1, 4), B′(1, 1), C ′(3, 1) B C

−4 −3 −2 O 1 2 3 4 x

B A′(1, 2), B′(1, −1), C ′(3, −1) −2

−3
C A′(−2, 2), B′(−2, −1), C ′(0, −1) −4

D A′(0, 1), B′(0, −2), C′(2, −2)

5. The perimeter of the rectangle is 10x units. Find the value of x.

GRIDDED
RESPONSE

x+4

GO DIGITAL
3x

102 Chapter 2 Transformations

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 6. Your friend solved the equation in the box
shown. What should your friend do to correct
x 2 7
the error that he made? −— + — = −—
3 5 15
2 x 1 x 2 2 7 2
A Add — to each side to get −— = −—. −— + — − — = −— − —
5 3 15 3 5 5 15 5
2 7 x 13
B Multiply each side by −3 to get x + — = —. −— = −—
5 5 3 15

C Multiply each side by −3 to get x = 2 —.

3
5
3 ⋅( −—3x ) = 3 ⋅( −—
15 )
13

3
2 x 5 x = −2 —
D Subtract — from each side to get −— = −—. 5
5 3 10

7. The vertices of a triangle are J(2, 1), K(4, 1), and L(3, 3). Which points represent vertices of
triangles that are congruent to triangle JKL?

A D(2, −1), E(4, −1), F(3, −3) D Q(−2, 4), R(−4, 3), S(−2, 2)

B G(2, 2), H(4, 2), I(3, 4) E T(1, 1), V(−3, 1), W(−1, 5)

C M(1, 1), N(5, 1), P(3, 3) F X(2, 1), Y(4, 1), Z(3, 6)

8. Your cousin earns $9.25 an hour at work. What is the minimum number of
GRIDDED hours your cousin can work to make at least $222?
RESPONSE

9. Triangle EFG is a dilation of Triangle HIJ.

E H

G F J I

Which proportion is not true for Triangle EFG and Triangle HIJ ?

EF HI GE JH
A — =— C — =—
FG IJ EF HI

EG FG EF GE
B — =— D — =—
HI IJ HI JH

GO DIGITAL

B.E.S.T. Test Prep Cumulative Practice 103

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