Al-Nahrain University 2nd Year, 2nd Semester

College of Information Engineering Engineering Mathematics II

Dept. of Info& Comms Engineering Unit1: Vector Integration

Engineering Mathematics II

Lecturer: Aymen Mohammed

Office: B104
Email: [Link]@[Link]

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 Al-Nahrain University 2nd Year, 2nd Semester
College of Information Engineering Engineering Mathematics II
Dept. of Info& Comms Engineering Unit1: Vector Integration

Course Topics
Multiple Integral: Basic Definitions, Physical applications, Double Integrals, Triple integral,
cylindrical coordinates, Spherical coordinates.
Vector Integral Calculus: Line Integrals
Green’s Theorem, Surface area and surface Integral.
Stokes’ Theorem, Divergence Theorem.
Laplace Transforms I: Laplace Transform. Linearity. First Shifting Theorem (s-Shifting),
Transforms of Derivatives and Integrals.
Laplace Transforms II: Unit Step Function, Second Shifting Theorem (t-Shifting), Short
Impulses. Dirac’s Delta Function. Partial Fractions, Gamma functions
Laplace Transforms III: Other useful properties, Convolution. Integral Equations, Differentiation and
Integration of Transforms, Systems of ODEs
Laplace Transforms IV: Inverse Laplace Transform, General Formulas and Applications
Laplace Transforms V: Solution of PDEs by Laplace Transforms
Fourier Analysis I: Arbitrary Period. Even and Odd Functions. Half-Range Expansions, Forced
Oscillations
Fourier Analysis II: Approximation by Trigonometric Polynomials, Sturm–Liouville Problems.
Orthogonal Functions, Orthogonal Series.
Fourier Analysis III: Generalized Fourier Series, The use of Fourier Series in spectral analysis
Fourier Analysis IV: Fourier Integral, Fourier Cosine and Sine Transforms, Fourier Transform, Fourier
Transform properties, Fourier Transform of some useful functions

• Thomas Jr GB, Weir MD, Hass J, Heil C, “Thomas' Calculus: Early Transcendentals”,
Pearson, 13th Edition 2014.
Textbooks • Erwin Kreyszig, “Advanced Engineering Mathematics”, John Wiley & Sons Inc, 10th Ed.
2011
• Thomas and Finney, “Calculus and Analytic Geometry”, Pearson Education Inc, 9th Ed.
2008.
Grading Scheme
Requirements Quizzes Homework+classwork Seminar (English) Midterm Exams Final Exams
Mark Weight 15% 15% 10% 10% 50%

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 Al-Nahrain University 2nd Year, 2nd Semester
College of Information Engineering Engineering Mathematics II
Dept. of Info& Comms Engineering Unit1: Vector Integration

Unit 1: Vector Integration

1.1 Coordinate Systems
1.1.1 Cylindrical Coordinates
1.1.2 Spherical Coordinates
1.2 Parametric Curves
1.3 Line Integrals
1.4 Multiple Integrals
1.4.1 Double Integral
1.4.2 Triple Integral
1.5 Vector Fields
1.5.1 Work Done by a Force over a Curve in Space
1.5.2 Curl of Vector Fields
1.6 The line integral around a closed loop
1.7 Green’s Theorem
1.8 Surface Area
1.9 Surface Integral
1.10 Stokes’ Theorem

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 Al-Nahrain University 2nd Year, 2nd Semester
College of Information Engineering Engineering Mathematics II
Dept. of Info& Comms Engineering Unit1: Vector Integration

1.1 Coordinate Systems

The coordinates of a point describe its position. The most common coordinate system is the x-y
system that is called the Cartesian coordinate system. It can be 2D and 3D as shown below.

