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N-point DFT Computation and Analysis

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30 views4 pages

N-point DFT Computation and Analysis

practice problems for dsp

Uploaded by

tve22ae062
Copyright
© All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

Compute the N-point DFTs of the signals

@) x(n) =48(n)
() x(n)=8(n—ng), O0<ng<N
() x(n)=ad", 0<n<N-1

d) x(n) = {(1) (I]sznssnli/jzv——_ll b


(€ x(n)=e/@/Nk 0<p<N-1

(13] x(n)=cos%rkon, 0<n<N-1

(g) x(n) =sin Zfinkon, 0<n<N-1

1 neven
® "‘""{0 nodd, 0<n<N-—1
Suppose we have two four-point sequences x[n] and k[n] as follows:
mn
x[n] = cos(T) . w=10,1,23

h[n] =2", n=10;1,2;3.

(a) Calculate the four-point DFT X [k].


(b) Calculate the four-point DFT H[k].
(¢) Calculate y[n] = x[n]@h[n] by doing the circular convolution directly.
(d) Calculate y[n] of part (c) by multiplying the DFTs of x[n] and i[n] and performing an
inverse DFT.
Let X(k), 0 <k < N —1, be the N-point DFT
of the sequence x(n),0 <n < N —1.
We define
X (k). 0<k<k,N—-k.<k<N-1
X“‘)={0, ke <k <N—ke
and we compute the inverse N-point DFT of b (k), 0 < k < N —1. What is the
effect of this process on the sequence x(n)? Explain.
Determine the N-point DFT of the Blackman window

w(n)=0.42—0.5c05%+0.08cos
2 4 == 0O<n<N-1
N-1
Consider a finite-duration sequence

x(n) = (?, 1,2,3,4}

(a) Sketch the sequence s(n) with six-point DFT

S(k) = WX (k). E=8 L0 6

(b) Determine the sequence y(n) with six-point DFT Y (k) = %|X (k)|.
(¢) Determine the sequence v(n) with six-point DFT V (k) = 3| X (k).
A linear time-invariant system with frequency response H(w) is excited with the
periodic input

x(n) = Z 8(n —kN)

Suppose that we compute the N-point DFT Y (k) of the samples y(n),0 <n < N—1
of the output sequence. How is Y (k) related to H(w)?

Let x,(r) be an analog signal with bandwidth B = 3 kHz. We wishtouse an N = 2"~


point DFT to compute the spectrum of the signal with a resolution less than or equal
to 50 Hz. Determine (a) the minimum sampling rate, (b) the minimum number of
required samples, and (c) the minimum length of the analog signal record.
Figure P24 shows a finite-length sequence x[n]. Sketch the sequences
x1[n] = x[((n — 2))4], 0<n<3,
and
x2[n] = x[((—=n))4], 0<n<3.

x[n]

" Figure P24

The two eight-point sequences x[n] and x[n] shown in Figure P10 have DFTs X |[k] and
X [k], respectively. Determine the relationship between X |[k] and X »[k].

i
s xi[n]
T

A f—an
f—

l. ..
—es

3
ce
-

.
8 " Figure P10
10 Consider the real finite-length sequence x[n] shown in Figure P23.

4 x[n]

[N}
Il
- - -
2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 ™ Figure P23

(a) Sketch the finite-length sequence y[n] whose six-point DFT is

Y (k] = WX [K1,
11 Figure P11 shows two finite-length sequences xj[n] and x;[n]. Sketch their six-point circular
convolution.

s 6 x,[n) x[n]

i1 [
2 3 1 1

—— Y *—o—o ——e *—o *


01 2 3 4 5 Lo 0 1 2 #*

Figure P11
12 Figure P15-1 shows two sequences xi[n] and x2[n]. The value of x3[n] at time n = 3 is
not known, but is shown as a variable a. Figure P15-2 shows y[n], the four-point circular
convolution of xi[n] and x;[n]. Based on the graph of y[n], can you specify a uniquely? If
so, what is a? If not, give two possible values of a that would yield the sequence y[n] as
shown.

2 xy[n]

Xa[n]

H—OL L—e—o——
-1 01 2 3 45 Figure P15-1

[1 ]
1 1 yln]
—
4 l 3 4 5
=1 =1 Figure P15-2
13 Consider the finite-length sequence x[n] in Figure P13. The five-point DFT of x[n] is denoted
by X [k]. Plot the scquence y[n] whose DFT is
YK = w5 X [k].

14
2 -l Lyl I 2 4 5 6 7
Figure P17 shows two finite-length sequences x;[r] and x[n]. What is the smallest N such
n Figure P13

that the N-point circular convolution of x;[n] and x3[n] are equal to the linear convolution
of these sequences, i.e., such that x;[n] @ x2[n] = x1[n] * x2[n]?

