2024/2025 TERM 1 RESL STUDENT NOTES

TEACHER’S NAME DAVID OVIE, E.

SUBJECT BASIC TECHNOLOGY
CLASS YEAR 9
SCHOOL RAINBOW COLLEGE IKOTA
DEPARTMENT

WEEK MAIN TOPICS

1 SCALE AND SCALE DRAWING
2 DRAWING PRACTICE I – ISOMETRIC DRAWING
3 DRAWING PRACTICE II – ISOMETRIC DRAWING
4 DRAWING PRACTICE III -OBLIQUE DRAWING
5 PERSPECTIVE DRAWING
6 HALF-TERM ASSESSMENT
7 HALF-TERM BREAK
8 ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTION
9 SIMPLE BLUEPRINT
10 DOMESTIC PLUMBING – PLUMBING TOOLS
11 PIPELINE FITTINGS AND SANITARY APPLIANCES.
12 FULL TERM ASSESSMENT
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WEEK 1 NOTES

Scales and scale drawing

Starter activity:

✔ Construct a hexagon in a circle of diameter 75.

Lesson objectives:
By the end of the lesson, learners should be able to:

i. Define scales and scale drawing,

ii. Identify types of scale.

iii. Draw simple shapes using scale drawing.

Scales and scale drawing

i. In technical drawing, scale drawing is very important in presenting the object of design in its true
proportion and appearance.

ii. SCALES: A scale is a ratio which shows the relationship between the dimension drawn on the
drawing sheet(paper) and the actual dimension of the object.

iii. Scale is also called representative fraction.

Numerator
iv. But ratio ¿
Denominator

: where, Numerator ¿ Dimension drawn on the drawing paper.

Denominator ¿ Actual dimension of the object.

1
v. Examples of scales: = 1:2 , where 1 represents the dimension on paper while 2 represents actual
2
1 10
dimension of the object. Others are - or 1:50, or 10:1, 100:1, 1:10 etc.
50 1

vi. Scales are used to enlarge or reduce the size of an object during drawing.

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vii. Note that all dimensions are in mm.

Scale drawing
i. Scale drawing is a method of drawing objects or reproducing a drawing showing all its features in the
right proportion.

ii. In scale drawing, objects could be drawn in their full length, reduced length or enlarged length(size).

iii. In scale drawing, the use of accurate measuring and drawing instruments are required.

iv. Note that a scale rule is an essential measuring instruments for scale drawing.

Types of scale
1. Full scale: Full scale is used to draw objects in their full length (true length). Reduction and
enlargement are not required here. Example – 1:1

2. Reduced scale: Reduced scale is used when the object to be drawn is too large to be represented on
the paper. Examples – 1:2, 1:10, 1:100, 1:20 etc.

3. Enlarged scale: An enlarged scale is required when the object to be drawn is too small to be
represented on a paper. Examples – 10:1, 2:1, 100:1,50:1 etc

Application of scale drawing

Dimension on paper Paper
✔ Scale (ratio) ¿ Actual dimension of object ¿ Object

✔ Note: When you are to draw a given shape using a reduced scale of 1:5, practically you must divide
the dimension of the given shape by 5.

✔ Alternatively, when you are to enlarge a given shape with an enlarged scale of 10:1, you must
multiply the given dimension by 10.

Class activities (evaluation)

1) Using a reduced scale of 1:2, draw a hexagon in a circle of diameter 160.

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Note: Since this is a reduced scale, we must divide the given diameter 160 mm by 2. Hence the
reduced diameter becomes 80 mm. Apply the same procedure for other tasks appropriately.

2) Using a scale of 1:5 Construct a triangle such that AB= 400, BC= 300 and AC= 350.

3) Construct a square equal in area to a given rectangle of length 9 mm and with 6.5 mm., using a scale
of 10:1.

4) With a scale of 20:1, Construct a triangle given that line AB= 4 mm, BC= 3 mm and angle ABC = 60° .

Assignment
1) Using a scale of 20:1, construct a square of sides 4 mm.