There is an alternative way to describe the location of a point that

is called the Polar coordinate system defined by 𝑟 and 𝜃. The polar
coordinates of a point, P are 𝑟∠𝜃. The value of 𝑟 is the distance of
P from the origin; the value of 𝜃 is the angle between the positive
x-axis and the arm OP
The four formulae used to transform from Polar to Cartesian and
vice versa are:

Example:
A point has polar coordinates 𝑟 = 4, 𝜃 = 210◦ .Calculate the Cartesian coordinates of the point. Plot
the point.
Solution:
𝑥 = 𝑟 cos 𝜃 = −3.464
𝑦 = 𝑟 sin 𝜃 = −2
Transform back the (-3.4641,-2) to polar form

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 Al-Nahrain University 2nd Year, 2nd Semester
College of Information Engineering Engineering Mathematics II
Dept. of Info& Comms Engineering Unit1: Vector Integration

1.1.1 Cylindrical Coordinates

Cylindrical polar coordinates comprise polar coordinates with the
addition of a vertical, or z, axis. The figure on the right-hand
illustrates a typical point, P, and its cylindrical polar coordinates.
The point Q is in the x-y plane and lies directly below P. Q is the
projection of P onto the x-y plane.

Hence the cylindrical polar coordinates of a point have the form

(𝑟, 𝜃 , 𝑧) such that: 𝑟 ≥ 0; 0 ≤ 𝜃 ≤ 2𝜋, − ∞ ≤ 𝑧 ≤ ∞

Example:
The Cartesian coordinates of P are (4, 7, −6). State the cylindrical polar coordinates of P.

Solution:
Try to find the cylindrical coordinates to be (8.0623, 60.26◦, −6).

Example:
Describe the figure defined by: 𝑟 = 1; 0 ≤ 𝜃 ≤ 90◦ , 0 ≤ 𝑧 ≤ 2
Solution:
The 𝑟 coordinate is fixed at 1. The 𝜃 coordinate varies from 0◦ to 90◦. This produces the quarter circle,
AB, as shown in the figure below on the left-hand. As 𝑧 varies from 0 to 2, we imagine the curve AB
sweeping out the curved surface to create a part of a cylinder as shown below.

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 Al-Nahrain University 2nd Year, 2nd Semester
College of Information Engineering Engineering Mathematics II
Dept. of Info& Comms Engineering Unit1: Vector Integration

Engineering Application:
(1) Waveguides
Pipes with metal walls are often used to guide
electromagnetic waves in high-powered
microwave communications systems. They are
termed waveguides. Mathematically analyzing
the waveguide’s propagation modes is made
much simpler by using cylindrical polar
coordinates.

(2) Helical antennas

The helix is a shape commonly found in engineering. For
example, the springs used in a car’s suspension often have
a helical shape. Helical antennas were invented by John
Kraus in the 1940s and since then have been used
extensively in a variety of applications including space
exploration, satellite communications and mobile
telephony. Developing a mathematical definition of a helix
is essential to analyzing its electromagnetic properties.
We can set up a cylindrical polar coordinate system with the
z axis aligned with the axis of the helix as shown in Figure. If
we were to look at the helix along the direction of the z axis,
all we would see would be a circle. We say that the
projection of the helix onto the x-y plane is a circle.

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 Al-Nahrain University 2nd Year, 2nd Semester
College of Information Engineering Engineering Mathematics II
Dept. of Info& Comms Engineering Unit1: Vector Integration

1.1.2 Spherical Coordinates

The position of a point, P, is given by the spherical
polar coordinates, (𝑅, 𝜃 , ∅) as shown in the figure
below. The value of 𝑅 is the distance of the point from
the origin; that is, 𝑅 is the length of OP. Let Q be the
projection of P onto the x--y plane. Then 𝜃 is the angle
between the positive x axis and OQ. Thus, 𝜃 has the
same definition as for polar and cylindrical polar
coordinates. Note that 𝜃 can have any value from 0◦
to 360◦. Consider the line OP. Then ∅ is the angle
between the positive z axis and OP. The angle ∅ can
have values between 0◦ and 180◦. When P is above the
x-y plane, then ∅ lies between 0◦ and 90◦; when P lies
below the x-y plane, then ∅ is between 90◦ and 180◦.
When ∅ = 0◦, then P is on the positive z axis; when ∅
= 90◦, P lies in the x-y plane; when ∅ = 180◦, P lies on
the negative z axis.
We can determine equations which relate the Cartesian coordinates, (𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧), and the spherical polar
coordinates, (𝑅, 𝜃 , ∅) as below:

𝑥 = 𝑅 cos 𝜃 sin 𝜙
𝑦 = 𝑅 sin 𝜃 sin 𝜙
𝑧 = 𝑅 cos 𝜙

𝑅 ≥ 0; 0 ≤ 𝜃 ≤ 2𝜋, 0 ≤ 𝜙 ≤ 𝜋

𝑅 = √𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2
𝑦
𝜃 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 ( )
𝑥
𝑧
∅ = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 ( )
𝑅

Example:
We have 𝑅 = 4 and 𝜃 and ∅ can vary across their full range of
values. Such points generate a sphere of radius 4, centered on
the origin.