3 xy[n]

Figure P17
15 Consider two sequences x[n] and h[n],and let y[n] denote their ordinary (linear) convolution,
y[n] = x[n] * h[n]. Assume that x[n] is zero outside the interval 21 < n < 31,and h[n] is zero
outside the interval 18 < n < 31.
(a) The signal y[n] will be zero outside of an interval N; < n < N,. Determine numerical
values for Ny and N».
(b) Now suppose that we compute the 32-point DFTs of

wm= [0 m=01..2
W= xn] n=2
and
0 m=01...17
h'["I=lhln] n=18,19,...,31
(i.e., the zero samples at the beginning of each sequence are included). Then, we form
the product Y{[k] = X;[k]H[k]. If we define y;[n] to be the 32-point inverse DFT of
Y [k], how is y;[n] related to the ordinary convolution y[z]? That is, give an equation
that expresses yj[n] in terms of y[n] for 0 <n < 31.
(¢) Suppose that you are free to choose the DFT length (N) in part (b) so that the sequences
are also zero-padded at their ends. What is the minimum value of N so that y[n] = y[n]
for0O<n<N-1?

Common questions

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Different frequency components impact the time-domain representation of a signal by influencing its periodicity and amplitude patterns, potentially yielding complex sinusoids that form signal peaks and troughs when reconstructed. The DFT decomposes signals into these components, where each frequency alters specific oscillatory parts of the time sequence, defining its comprehensive structure through the synthesis of elemental waveforms.

Calculating the four-point DFT involves determining each X[k] using the formula X[k] = Σ x[n] * e^(-j2πkn/N) for n from 0 to 3. This process transforms the sequence into its frequency components. The significance lies in analyzing the frequency content of signals, enabling applications such as filtering, compression, and spectral analysis, by simplifying the convolutional operations across domains.

To ensure circular convolution matches linear convolution, the length of the DFT must be at least the sum of the lengths of the two sequences minus one. This guarantees proper circular padding, allowing the circular convolution to replicate the linear convolution's wrap-around effect, ensuring no aliasing occurs. The exact formula for the minimum DFT length N is N >= len(x[n]) + len(h[n]) - 1, where len() indicates the length of each sequence.

Applying an N-point inverse DFT to a sequence X(k) results in reconstructing the original time-domain sequence x(n). In the context of the document, specifically when dealing with an altered DFT where X(k) is zero for certain indices (k > ke and k < N-ke), the inverse DFT leads to a sequence that mirrors these modifications by deleting or reconstructing partial frequency components, thus affecting the time-domain structure of x(n).

For systems with bandwidth constraints, selecting a DFT length that balances time and frequency resolution is crucial. One must consider both Nyquist criteria for avoiding aliasing and the resolution requirements of distinguishing close frequencies. The length N must also correspond to the system's bandwidth limit to ensure accurate representation and analysis, which involves extending the length beyond merely the signal duration to encompass all frequency contributions.

The N-point DFT Y(k) of the sampled output sequence y(n) is related to the system's frequency response H(ω) through multiplication in the frequency domain. Y(k) is essentially the DFT of the product of X(n), the input signal's DFT, and H(ω). This shows that the output spectrum is a filtered version of the input spectrum according to the system's frequency response, enabling analysis and design based on frequency characteristics.

Zero-padding in DFT computation enlarges a sequence without altering its inherent information content, thereby increasing the DFT size and affecting the frequency resolution and density. It primarily aids in mitigating circular convolution artifacts, aligning closely with linear convolution. By zero-padding to a length equal to or greater than the sum of the two sequence lengths minus one, the effects of wrap-around in circular convolution are eliminated, as it prevents aliased boundaries during convolution.

Specifying the minimum sampling rate and sample count is essential to satisfy Nyquist's sampling theorem, ensuring spectral components are captured without aliasing. The sample count directly influences frequency resolution in DFT analysis. Meeting these criteria is crucial for accurate and reliable transformation of analog signals to the digital domain, maintaining signal fidelity and enabling proper DFT application for spectral analysis.

Transforming a time-domain window function like the Blackman window into the frequency domain helps analyze and predict its filtering properties. The frequency representation reveals the window's ability to suppress side lobes in the frequency spectrum, essential for reducing spectral leakage during DFT computation. This transformation aids in understanding how the window affects signal continuity and resolution, influencing time-frequency trade-offs.

To compute the spectrum of an analog signal with high efficiency, the sampling must adhere to Nyquist's rate, implying a sampling rate at least twice the maximum signal frequency. To achieve a specified frequency resolution (e.g., <= 50 Hz), the relationship between the number of samples N, the sampling rate, and resolution must be optimized. Specifically, using an N = 2^k-point DFT ensures adequate spectral resolution, where N must be large enough, often larger than the basic Nyquist requirements, to divide the frequency band into sufficiently fine intervals.

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