05-09-2023

What different type of drawings are needed in a

construction projects
For Interview Guidance for
Engineering Services Examination
1. Architectural Drawings
2. Structural Drawings
3. Plumbing – Water Supply
RCC & Prestressed Concrete 4. Sewerage Drawings
5. Electrical Drawings
6. AC Installation Drawings
7. Ventilation Drawings
M K Singh 8. Development plans
IES MADE EASY 9. Horticulture works
MADE EASY – RCC – FOR INTERVIEW 2
M K SINGH

Processes in construction of a Building or Road- What are different Tendering Process used
[Link] sent by client department
[Link] Estimates
1. Work Order
3. AA and ES – Cost sanction
4. Technical Sanctions 2. Item Rate Tender
5. NIT – calling tenders 3. Percentage Rate tender
[Link] signed with construction agency 4. EPC Contracts
7. Award of Work 5. PPP (Public Private Partnership ) Contracts
8. Execution of Work
9. Completion and handing over
M K SINGH 3 M K SINGH MADE EASY – RCC – FOR INTERVIEW 4
MADE EASY – RCC – FOR INTERVIEW

What is EPC contracts EPC Projects :-

• Engineering & Design - where it carries out the detailed
E – Engineering - Preparing Drawings and Estimate engineering design of the complete facility
P – Procurement – Materials and Equipments • Procurement - where the EPC firm procures all the
C – Construction – Actual Construction of Project necessary materials and equipment to execute the
design
• Construct - where the contractor builds the facility and
Cost of Project is paid as a Lump sump Amount delivers the facility in a ready-to-commission state to
agreed for entire Project the project owner or sponsors

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What parameters are checked in a Soil Test Different steps in construction of a building project
Report
[Link] of soil [Link] Testing i. AC Ducts
[Link] Table [Link] work j. Other Services as per
[Link] Capacity of soil c. Superstructure requirement
4. SPT Value – N Value [Link] [Link] Development works
5. Filled up or loose soil – depth [Link] work l. road
6. Type of foundation – suitable f. Woodwork m. horticulture work
g. Sanitary work
[Link] work

7 8
MADE EASY – RCC – FOR INTERVIEW M K SINGH MADE EASY – RCC – FOR INTERVIEW M K SINGH

What problems are faced by a Civil Engineer at a What do you mean by Valuation of a Building,
Construction site in Hilly area how it is different than Estimation of a building-
a. Sloping Ground Estimation --- Done for a building not yet constructed
b. A lot of cutting and filling are required
c. Retaining walls are required at many location
d. Land Slides Valuation ---- Present Cost of a already Constructed
e. Sinking of soil if construction is done on filled up soil Building
f. Sometimes areas are remote and not connected to roads
g. Difficult to transport materials
h. Less space available for construction equipment and construction
materials
9 M K SINGH MADE EASY – RCC – FOR INTERVIEW 10
MADE EASY – RCC – FOR INTERVIEW M K SINGH

What do you mean by Contract Arbitration- Arbitration law

How to construct a building on a site of Filled up
Soil
In a Construction Project – Any Party who have signed an
agreement can raise a dispute about Construction / payment etc 1. Removing the Filled up soil if of less depth
and go to Court for settlement of dispute ---
2. Using Raft Foundation
An Arbitrator is appointed for Settlement of dispute hearing 3. Using Pile Foundation
both the party
4. Using Expansion Joints in the Building
Statement of Facts and Counter Statement of Facts are
submitted to Arbitrator for settlement of disputes

11 M K SINGH MADE EASY – RCC – FOR INTERVIEW 12

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What type of foundation are used for construction

Raft Foundation

Shallow Foundation – Deep Foundation ---

1. Isolated Footing 1. Pile – for heavy load with less
2. Combined Footing bearing capcity
3. Strip Footing 2. Well – for construction of
4. Raft Foundation bridge over River / water
5. Strap Foundation

MADE EASY – RCC – FOR INTERVIEW M K SINGH 13 M K SINGH MADE EASY – RCC – FOR INTERVIEW 14

What are different methods of tunnelling

for constructing an Underground Metro What are the reasons or Delay in execution of projects in India.
Line.
- 1. Approval from Local Body after getting approval from Forest
• Cut and cover method
deptt , Airport Authority of India, Traffic deptt , Environmental
• Bored tunnel method
Impact Assessment, Archaeological Survey of India.
• Clay kicking method - 2. Not Releasing of Fund on time
• Shaft method - 2. Delay in Tendering Process
• Pipe jacking method - 4. Execution of work in not done in planned manner
• Box jacking method - 5. Labour problems
• Underwater tunnels - 6. Non performance of executing agency