2) If line AB= 350, BC = 300, and angle ABC= 45° . Draw a circle to pass through points A, B and C.
Measure and State the radius of the circle. (Use a Scale of 1:5).

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WEEK 2 NOTES

Drawing practice I (Isometric drawing)

Starter activity:
1. Using a scale of 1:5, Construct a triangle such that AB= 400, BC= 300 and AC= 350.

b) Draw an inscribed circle to the triangle above.

Lesson objective:
• By the end of the lesson, students should be able to:

a) Define isometric projection

b) Identify isometric projection/drawing.

c) Draw simple blocks in isometric projection with the help of drawing instruments.

Pictorial drawing:
1. Isometric projection

2. Oblique projection

3. Perspective drawing

4. Axonometric

Isometric drawing
i. Isometric projection is one of the methods of pictorial drawing.

ii. It is a method of drawing 3D shapes such that its receding lines are drawn at 30 ° to the horizontal
and all lines are drawn in their true length.

iii. In isometric projection, all lines are drawn in their true length.

iv. Ensure to complete the drawing in construction lines(faint lines) first, check that everything is
correct, and then line in the outlines.

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v. In isometric projection, the three axes of projection (left receding line, right receding line and the
normal) are used to project the three faces of a solid shape.

vi. All the lines drawn on an isometric drawing are projected on the right receding line or the left
receding line or the normal. This is because they are used to project the three faces of a solid shape.

vii. From the image above, we can label or group the receding lines accordingly :

✔ Right receding lines – 3, 6 and 9.

✔ Left receding lines – 2, 7 and 8.

✔ Normal – 4, 1 and 5.

viii. During projections, each group of receding lines should be drawn/projected parallel to each other
with the help of 30° /60° and 45° set-squares.

ix. Ensure to follow your teachers guide on how to project parallel lines with the combination of the 30°
/60° and 45° set-squares.

Procedures for drawing isometric shapes:

i. Before drawing begins we must clearly identify the group of lines which align with right receding
lines, left receding lines and the normal.

ii. Draw the faint horizontal line.

iii. Pick a point around the center of the faint horizontal line and draw a normal from it.

iv. From the point on the faint horizontal line, Draw the right and left receding lines at 30 ° to the
horizontal line that have been drawn., with the help of the 30° /60° set-square.

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v. Project all lines on the shape from the right receding lines, left receding lines and the normal
accordingly.

vi. Ensure to complete the drawing in construction lines(faint lines) first, check that everything is
correct, and then line in the outlines

vii. Ensure to carefully follow your teachers guide in completing the isometric projections on all
isometric activities.

Activities- Draw these blocks in isometric projection as shown.

Evaluation –

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Assignment

✔ Draw these blocks in isometric projection as shown.

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WEEK 3 NOTES

Drawing practice II (Isometric drawing)

Starter activity
1. What is scale drawing? Give two examples of a reduced scale.

2. Give three types of pictorial drawing.

3. Define isometric drawing.

Lesson objective:
• By the end of the lesson, students should be able to:

i. Draw more complex shapes in isometric projection.

Activities- Draw these blocks in isometric projection as shown.

Evaluation

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Assignment- Draw these blocks in isometric projection as shown.

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WEEK 4 NOTES

Drawing practice III- Oblique drawing

Starter activity:
Draw the block in isometric view as shown

Lesson objectives
• By the end of the lesson, learners should be able to:

i. Define oblique drawing

ii. Identify and differentiate between types of oblique projections

iii. Draw simple oblique blocks with drawing instruments.

Key words

• Oblique

• Projection

• Receding

• Cavalier

• Cabinet

• Inclined

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• Normal

• Horizontal

Oblique drawing
i. This is a pictorial method of drawing solid shapes such that one of its receding lines is inclined/drawn
at an angle of 45° to the horizontal, while the other receding line is horizontal.

ii. The receding line that is inclined is drawn with the help of the 45 ° set-square.

iii. The drawing techniques used in oblique projection are also same as in isometric projection.

iv. The face (front view) of an oblique drawing appears normal with their true shapes. But in isometric
drawing all faces do not appear normal with their true shapes and areas.

v. In oblique projection, the horizontal line, normal (vertical) and the 45 ° receding line are used to
project the three faces of a solid shape.

vi. Ensure to complete the drawing in construction lines (faint lines) first, check that everything is
correct, and then line in the outlines.