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 Al-Nahrain University 2nd Year, 2nd Semester
College of Information Engineering Engineering Mathematics II
Dept. of Info& Comms Engineering Unit1: Vector Integration

Exercises:
1- A point has spherical polar coordinates (3, 40◦, 2- A point has Cartesian coordinates (1, 2, 3).
70◦). Determine the Cartesian coordinates. Determine the spherical polar coordinates.

Solutions:
1- (2.1595, 1.8121, 1.0261) 2- 𝑅 = 3.7417, 𝜃 = 63.43◦ , ∅ = 36.70◦

Engineering Application:
3D Radiation pattern
One of the simplest types of practical antenna is the half-wave dipole. This consists of two conductor
elements stretched out along a straight line having a combined length of approximately half the
wavelength at the frequency of the A.C. signal that is to be transmitted. The signal is applied to the
antenna at the center of the arrangement by a feed cable. The electric field strength produced by the
antenna at a fixed distance is usually expressed using a spherical coordinate system. The coordinates
for the antenna and the origin of the radiation itself are assumed to be located at the antenna feed
point and the electric field strength is represented by the radius, R. Plots produced like this are in
general termed radiation patterns and are a useful way of visualizing the amount of radiated field in
a given direction, (θ , φ), for a particular antenna

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 Al-Nahrain University 2nd Year, 2nd Semester
College of Information Engineering Engineering Mathematics II
Dept. of Info& Comms Engineering Unit1: Vector Integration

1.2 Parametric Curves

We have studied curves as the graphs of functions or of equations involving the two variables x and y.
We are now going to introduce another way to describe a curve by expressing both coordinates as
functions of a third variable t.
The figure on the right shows the path of a moving
particle in the xy-plane. we can sometimes describe
the path by a pair of equations, x = ƒ(t) and y = g(t),
where ƒ and g are continuous functions. When
studying motion, t usually denotes time. Equations
like these describe more general curves than those
described by a single function, and they provide not
only the graph of the path traced out but also the
location of the particle (x, y) = (ƒ(t), g(t)) at any time
t. set of points (x, y) = (ƒ(t), g(t)) defines a parametric
curve.

Example:
Sketch the curve defined by the parametric equations
𝑥 = 𝑡 2 , 𝑦 = 𝑡 + 1, −∞<𝑡 <∞
Solution: First, we fill up the table below then we plot the curve.

𝒕 𝒙 𝒚
-3
-2
-1
0
1
2
3

If we think of the curve as the path of a moving particle, then the particle moves along the curve in the
direction of the arrows shown in the Figure above. Although the time intervals in the table are equal,
the consecutive points plotted along the curve are not at equal arc length distances.

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 Al-Nahrain University 2nd Year, 2nd Semester
College of Information Engineering Engineering Mathematics II
Dept. of Info& Comms Engineering Unit1: Vector Integration

Example:
Graph the parametric curve: 𝑥 = cos 𝑡 , 𝑦 = sin 𝑡 , 0 ≤ 𝑡 ≤ 2𝜋
Solution: Again, fill up the table to plot

𝒕 𝒙 𝒚
0
𝜋/2
𝜋
3𝜋/2
2𝜋

1.3 Line Integrals

To calculate the total mass of a wire lying along a curve in space, or to find the work done by a variable
force acting along such a curve, we need a more general notion of integral than that you studied in
earlier stages. We need to integrate over a curve 𝐶 rather than over an interval [𝑎, 𝑏]. These more
general integrals are called line integrals (although path integrals might be more descriptive).
Suppose that 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) is a real-valued function we wish to integrate over the curve 𝐶 lying within the
domain of 𝑓 and parametrized by the position vector 𝑟(𝑡 ) = 𝑔(𝑡 )𝒊 + ℎ(𝑡 )𝒋 + 𝑚(𝑡 )𝒌, 𝑎 ≤ 𝑡 ≤ 𝑏.
The values of ƒ along the curve are given by the composite function ƒ(𝑔(𝑡), ℎ(𝑡), 𝑚(𝑡)). We are going
to integrate this composite with respect to arc length from 𝑡 = 𝑎 to 𝑡 = 𝑏. The curve 𝐶 is partitioned
into a finite number 𝑛 of subarcs each with length Δ𝑠𝑘 .