M K SINGH MADE EASY – RCC – FOR INTERVIEW 15 MADE EASY – RCC – FOR INTERVIEW 16
M K SINGH

Which Grade of concrete - and Steel are generally used

Exposure conditions – Minimum Grade of
Minimum Grade of Concrete concrete and Minimum Cover to be provided.
Grade of Steel Generally Used
RCC – M 20
RCC – Fe 415 and 500 [Link] – M20 – 20 mm
PSC – Pre tensioned – M 40
PSC – Fe 1500 to Fe 2000 [Link] – M25 – 30 mm
PSC – Pre tensioned – M 30
Generally Used
[Link] – M30 – 45 mm
RCC – M 25 and M 30 [Link] Severe – M35 – 50 mm
PSC – Pre tensioned – M 50 to M 80 [Link] – M40 – 75 mm
PSC – Pre tensioned – M 50 to M 80

MADE EASY – RCC – FOR INTERVIEW 17 18

MADE EASY – RCC – FOR INTERVIEW M K SINGH
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What is difference between – Cracking Moment ,

Why cover – Nominal cover is provided
Bending Moment and Moment of Resistance
to steel in RCC –
To make the steel used safe against Cracking Moment - Maximum Moment that can be
applied as Uncracked Section
[Link]
[Link] Bending Moment = Any Moment developed due to load
[Link] bond at any section of a structure is called Bending Moment j
[Link] Durability of RCC section
Moment of Resistance = Maximum Moment that can be
applied as Cracked Section --- section should be safe
MADE EASY – RCC – FOR INTERVIEW M K SINGH 19 M K SINGH MADE EASY – RCC – FOR INTERVIEW 20

what is Unit weight of steel and After how many days formwork shall be removed
other materials of a RCC slab casted. – Stripping time.
• Steel – 78.5 KN/m3 • Soffit of slabs (Props re-fixed)
• OPC used = 3 days
• Concrete – 25 KN/m3 • OPC used = 7 days
• Bricks – 20 KN/m3 • Complete Removal of Form Work
• Earth – 18 KN/m3 • Props of slab ≤ 4.5 m
• OPC used = 7 days
• Stone – 22 to 28 KN/m3 • OPC used = 10 days
• Props of slab > 4.5 m = 14 days
M K SINGH MADE EASY – RCC – FOR INTERVIEW 21 M K SINGH 22
MADE EASY – RCC – FOR INTERVIEW

After how many days formwork shall be removed Define Characteristic Strength
of a RCC Beams.
• This is the Value of Strength of Concrete obtained by
• Soffit of Beams (Props re-fixed)
testing of concrete Cubes --- Below Which not more
• OPC used = 7 days
than 5% of test result are expected to fall
• OPC used = 14 days
• Complete Removal of Form Work
(Any type of Cement used )
• Props of Beam ≤ 6 m = 14 days
• Props of Beams > 6 m = 21 days

M K SINGH 23 M K SINGH MADE EASY – RCC – FOR INTERVIEW 24

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Explain Six Sigma Rule in case of Random

results like Cube test results What is Target Mean Strength?
• Target mean strength is used in case of Mix design of
Concrete. The average Strength of Cubes tested at the
time of design mix shall not be less than target Mean
Strength = fck + 1.65σ
• For example if Design mix is to be done for M40 Conc.
Target mean strength of sample shall be
≥ fck + 1.65σ = 40 + 1.65x5 = 48.25 N/mm2

M K SINGH MADE EASY – RCC – FOR INTERVIEW 25 M K SINGH MADE EASY – RCC – FOR INTERVIEW 26

What do you mean by Effective Modulus of

Define Creep. Explain factors affecting creep.
Elasticity of Concrete :-
Long term modulus of Elasticity with the effect of • Creep is time dependent deformation
Creep is called Effective Modulus of Elasticity due to a sustained stress applied on a
𝑬𝑪 𝟓𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝒇𝒄𝒌 elastic material continuously for a
Ecl = =
(1+𝜽) (1+𝜽) certain long period of time.
Short term modulus of Elasticity without effect of creep • Creep stain is obtained in addition to
Ec = 𝟓𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝒇𝒄𝒌 Elastic strain.