Types of oblique projection

1. CAVALIER DRAWING: In cavalier drawing, the inclined face is dimensioned full size/length and drawn
full size/length.

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2. CABINET DRAWING: In cabinet drawing, the inclined face is dimensioned full size and drawn half size
or length. This means that; the inclined face is dimensioned as 70mm and practically drawn 35mm in
length.

Procedures for drawing blocks in oblique projection:

a) Draw the horizontal line then place the face on the normal or height.

b) Project the inclined line (axes), using the 45° set-squares.

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c) Project other sides parallel to the inclined axes.

d) Project other two sides parallel to the normal(height) and parallel to the horizontal line respectively.
Ensure to complete the drawing in construction lines (faint lines) first, check that everything is
correct, and then line in the outlines

Class Activity 1

✔ Draw the block in oblique projection as shown. Follow the procedures given earlier.

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Class activity 2

✔ Draw the block in oblique projection as shown.

Evaluation

✔ Reproduce this block in oblique projection. Use the direction of arrow x’’ as the front view.

Assignment
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1. Draw the block in oblique projection as shown.

2. Reproduce the block in oblique projection., using the length as the front view.

WEEK 5 NOTES

Perspective drawing

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Starter activity
• A cuboid has the following dimensions: 70 × 40 × 30. Draw the block in oblique projection.

Lesson objectives
• By the end of the lesson, learners should be able to:

i. Define perspective drawing

ii. Identify types of perspective drawing.

iii. Mention some terms used in perspective drawing.

iv. Draw simple perspective drawing.

Key words
• Receding lines

• Horizon

• Varnishing point

• Observer

• Station point

• Picture plane

• Converge

• Project

Perspective drawing

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i. This is a pictorial method of drawing a 3-dimensional shape (3D shape), such that its receding lines
all appear to converge at the varnishing point or points.

Types of perspective drawing

A. One-point perspective: This has only one vanishing point.

B. Two-point perspective: It has two vanishing points.

Terms in perspective drawing

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i. Horizon line: The horizon line shows the position of the eye level and the extent or limit to which the
solid shape(object) can be seen.

ii. Varnishing point: This is located on the horizon line, and this is the point all receding lines(projected
lines) appear to meet (converge).

iii. Picture plane: This is the vertical plane upon which the object is projected for the eyes to see.

iv. Station point(observer): This is the location of the eye of the viewer.

v. Ground plane(GP): This is the horizontal plane on which the object is assumed to be located.

vi. Ground line(GL): This is the line at the intersection of the picture plane with ground plane.

Key steps for drawing one point perspective (cuboid)

i. Draw the faint horizontal line.

ii. Draw the rectangular face of the cuboid in plane view as shown.

iii. Draw a faint horizon line just above the height of the rectangular face., then locate the varnishing
point (VP) to the right/left on the horizon line, at some distance away from the rectangular face.

iv. Project lines (receding lines) from the three corners of the rectangular face to converge/meet at the
VP.

v. Mark out the length of the cuboid on the receding line and project the vertical lines and horizontal
lines parallel to each other, in order to complete the cuboid.

vi. Outline only the cuboid as other projection lines remain faint.

vii. Ensure to carefully follow your teacher's guide in completing the perspective drawing.

Practical steps- (Dimension of cuboid can be decided by the teacher.)

1. 2.

3 4.

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Draw the block in one-point perspective

i. Follow the steps given for cuboid earlier to draw the block in one-point perspective.

ii. Ensure to draw the L shape front view.(in plane view)

iii. Ensure to project the receding lines from all the corners of the L shape, to meet at the VP., then draw
all vertical and horizontal lines parallel to each other after marking your dimension/length from the
base.

One-point perspective showing the internal view of a passage.