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 Al-Nahrain University 2nd Year, 2nd Semester
College of Information Engineering Engineering Mathematics II
Dept. of Info& Comms Engineering Unit1: Vector Integration

If 𝑓 is defined on a curve 𝐶 given parametrically by 𝑟(𝑡) = 𝑔(𝑡)𝑖 + ℎ(𝑡)𝑗 + 𝑚(𝑡)𝑘, 𝑎 ≤ 𝑡 ≤ 𝑏, then

the line integral of 𝑓 over 𝐶 is
𝑛

∫ 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧)𝑑𝑠 = 𝑙𝑖𝑚 ∑ 𝑓 (𝑥𝑘 , 𝑦𝑘 , 𝑧𝑘 )Δ𝑠𝑘

𝐶 𝑛→∞
𝑘=1

But 𝑑𝑠 can be expressed as:

𝑑𝑠 𝑑𝑥 2 𝑑𝑦 2 𝑑𝑧 2
√
= |𝐯| = ( ) + ( ) + ( )
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡

Then the evaluation of the integral of 𝑓 over 𝐶 is given as:

𝑏
∫𝐶 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧)𝑑𝑠 = ∫𝑎 𝑓(𝑔(𝑡), ℎ(𝑡), 𝑚(𝑡)) |𝐯(𝑡)| 𝑑𝑡 …………………….(Eq.1)
To integrate a continuous function 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) over a curve 𝐶:
1. Find a smooth parametrization of 𝐶: 𝑟(𝑡) = 𝑔(𝑡)𝒊 + ℎ(𝑡)𝒋 + 𝑚(𝑡)𝒌, 𝑎 ≤ 𝑡 ≤ 𝑏
2. Evaluate the integral using (Eq.1) above.
Example:
Integrate 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) = 𝑥 − 3𝑦 2 + 𝑧 over the line
segment 𝐶 joining the origin to the point (1, 1, 1) (as
in the figure).
Solution: We choose the simplest parametrization
we can think of:
𝑟(𝑡 ) = 𝑡 𝒊 + 𝑡 𝒋 + 𝑡 𝒌, 0 ≤ 𝑡 ≤ 1.

|𝐯| = √(1)2 + (1)2 + (1)2 = √3.

1
∫ 𝑓 (𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧)𝑑𝑠 = ∫ 𝑓 (𝑡, 𝑡, 𝑡 ) √3 𝑑𝑡
𝐶 0
1
= ∫ (𝑡 − 3𝑡 2 + 𝑡) √3 𝑑𝑡
0
1
= √3 ∫ (2𝑡 − 3𝑡 2 )𝑑𝑡 = √3[𝑡 2 − 𝑡 3 ]10 = 0
0

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 Al-Nahrain University 2nd Year, 2nd Semester
College of Information Engineering Engineering Mathematics II
Dept. of Info& Comms Engineering Unit1: Vector Integration

Example:
The following figure shows another path from the
origin to (1, 1, 1), the union of line segments 𝐶1 and
𝐶2 . Integrate 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) = 𝑥 − 3𝑦 2 + 𝑧 over 𝐶1 ∪ 𝐶2 .

Solution: We choose the simplest parametrizations

for 𝐶1 and 𝐶2 we can find, calculating the lengths of
the velocity vectors as we go along:

For 𝐶1 : 𝐫(𝑡 ) = 𝑡𝐢 + 𝑡𝐣, 0 ≤ 𝑡 ≤ 1;

|𝐯| = √12 + 12 = √2
For 𝐶2 : 𝐫(𝑡 ) = 𝐢 + 𝐣 + 𝑡𝐤, 0 ≤ 𝑡 ≤ 1;

|𝐯| = √02 + 02 + 12 = 1

∫ 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧)𝑑𝑠 = ∫ 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧)𝑑𝑠 + ∫ 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧)𝑑𝑠