M K SINGH MADE EASY – RCC – FOR INTERVIEW 27 M K SINGH MADE EASY – RCC – FOR INTERVIEW 28

What are the factors on which Coefficient of

What are the Factors affecting creep :- thermal expansion of concrete depends: -
Creep is found More if
1. Cement content is high, • Coefficient of thermal expansion of concrete
2. W/C ratio is high, depends on
3. Aggregate content is low, 1. Type of cement
4. Air entertainment is high, 2. Type of Aggregates
5. Temperature is high, 3. Cement content
6. Size / thickness of the member is small 4. Relative humidity
7. Loading occurs at an early age & 5. Size of section
8. Loading is sustained over a long period.
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What are the materials used for construction RCC or Steel – which type of material should
of any structure be selected for a structure
1. RCC 7. UPVC • RCC – For low span structures === Buildings,
2. Steel 8. SMC Flyovers , Bridges, Roads etc
3. Wood 9. Plastic
4. Bricks 10. Bamboo • Steel – For Large span Structures Like Single span
Bridge etc
5. Stones 11. Earth
6. PVC 12. Other Metals
MADE EASY – RCC – FOR INTERVIEW M K SINGH 31 M K SINGH MADE EASY – RCC – FOR INTERVIEW 32

What are the factors affecting durability of What is the proportion of M10 grade Concrete
concrete :- and for what purpose it can be used.
• Durability of concrete depends on following factors :-
1. The Environment – Exposure Condition • Proportion of M10 grade concrete is 1:3:6 and it can be used for
2. Nominal Cover provided to steel PCC not for RCC.
3. Type and quality of materials used • For RCC Minimum Grade of concrete is M20.
4. Cement content and W/C Ratio
• Characteristic Strength of M10 shall be 10 N/mm2
5. Workmanship – Degree of compaction and Curing
6. Shape and Size of Member

MADE EASY – RCC – FOR INTERVIEW M K SINGH 33 M K SINGH MADE EASY – RCC – FOR INTERVIEW 34

What Different Nominal Mix Concrete used – Proportion and

Max water to be mixed What is hanger bar

Grade of Proportion Qty of water / 50 • when no compression steel are required as per Design –
Concrete kg of cement At least two Hanger bars are provided on Compression
M5 1:5:10 60 Kg side of beam for holding stirrups in a beam. Dia of hanger
bars may be 10mm or 12mm.
M 7.5 1:4:8 45 kg • These are not counted as tension / compression
M10 1:3:6 34 kg reinforcement unless the area of such bars is greater than
M15 1:2:4 32 kg 0.2% of sectional area of the member.
M 20 1:1.5:3 30 kg
M K SINGH MADE EASY - RCC - GATE / IES 35 M K SINGH MADE EASY – RCC – FOR INTERVIEW 36

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What are the methods for under water 1. Tremie Method – Under water
concreting. concreting
Methods for Under water concreting are:- • Tremie pipe is used for
concreting. Concrete flow by
1. Tremie method gravity and fill the area from
bottom and level of concrete
2. Pump method. keep on rising.
3. Hydro-valve method. • Tremie pipe is always kept
under concrete to avoid entry of
4. Buckets or Skip method. water in the pipe.

M K SINGH MADE EASY – RCC – FOR INTERVIEW 37 M K SINGH MADE EASY – RCC – FOR INTERVIEW 38

3. Hydro Valve Method

2. Pump method – Under water of Underwater
concreting Concreting
• Pouring concrete from mixer to formworks • A flexible hose is employed to
pour concrete.
directly by pumping • Friction inside the pipe and
• No blockages in the pipe because hydrostatic pressure is
overcame by concrete weight.
concreting is through pumping, not by
• This leads to move concrete
gravity. slowly in the pipe and avoid
• Risk of segregation is decreased. segregation.
• This method is not costly and
quite simple.
M K SINGH MADE EASY – RCC – FOR INTERVIEW 39 M K SINGH MADE EASY – RCC – FOR INTERVIEW 40

What is the minimum time up to which curing

4. Skips Method must be done of concrete
• The Skip is a bucket with double Case Minimum period of curing
door opening at the bottom. 1 Ordinary Portland 7 days
• Concrete is filled in the bucket and Cement used
is lowered down through water 2 In Dry and hot 10 days
slowly & doors are opened when it weather condition
reach at bottom. 3 Mineral Admixtures Minimum 10 days.
• Concrete is placed at desired or Blended Cement Code suggest the period may
location after opening the doors of used be extended to 14 days
skips

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what is the effect of creep on Modulus of Define Poisons ratio for concrete. What
Elasticity of concrete. will be approximate value of poisons ratio
for high strength concrete.
• Due to Creep Strain in concrete will be increasing with time. • Poisons ratio is ratio of lateral strain developed to
• Value of modulus of Elasticity Ec will go on decreasing with Longitudinal Strain developed due to loading on
time. concrete.
• The Value of Ec get reduced by 2 to 3 times due to Creep. • Poisons ratio of high strength concrete are generally
low as compared to that of low strength concrete and
the value ranges between 0.1 to 0.2.