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Two-point perspective of a cuboid. (practical steps) – 55×40×35

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Note the following:

i. When the horizon line is placed just above the object, the observer appears to see the solid shape
from the top.

ii. When the horizon line is placed below the object, the observer would view the solid shape from the
bottom.

iii. When the horizon line is placed at the middle of the object, the observer neither sees the top or
bottom of the solid, but only sees the front and side views of the block.

SEE THE DRAWING BELOW

Evaluation
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✔ The image above shows three blocks in different positions in relation to the horizon line. Reproduce
one of the blocks in perspective drawing where the observer is stationed just below the block.

Assignment

✔ Reproduce each of these blocks separately as they are positioned differently in relation to their
horizon lines., Each on a different drawing sheet. (3 drawings in all)

✔ Use 75×50×40 as the dimension of the block. (length, width and height).

WEEK 6 HALF TERM ASSESSMENT

WEEK 7 HALF TERM BREAK

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WEEK 8 NOTES

Orthographic projection
STARTER:

✔ Using one point-perspective, draw a simple block (a cuboid) of your choice.

Lesson objectives
• By the end of the lesson, learners should be able to:

i. Define orthographic projection.

ii. Identify types of orthographic projection (1st and 3rd angle)

iii. Draw orthographic projections of simple blocks in 1st and 3rd angle.

iv. Identify and apply dimension techniques.

Key words-
• Orthographic

• Projection

• Elevation

• Vertical –plane

• Horizontal-plane

• Plan

• Quadrant

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Orthographic projection
i. This is the method of drawing 3-dimensional (solid shapes) by means of plane views., as we look at the
object from different directions.

ii. It is the conversion of 3-dimensional shapes into 2-dimensional shapes.

Types of orthographic projection

1. First angle projection: This is projected on the 1st quadrant. Note, a circle is divided into 4 quadrant
and a quadrant represents an angle of projection.

2. Third angle projection: This is projected on the 3rd quadrant.

Note; In the 1st and 2nd angles, the vertical plane (elevation) is above the

horizontal plane (plan).

: In the 3rd and 4th angle, the horizontal plane(plan) is above the vertical plan

(elevation).

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Angles of projections

Planes of projection
a) Horizontal plane (HP): The horizontal plane is parallel to the floor. The PLAN is shown/projected on
the horizontal plane.

b) Vertical plane (VP): The vertical plane is perpendicular to the horizontal plane. The FRONT elevation
is projected/shown on the vertical plane.

c) Side vertical plane (SVP): This is also a vertical plane. The END elevation or SIDE VIEW is projected on
the side vertical plane.

Vertical plane (front elevation),arrow A.

Side vertical plane (side elevation) arrow B

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Horizontal plane (plan), arrow C

Class Activity

✔ Draw the block in first angle projection; with the front elevation looking in the direction of arrow A.

NOTE THE VIEWS FOR EACH PLANE OF PROJECTION in first angle.

i. Arrow A (front elevation) = face 1 and 3.

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ii. Arrow B (side elevation) = face 5

iii. Arrow C (plan) = face 2 and 4.

✔ The front elevation is the main view, obtained by looking at the object in the direction of arrow A.

✔ The plan is the view obtained by looking vertically down on the object in the direction of arrow C and placing the
view beneath/under the front elevation and in line with it.

✔ An end elevation is obtained by looking in the direction of arrow B, and then carrying the view across the front
elevation (left to right) and placing it by the end opposite to that looked at.

✔ Hidden details are shown by short dashes (broken lines).

Evaluation

✔ Draw the block in first angle projection; with the front elevation looking in the direction of arrow A.

✔ Follow the dimensions given by your teacher.

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Assignments
1. Draw the block in first angle projection; with the front elevation looking in the direction of arrow X.

2. Draw the block in first angle projection; with the front elevation looking in the direction of arrow À.

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3. In first angle projection, draw to full scale these views: front elevation, Plan and left side elevation.

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WEEK 9 NOTES

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WEEK 10 NOTES

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WEEK 11 NOTES

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WEEK 12 FULL TERM ASSESSMENT

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WEEK 13 NOTES

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