𝐶1 ∪𝐶2 𝐶1 𝐶2
1 1
= ∫ 𝑓(𝑡, 𝑡, 0)√2𝑑𝑡 + ∫ 𝑓(1,1, 𝑡)(1)𝑑𝑡
0 0
1 1
= ∫ (𝑡 − 3𝑡 2 + 0)√2𝑑𝑡 + ∫ (1 − 3 + 𝑡)(1)𝑑𝑡
0 0
2 1 2 1
𝑡 𝑡 √2 3
= √2 [ − 𝑡 3 ] + [ − 2𝑡] = − −
2 0
2 0
2 2

Example (X):
Integrate 𝑓 (𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑥𝑦 over the curve 𝐶 parameterized by 𝑟(𝑡 ) = (cos 𝑡) 𝒊 + (sin 𝑡) 𝒋, 0 ≤ 𝑡 ≤ 𝜋/2
Solution: To be solved in class

Problems:
1) Match the vector equations in Exercises i–iv with the graphs (a)–(d) given below.

(a) (b) (c) (d)

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 Al-Nahrain University 2nd Year, 2nd Semester
College of Information Engineering Engineering Mathematics II
Dept. of Info& Comms Engineering Unit1: Vector Integration

i. 𝑟(𝑡 ) = 𝑡 𝒊 + (1 − 𝑡 ) 𝒋, 0 ≤ 𝑡 ≤ 1
ii. 𝑟(𝑡 ) = (2 cos 𝑡) 𝒊 + (2 sin 𝑡) 𝒋 , 0 ≤ 𝑡 ≤ 2𝜋
iii. 𝑟(𝑡 ) = 𝑡 𝒊 + 𝑡 𝒋 + 𝑡 𝒌, 0 ≤ 𝑡 ≤ 2
iv. 𝑟(𝑡 ) = (𝑡 2 − 1) 𝒋 + 2𝑡 𝒌, −1 ≤ 𝑡 ≤ 1
2) Evaluate ∫𝐶 (𝑥 + 𝑦)𝑑𝑠 where C is the straight-line segment 𝑥 = 𝑡, 𝑦 = (1 − 𝑡), 𝑧 = 0, from
(0, 1, 0) 𝑡𝑜 (1, 0, 0).

3) Evaluate ∫𝐶 (𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦 + 𝑧)𝑑𝑠 along the curve 𝑟(𝑡 ) = 2𝑡 𝒊 + 𝑡 𝒋 + (2 − 2𝑡) 𝒌, 0 ≤ 𝑡 ≤ 1.

4) Find the line integral of 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) = 𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧 over the straight-line segment from (1, 2, 3) to
(0, −1, 1).

5) Integrate 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) = 𝑥 + √𝑦 − 𝑧 2 over the path from

(0, 0, 0) to (1, 1, 1) (see accompanying figure) given by:
𝐶1 : 𝑟(𝑡 ) = 𝑡 𝒊 + 𝑡 2 𝒋, 0 ≤ 𝑡 ≤ 1
𝐶2 : 𝑟(𝑡 ) = 𝐢 + 𝐣 + 𝑡 𝐤, 0 ≤ 𝑡 ≤ 1

1.4 Multiple Integrals

1.4.1 Double Integrals
Expressions such as
𝑦=𝑦2 𝑥=𝑥2

∬ 𝑓 (𝑥, 𝑦)d𝑥 d𝑦 = ∫ ∫ 𝑓 (𝑥, 𝑦) d𝑥 d𝑦

𝑅
𝑦=𝑦1 𝑥=𝑥1

are known as double integrals where firstly the inner integral is performed by integrating f with
respect to x, treating y as if it were a constant. R is the rectangular
region defined 𝑥1 ⩽ 𝑥 ⩽ 𝑥2 , 𝑦1 ⩽ 𝑦 ⩽ 𝑦2 . Non-rectangular regions are
also common.
Example: Evaluate
∬ ( 𝑥 + 2𝑦) d𝑥 d𝑦
𝑅

over the region, R defined by 1 ⩽ 𝑥 ⩽ 4, 0 ⩽ 𝑦 ⩽ 2

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 Al-Nahrain University 2nd Year, 2nd Semester
College of Information Engineering Engineering Mathematics II
Dept. of Info& Comms Engineering Unit1: Vector Integration