M K SINGH MADE EASY – RCC – FOR INTERVIEW 43 M K SINGH MADE EASY – RCC – FOR INTERVIEW 44

Why TMT bars are best for RCC. What do you Draw the stress strain curve for Mild steel and
mean by 500D steel. TMT bars of Fe 500 steel
• Curves for Mild steel and TMT bars are
• TMT bars are Thermo mechanically treated bars. Such bars
have high strength, as well as high ductility and provided
with anti corrosive treatment at outer surface so these are
found best bars to be used for RCC.
• 500 D is ductile steel having elongation more than 14.5%. D
is for Ductility. Such bars are best type of bars than can be
used for earthquake resistant structures.

M K SINGH MADE EASY – RCC – FOR INTERVIEW 45 M K SINGH MADE EASY – RCC – FOR INTERVIEW 46

What are different lateral load Why LSM is being used mostly for
resisting systems in a structure design now a days.
1. Frames :- RCC Column and beams
2. Shear Walls :- Made of RCC wall Merits :-
3. Brick wall also act as shear wall if the 1. Less concrete/more steel is required
2. Slender Sections as compared to WSM
Earthquake forces are acting in plane
3. More economical Design
4. Tubes :- closely spaced columns 4. both factor of safety for load and stress
located in periphery of a structure acts 5. Suitable for E/Q and wind analysis.
like tube

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Discuss the demerits of LSM as what are minimum and maximum % of steel as
compared to WSM per IS 456 for beams, Slab and Columns
𝑨𝒔𝒕 𝟎.𝟖𝟓
Demerits:- 1. Beams min =
𝑩𝒅 𝒇𝒚
1. More steel are required. 2. Beams max = 4% as per IS 456
2. Thin section with high steel are found may 3. Slab Minimum = .12 % - HYSD or 0.15 % for MS
not be safe from deflection point. 4. Slab Maximum = No limit given in IS 456
3. Analysis based on imaginary approach 4. Column Min = 0.8%
4. Failure behaviour may be different than 5. Column Max = 4 % - lapped but 6 % - if bars are not lapped
assumed.

M K SINGH MADE EASY – RCC – FOR INTERVIEW 49 M K SINGH MADE EASY – RCC – FOR INTERVIEW 50

what is the difference between Gross section, What is Lap splice. What are the other option for
transformed section and Cracked section as per IS 456. avoiding lap splices.
• Lap splices are used to continue a
1. Gross section - The cross-section of the member
ignoring reinforcement: BxD reinforcement. Reinforcement are lapped for
some length and force is transferred at the
2. Transformed section :- Equivalent area without joint by Bond action.
neglecting area of concrete in tension.
Used for un-cracked sections analysis. • Other option for laps are :-
Aeq = BD+ (m-1)*Ast
• 1. Couplers:-
3. Cracked section :- Equivalent area neglecting • 2. Welding :-
concrete in tension. • Wires more than 32 mm dia are
(Used for cracked section analysis)
Aeq =( [Link] + m*Ast ) generally welded.

M K SINGH MADE EASY – RCC – FOR INTERVIEW 51 M K SINGH MADE EASY – RCC – FOR INTERVIEW 52

Which slab is better – Beam slab system or

Couplers
Flat slab for Earthquake resistant Structures
• Beam Slab system with columns – Framed structure are considered best
for resisting Earthquake.
• Flat slab are found not suitable for Earthquake resistant Structure.

M K SINGH MADE EASY – RCC – FOR INTERVIEW 53 M K SINGH 54

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Why shear reinforcement are not provided in Q 34 How type of foundation are decided for
slab. a particular structure
1. Slab are thin members with wide width. Providing shear
reinforcement is slab is found uneconomical.
• Type of foundation are decided considering :
2. Slab are designed such that it is safe in shear and shear 1. Type of soil
stress developed are less than permissible shear strength 2. Bearing Capacity of soil
of concrete. In this case the slab will not fail in shear. 3. Position of Columns – Center to center distance
3. If slab is not safe in shear --- generally thickness of the 4. Load on the columns
slab is increased to make it safe in shear. 5. Type of structures – Framed / load bearing
4. In some cases of high loads and large span shear 6. Number of storey
reinforcement in form of vertical bars may be provided.
M K SINGH MADE EASY – RCC – FOR INTERVIEW 55 M K SINGH MADE EASY – RCC – FOR INTERVIEW 56

Which type of foundation are suitable for What is the difference between Safe bearing
black cotton soil capacity and Net safe Bearing Capacity of soil

• Black cotton soil show expansive properties. 1. Minimum Pressure at failure of soil is called Ultimate Bearing
• Pile foundation are found most suitable. Capacity = qu
• Raft foundation can also be provided. 2. Net Ultimate Bearing Capacity qnu = qu - 𝛾. D
• A layer of sand / stone boulders / PCC must be provided
qu − . D
on black cotton soil to avoid the direct contact of black 3. Net Safe Bearing Capacity of soil qns =
cotton soil from foundation.
4. Safe Bearing Capacity of soil qs = qo = qns + 𝛾.
𝛾 D

M K SINGH MADE EASY – RCC – FOR INTERVIEW 57 M K SINGH MADE EASY – RCC – FOR INTERVIEW 58

How effect of slenderness is considered

in long column in LSM
What are interaction Curves.
1. Interaction curves are used for
• By adding Additional • Then Column is designed for design of column by LSM for
moment to given design • Axial Load = Pu combined axial load and bending
moment ( Uniaxial or biaxial)
• Moment about one axis X-X
𝑷𝒖 .𝑫 𝑳𝒆𝒙 2 2. Interaction curves are available
• Max = ( ) = Mux + Max for uniaxial bending only.
𝟐𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝑫 • Moment about one axis Y-Y
𝑷𝒖 .𝑩 𝑳𝒆𝒚 2 3. Also same curve can be used for
• May = ( ) = Muy + May Design of column for Load with
𝟐𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝑩 biaxial bending.

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What are different components of a flat slab

How joints are sealed in a water tank

1. Components of flat slab :- Seepage of water from Vertical and

horizontal joints are avoided by
1. Slab providing :-
2. Drop panel 1. Water bar at joints
3. Capital 2. proper sealing of joints with Joint
sealing compounds.
4. Column

M K SINGH MADE EASY – RCC – FOR INTERVIEW 61 M K SINGH MADE EASY – RCC – FOR INTERVIEW 62

Explain the basic principle of design of water which type of retaining wall shall be used for
tanks retaining earth of height more than 10m.
1. Water tanks are designed by Working stress method to get a • For retaining Earth more than 10m – RCC retaining
uncracked structure to avoid seepage of water.
2. Steel reinforcement are designed neglecting concrete on
wall of Counterfort or buttresses shall be used.
tension side – like cracked section. Tensile strength of steel is • Counterfort retaining wall will be best option in such
considered less as per IS-3370.
case.
3. Concrete are designed considering strength of all members
like uncracked section.
4. Tensile stress developed in concrete shall not be more than
the permissible tensile strength of concrete as per table – 1 of
IS 3370.

M K SINGH MADE EASY – RCC – FOR INTERVIEW 63 M K SINGH MADE EASY – RCC – FOR INTERVIEW 64

Which checks shall be performed before What is bleeding in concrete?

design of a RCC Retaining wall.

• A RCC retaining wall shall be checked against :- • Bleeding is a process in which Cement with
1. Overturing – Factor of safety = 1.40 considering 0.9 times the value of
excess water comes on top of concrete
Balancing Moment surface.
2. Sliding - factor of safety = 1.40 considering 0.9 times the value of • Strength of concrete on inside will becomes
Balancing Forces less as cement has come on top surface
3. Bearing Capacity – Maximum soil pressure shall not be more than the due to bleeding.
bearing capacity of soil.

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Explain Pre-tensioning and Post-tensioning in What are the advantage of using high strength concrete in PSC
Prestressed concrete members
• In the pre-tensioning method –
1. the wires or bars are anchored to a metal support. Then wires are Advantages of high strength concrete in PSC are ;-
tensioned and fixed at ends. 1. High Compressive Strength
2. Concrete is then casted around the tensed steel.
3. Concrete is casted directly over the steel. 2. High Bearing Strength
4. Prestressing forced is transferred by bond action. 3. High bond strength
• The post-tensioning method :- 4. More tensile strength
1. Concrete is casted first 5. Improved shear resistance
2. Steel is provided inside ducts and tension is applied to the wires or 6. Less Creep
cables after the concrete is hardened.
3. The steel wires are tensioned and fixed at ends – force is 7. Less prestress Losses due to various reasons.
transferred on concrete by bearing action. 8. High value of Ec

M K SINGH MADE EASY – RCC – FOR INTERVIEW 67 M K SINGH MADE EASY – RCC – FOR INTERVIEW 68

What are the disadvantage of using Prestressed Concrete for any

What are the advantage of using Prestressed Concrete structure
for any structure as compared to RCC.