Solution: The inner integral is found first by integrating with respect to x, keeping y fixed:
𝑥=4 𝑥=4
𝑥2 1 15
∫ 𝑥 + 2𝑦 d𝑥 = [ + 2𝑥𝑦] = 8 + 8𝑦 − − 2𝑦 = + 6𝑦
𝑥=1 2 𝑥=1
2 2

Then the outer integral is found by integrating the result with respect to y:
𝑦=2 2
15 15 2
∫ + 6𝑦 d𝑦 = [ 𝑦 + 3𝑦 ] = 15 + 12 = 27
𝑦=0 2 2 0

The double integral in this Example could have the

following interpretation. Consider the surface 𝑧 =
𝑥 + 2𝑦, for 1 ⩽ 𝑥 ⩽ 4, 0 ⩽ 𝑦 ⩽ 2, as shown in the
Figure. In this example the surface is a plane but the
theory applies to more general surfaces. The variable
z represents the height of the surface above the
point (x, y) in the x--y plane. For example, consider a
point in the x-y plane, say (4, 2), then, 𝑧 = 𝑥 + 2𝑦 =
4 + 2(2) = 8 is the point on the surface directly
above (4, 2). Let us now consider 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦. We call
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 an element of area. It is a rectangle with
dimensions 𝑑𝑥 and 𝑑𝑦 and area 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦.
Hence 𝑧 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 represents the volume of a rectangular column of base 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦. As we integrate with
respect to x for 1 ⩽ 𝑥 ⩽ 4 and integrate with respect to y for 0 ⩽ 𝑦 ⩽ 2 we are summing all such
2 4
volumes. Thus ∫𝑦=0 ∫𝑥=1(𝑥 + 2𝑦) d𝑥 d𝑦 represents the volume bounded by the surface 𝑧 = 𝑥 + 2𝑦
and the region 𝑅 in the x-y plane.
Example (Y):
Use the double integral to find the volume under the surface 𝑓 (𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑥𝑦 for 0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 1 and 0 ≤
𝑦 ≤ 1. Compared the result with that you found in Example (X) above.
Solution: To be solved in class

It is important to distinguish between double integrals and

line integrals. Physically they mean quite different things.
When evaluating a line integral, we integrate along a curve.
When evaluating a double integral, we integrate over a two-
dimensional region.
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 Al-Nahrain University 2nd Year, 2nd Semester
College of Information Engineering Engineering Mathematics II
Dept. of Info& Comms Engineering Unit1: Vector Integration

1.4.2 Triple Integrals

Whereas double integrals are evaluated over two-dimensional regions, triple integrals are evaluated
over volumes.
𝑥=𝑥2 𝑦=𝑦2 𝑧=𝑧2

∭ 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧)d𝑥 d𝑦 dz = ∫ ∫ ∫ 𝑓 (𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) d𝑧 d𝑦 d𝑥

𝑉
𝑥=𝑥1 𝑦=𝑦1 𝑧=𝑧1

𝑉 is the rectangular region defined 𝑥1 ⩽ 𝑥 ⩽ 𝑥2 , 𝑦1 ⩽ 𝑦 ⩽ 𝑦2 , 𝑧1 ⩽ 𝑧 ⩽ 𝑧2 .

Example: Evaluate
𝑥=1 𝑦=1 𝑧=1

∫ ∫ ∫ (𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧) d𝑧 d𝑦 d𝑥
𝑥=0 𝑦=0 𝑧=0

Solution:

𝑧=1
𝑥=1 𝑦=1
𝐼=∫ (∫ ( ∫ (𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧) d𝑧) d𝑦) d𝑥
𝑥=0 𝑦=0
𝑧=0

𝑥=1 𝑦=1 1 𝑥=1 𝑦=1

𝑧2 1
𝐼=∫ (∫ [𝑥𝑧 + 𝑦𝑧 + ] d𝑦) d𝑥 = ∫ (∫ 𝑥 + 𝑦 + d𝑦) d𝑥
𝑥=0 𝑦=0 2 0 𝑥=0 𝑦=0 2
𝑥=1 1
𝑥=1 1
𝑦2 1 1 1 𝑥2 3
=∫ [𝑥𝑦 + + 𝑦] d𝑥 = ∫ 𝑥 + + d𝑥 = [ + 𝑥] =
𝑥=0 2 2 0 𝑥=0 2 2 2 0
2