Advantage :- Disadvantage :-
1. Suitable for high span structures like Flyovers & bridges. 1. Costly
2. Total cross section utilized as whole section is in compression 2. Need skilled manpower and
only - Less cross section required
3. Higher Safety parameters
3. Saving in foundation and columns due to Less DL
4. Large number of equipment required
4. Concrete remains un-cracked – chances of rusting is reduced. PSC
members are found more durable. 5. Not suitable for normal buildings
6. Need better quality control

M K SINGH MADE EASY – RCC – FOR INTERVIEW 69 M K SINGH MADE EASY – RCC – FOR INTERVIEW 70

What are different system of prestressing

1. Freysinet system
cable in Prestressed concrete
• For Pretensioned PSC –
1. Hoyer Method
• For Post tensioned PSC –
[Link] system
[Link] system
[Link]-McCall system
[Link]-Udall system

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2. Magnel blatton method 3. Gifford udall system

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4. Lee mccall system

Earthquake Engineering

M K SINGH MADE EASY – RCC – FOR INTERVIEW 75

Explain the cause of Earthquake Q 52 Explain earthquake and its effect on any structure :-
• Upper layer of Earth is divided in different plates called 1. An earthquake is shaking of earth caused by different
Tectonic plates floating and moving over the molten type of movements of tectonic plates in the Earth's
mantle of Earth. crust. Large amount of energy is released and
earthquake waves are generated.
• Earthquake is observed due to movement of tectonic 2. Waves generated are travelling through the earth
plates. surface. Buildings starts lateral movements due to
• At a certain point of time a fault is created by breaking of these waves.
Earth layer due to movement of tectonic plates. 3. Due to Earthquake lateral forces are developed in the
building structures that may create large BM and SF at
various location and the section may fail.
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Q 53 What are Faults created during

earthquake. Q 54 What is Focus and Epicentre
• Due to movement of tectonic plates – Earthquake is observed and large
masses of Earth move in different direction. Faults are created at the
time of earthquake due to movement of large masses of Tectonic 1. Focus :- The originating
plates on Earth surface. Earthquake source inside the
• Different type of faults are :- earth which result in shaking of
1. Normal faults – created due to Tensile forces when tectonic ground.
plates are moving away from each other
2. Reverse Faults - created due to Compressive forces when [Link]:- Geographical point
tectonic plates are moving towards each other
3. Strike Faults – created due to sideway movements or tectonic
vertically above the focus on
plates. earth surface.

M K SINGH MADE EASY – RCC – FOR INTERVIEW 79 M K SINGH MADE EASY – RCC – FOR INTERVIEW 80

Q 55 How earthquake is measured and what Q 56 What is the difference between

are different scale to show earthquake Magnitude and Intensity of an Earthquake
•Seismograph is used to measure Earthquake. 1. Magnitude: The size of the earthquake at its
source(Focus). Richter Scale measures magnitude.
•Different Scale used
• 1. Richter Scale : - Measure Magnitude 2. Intensity: Intensity show the amount of damage at any
• 2. Modified Mercalli Scale: - Measure Intensity particular place on Earth due to Earthquake. Modified
Mercalli Scale measure intensity – descriptive
• 3. Rossi–Forel scale – measurement.
• 4. MSK SCALE – Measure intensity

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Q 57 What are different waves observed due

Q 58 How a load bearing structure or Masonry structure
to an Earthquake can be strengthen to resist Earthquake :-

• Seismic waves classified into three types. 1. By providing RCC horizontal bands at plinth level, sill level and lintel
level.
1. P (or Primary waves ) 2. By providing vertical reinforcement at corners, near jamb, door
opening and window opening.
2. S (or Secondary) waves 3. By providing horizontal reinforcement in masonry in different layers.
3. Surface waves :- 4. By providing strong wall in both direction. Cross wall construction.
• a. Rayleigh waves 5. Keeping less opening area of Windows and Doors as possible

• b. Love waves
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Q 59 What is base shear. How it is calculated