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 Al-Nahrain University 2nd Year, 2nd Semester
College of Information Engineering Engineering Mathematics II
Dept. of Info& Comms Engineering Unit1: Vector Integration

1.5 Vector Fields

Gravitational and electric forces have both a direction and a magnitude. They are represented by a
vector at each point in their domain, producing a vector field. In this section we show how to compute
the work done in moving an object through such a field by using a line integral involving the vector field.
Generally, a vector field is a function that assigns a vector to each point in its domain. A vector field
on a three-dimensional domain in space might have a formula like:
𝐹 (𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) = 𝑃(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) 𝒊 + 𝑄(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) 𝒋 + 𝑇(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) 𝒌
Some examples of vector fields are listed below:

Streamlines in a contracting channel. The water speeds up as

the channel narrows and the velocity vectors increase in length.

Vectors in a gravitational field point toward the center

of mass that gives the source of the field.

The radial and spin (rotating) field

A surface, like a parachute, in a vector field representing

water or wind flow velocity vectors. The arrows show
the direction and their lengths indicate speed.

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 Al-Nahrain University 2nd Year, 2nd Semester
College of Information Engineering Engineering Mathematics II
Dept. of Info& Comms Engineering Unit1: Vector Integration

NASA’s Seasat used radar to take 350,000 wind measurements over

the world’s oceans. The arrows show wind direction; their length and
the color contouring indicate speed.
In the previous section, we defined the line integral of a scalar function ƒ(x, y, z) over a path C. We
turn our attention now to the idea of a line integral of a vector field F along the curve C. Such line
integrals have important applications in studying fluid flows, and electrical or gravitational fields.

1.5.1 Work Done by a Force over a Curve in Space

Suppose that the vector field 𝑭(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) = 𝑃(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) 𝒊 + 𝑄 (𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) 𝒋 + 𝑇(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) 𝒌 represents a
force throughout a region in space (it might be the force of gravity or an electromagnetic force of
some kind) and that
𝒓(𝑡 ) = 𝑔(𝑡 )𝒊 + ℎ(𝑡 )𝒋 + 𝑚(𝑡 )𝒌, 𝑎 ≤ 𝑡 ≤ 𝑏,
is a smooth curve in the region. For a curve 𝐶 in space, we define the work done by a continuous
force field 𝑭 to move an object along 𝐶 from a point 𝑎 to another point 𝑏 as follows.
Suppose we restrict ourselves to 2D situations. In the general case the vector field will vary as x and y
vary, that is 𝑭 = 𝑭(𝒙, 𝒚). Consider the small element of C joining points M and N. Let 𝜃 be the angle

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 Al-Nahrain University 2nd Year, 2nd Semester
College of Information Engineering Engineering Mathematics II
Dept. of Info& Comms Engineering Unit1: Vector Integration

between the tangent to the curve at M and the direction

of the field there. We shall denote the vector joining M
and N by 𝑑𝑠 (or 𝑑𝑟). Consider the quantity
𝑭 ⋅ 𝑑𝒔
where · represents the dot product. When 𝐹 represents
a gravitational force field, 𝑭 ⋅ 𝑑𝑠 represents the small
amount of work done by the field in moving a particle of
unit mass from M to N. The appropriate integral along the
whole curve represents the total work done:
𝑏
𝑊 = ∫ 𝐅 ⋅ 𝑑𝒔 = ∫ 𝐅 ⋅ 𝑑𝒓
𝐶 𝑎