Q 60 What is horizontal seismic coefficient.
•Total lateral force acting on the base of a building • Horizontal Seismic Coefficient
due to Earthquake is called Base Shear. Ah = . .
As per IS 1893 codes Base Shear is :
• Z = Zone factor
VB = (Ah) x (W)
• I = Importance factor
◦ Ah is horizontal Seismic coefficient
• R = Response reduction factor
◦ W = total Seismic weight of building
• = Horizontal Acceleration Coefficient
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Q 61 . what is Zone factor as per IS 1893. Q 62 Name some major Cities in different
• Zone factor is a value showing magnitude of Earthquake Zones
earthquake to be considered for calculating horizontal
seismic coefficient for calculation of lateral force on a 1. Zone V cities– Bhuj, Darbhanga, Imphal, Jorhat, Kohima, Shillong,
Tezpur, Guwahati and Srinagar.
structure due to earthquake.
2. Zone IV cities — Delhi, Patna, Dehradun, Jamnagar, Jammu, Amritsar
• Zone factor is based on maximum Considered and Jalandhar
Earthquake observed in an area. 3. Zone III cities — Ahmedabad, Vadodara, Surat, Rajkot, Bhavnagar,
Pune, Bhiwandi, Nashik, Greater Mumbai, Thane, Bhubaneswar,
Zone –II Zone –III Zone –IV Zone –V Cuttack, Chennai, Coimbatore, Agra, Varanasi, Bareilly, Lucknow,
Kanpur, Kolkata, Indore, Jabalpur, Vijaywada, Dhanbad, Mangalore,
Z Value 0.10 0.16 0.24 0.36 Kochi, Kozhikode, Trivandrum.

M K SINGH MADE EASY – RCC – FOR INTERVIEW 87 M K SINGH MADE EASY – RCC – FOR INTERVIEW 88

Q 64 What is Importance factor (I). What are the values of

importance factor as per IS 1893.
Q 63 What are MCE and DBE values • Importance factor depends on
• Importance of a building based on its function.
• MCE – Maximum Considered Earthquake by IS code as • Number of persons using the building.
per past record of earthquake in a particular area (MCE
Value = Z value) I = 1.5 For Important buildings :-
• DBE – Design basic earthquake values are values based on like School buildings, hospitals, offices, important
earthquake that can be reasonably expected at least once
during the design life of Structure. ( DBE Value = Z/2 ) Service stations, Emergency Services
I = 1.2 For Residential and commercial buildings, having
occupancy more than 200
I =1.0 For other buildings
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Q 65 What is Response reduction factor used Q 66 what is Time period of vibration of a

in Design of structure against Earthquake. building as per IS 456
• Response reduction factor depend of type of structure. It is based on • Time period is the time required for completing one vibration of
how much strong is the structure. a structure.
• A structure can bear more Forces than for which it is actually
designed. We used a number of factor of safety in design. • As per IS code 1893 for a Framed structure with Brick infill :-
• It is the ratio between max elastic Force a structure can sustain than .
the actual design force on the structure. Ta =
• It show over strength of structure that is considered in design of • for a RCC Framed structure without Brick infill
building against Earthquake.
Ta = 0.075.H0.75
• For a RCC framed structure with ductile detailing its value is 5.0 as per
IS 1893. For normal RCC Framed structure it is 3.0 . H = height of building
D = base dimension of the building
M K SINGH MADE EASY – RCC – FOR INTERVIEW 91 M K SINGH MADE EASY – RCC – FOR INTERVIEW 92

Q 67 what is spectral acceleration coefficient Value of Sa/g ( For response spectrum Method)
( Sa/g) used for calculation of lateral forces. Type of Soil Range of time period Sa/g

• The value of spectral acceleration coefficient ( Sa/g) show For all type of soil T ≤ o.1o 1+ 15T
acceleration developed due to lateral movement of structure at For rocky, or hard soil 0.10 ≤ T ≤ o.4o 2.50
the time of earthquake.
0.40 ≤ T ≤ 4.00 1.00 / T
• The value is used to calculate the lateral forces created due to T > 4.0 0.25
earthquake. For medium soil 0.10 ≤ T ≤ 0.55 2.50
• The value of ( Sa/g) depends upong 0.55 ≤ T ≤ 4.00 1.36 / T
1. Type of structure T > 4.0 0.34
For soft soil 0.10 ≤ T ≤ 0.67 2.50
2. Shape and size of structure
0.67 ≤ T ≤ 4.00 1.67 / T
3. Type of soil on which structure is resting T > 4.0 0.42
4. Time period and Damping effect in the structure
M K SINGH MADE EASY – RCC – FOR INTERVIEW 93 M K SINGH IES MADE EASY - IES - RCC 94

Q 70. Explain DAMPING effect in a building Q 71 What is Centre of mass and centre of
during earthquake :- stiffness
• Damping is a phenomenon in which the energy of the • Centre of Mass :- Centre of mass is CG where total mass
system is gradually reduced or Vibration is gradually of is acting.
reduced and finally eliminated completely.
• Centre of Stiffness :- CG of all lateral force resisting
• Due to damping effect the structure will come to rest in system in a building ( Columns , Shear wall etc) is called
less time when it start vibrating due to earthquake. center of stiffness.
• If CM and CS are not at same point – Torsional moment
will develop in the structure due to lateral forces.

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Q 71 How much Effective moment of inertia for column

and beams is considered as per IS 1893 in earthquake
Q 72 What is Special Moment Resisting Frame:-
analysis.
1. If Provisions of IS 13920 are followed in design and
•For Structural analysis of detailing of reinforcement of a RCC structure - the
structure, Moment of Inertia structure is called Special Moment Resisting frame.
shall be taken as 2. Response reduction factor for SMRF structure is 5.0
where as it 3.0 for Ordinary Moment Resisting frame
•For columns = 70% of Igross called OMRF
•For Beams = 35 % of Igross

M K SINGH MADE EASY – RCC – FOR INTERVIEW 97 M K SINGH MADE EASY – RCC – FOR INTERVIEW 98

Q 73 What do you mean by Ductile detailing of RCC structure

Q 74. What is the minimum size of beam and
1. Structure designed and reinforcement detailing done in such a way that column as per Earthquake code :-
RCC members behave like a ductile structure – such desing and detailing is
called ductile detailing. As per IS 13920 Minimum size of
2. Structures designed and detailing done as per IS 13920 behave as a ductile 1. Minimum Width of Beam = 200 mm
structure at the time of failure. 2. Minimum Width of Column = 300 mm or
3. Sudden failure due to higher moment and shear will not occur in a ductile
structure. 20 times the dia of bar of Beams passing
through the column
4. To make a RCC structure ductile - More lateral ties and stirrups are
required to be provided near beam column joints.

M K SINGH MADE EASY – RCC – FOR INTERVIEW 99 M K SINGH MADE EASY – RCC – FOR INTERVIEW 100

Q 75. In which buildings Dynamic analysis of structure is

required as per IS 1893. How dynamic analysis can be Q 76 Is Ductile detailing compulsory
performed. for all buildings
1. Dynamic analysis is compulsory for all structure in Zone II, III, IV As per IS 13920 - Ductile detailing is must for all buildings
and V. 1. For all Buildings in Zone – III , IV & V.
1. except for structure of height < 15m in Zone II. 2. For Zone –II it is optional.
2. Dynamic analysis can be performed by
1. Response spectrum method
2. Time History Method.
3. The building behavior is checked for different mode of movement due to
Earthquake

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Q 77 what is Special confining reinforcement

• Special confining reinforcement is provided in columns over a length L0 from
each joint face at junction of column with beams or foundation :-
• The length (L0) shall not be less than
( a ) larger lateral dimension
( b ) 1/6 of clear span
( c ) 450 mm.
• Spacing of hoops of special confining steel in column :-
( a) 1/4 of minimum dimension
( b) 6 times the dia of smallest bar
( c) 100 mm.

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Q 78 what is maximum spacing of stirrups for Q 79 Explain some latest techniques to make
beams as per IS 13920 a structure safe against Earthquake
1. Use of Friction dampers.
• Spacing of stirrups in Beam
2. Use of Viscous dampers.
• Spacing of hoops over a length upto 2d distance from face of support
at either end of the beam shall not exceed- 3. TMD – Tuned Mass Dampers.
1. d/4 4. Base Isolators
2. 6 times the diameter of the smallest main bar, 5. Use of Ductile Structures
3. 100 mm 6. Use of Light weight Materials in the structure
• Beyond 2d distance from support - vertical stirrups at a spacing not
exceeding d/2.

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Q 80 – Which system is better for Earthquake Q 81 How horizontal or vertical projections of

resistant structure in a RCC framed building a structure is design for Earthquake
• In a RCC framed structure
• As per Provision [Link] and 2 of IS 1893 =
1. Strong Column --- weak beams with Strong Foundation • All horizontal and Vertical projections like cantilever
is considered best to resist Earthquake forces in effective projections , porch etc shall be designed for five times
manner. the design Horizontal coefficient (Ah ) as per 6.4.2 for
• Many number of plastic hinges will be required for collapse of Vertical members and 5times the Vertical Coefficient
such structure in all beams. Av for horizontal member specified in 6.4.6 for that
• Such mechanism is called beam mechanism. building.

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