Example:
Find the work done by the force field:
𝐅 = (y − x 2 ) 𝐢 + (z − y 2 ) 𝐣 + (x − z 2 ) 𝐤 along the curve
𝐫(t) = t𝐢 + t 2 𝐣 + t 3 𝐤, 0 ≤ t ≤ 1 from (0, 0, 0) to (1, 1, 1)
Solution: First, we evaluate 𝐅 on the curve 𝑟(𝑡):
𝐅 = (𝑦 − 𝑥 2 )𝐢 + (𝑧 − 𝑦 2 ) 𝐣 + (𝑥 − 𝑧 2 )𝐤
= (𝑡 2 − 𝑡 2 )𝐢 + (𝑡 3 − 𝑡 4 )𝐣 + (𝑡 − 𝑡 6 )𝐤
Then we find 𝑑𝑟/𝑑𝑡,
𝑑𝐫 𝑑
= (𝑡𝐢 + 𝑡 2 𝐣 + 𝑡 3 𝐤) = 𝐢 + 2𝑡𝐣 + 3𝑡 2 𝐤
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
Finally, we find 𝐅 . 𝑑𝑟/𝑑𝑡 and integrate from t = 0 to t = 1:
𝑑𝐫
𝐅⋅ = [(𝑡 3 − 𝑡 4 )𝐣 + (𝑡 − 𝑡 6 )𝐤] ⋅ (𝐢 + 2𝑡𝐣 + 3𝑡 2 𝐤)
𝑑𝑡
= (𝑡 3 − 𝑡 4 )(2𝑡) + (𝑡 − 𝑡 6 )(3𝑡 2 ) = 2𝑡 4 − 2𝑡 5 + 3𝑡 3 − 3𝑡 8
Hence,
𝑏 1
𝑑𝐫
Work = ∫ 𝐅 ⋅ 𝑑𝑡 = ∫ (2𝑡 4 − 2𝑡 5 + 3𝑡 3 − 3𝑡 8 )𝑑𝑡
𝑎 𝑑𝑡 0
2 5 2 6 3 4 3 9 1 29
=[ 𝑡 − 𝑡 + 𝑡 − 𝑡 ] = Joule
5 6 4 9 0 60

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 Al-Nahrain University 2nd Year, 2nd Semester
College of Information Engineering Engineering Mathematics II
Dept. of Info& Comms Engineering Unit1: Vector Integration

1.5.2 Curl of Vector Fields

Curl measures the "rotation" in a vector field. In 2D, if a vector field is given by a 𝐅(x, y) = P(x, y)𝐢 +
Q(x, y)𝐣. This rotation is given by the formula:
𝜕𝑄 𝜕𝑃
(2D) → Curl 𝐅 = ∇ × 𝐅 = −
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦
If we consider a vector field in the (left) image below defined by 𝐅 = (𝑦 3 − 9y) 𝐢 + (𝑥 3 − 9x) 𝐣
Now I want you to imagine that this vector field describes a fluid flow, perhaps in a chaotic part of a
river. The video shows a simulation of what this might look like. A sample of fluid particles, shown as
blue dots (on the right image below), will flow along the vector field. This means that at any given
moment, each dot moves along the arrow it is closest to. Focus in particular on what happens in the
four circled regions. Amidst all the chaos, you might notice that the fluid is rotating within the circled
regions. In the left and right circles, the rotation is counterclockwise, and in the top and bottom circles,
the rotation is clockwise.
Curl of F describes the fluid rotation given by that vector field at each point. A positive number of curl
indicates a counter-clockwise rotation while a negative number indicates a clockwise rotation.

In 3D, if a vector field is given by a 𝐅(x, y, z) = P(x, y, z)𝐢 + Q(x, y, z)𝐣 + 𝑇(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧)𝒌 . This rotation is
given by the formula:
𝑖 𝑗 𝑘
𝜕 𝜕 𝜕
(3D) → Curl 𝐅 = ∇ × F = | |
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧
𝑃 𝑄 𝑇

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 Al-Nahrain University 2nd Year, 2nd Semester
College of Information Engineering Engineering Mathematics II
Dept. of Info& Comms Engineering Unit1: Vector Integration

Example:
If 𝐹 = (𝑥 2 𝑦𝑧)𝒊 − (2𝑥𝑦) 𝒋 + (𝑦𝑧) 𝒌 , find Curl F.
Solution
𝑖 𝑗 𝑘
𝜕 𝜕 𝜕
Curl F = ∇ × F = | |
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧
𝑃 𝑄 𝑇
𝜕𝑇 𝜕𝑄 𝜕𝑇 𝜕𝑃 𝜕𝑄 𝜕𝑃
= ( − )𝑖 − ( − )𝑗 + ( − )𝑘
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦
= (𝑧)𝑖 − (−𝑥 2 𝑦)𝑗 + (−2𝑦 − 𝑥 2 𝑧)𝑘
1.6 The line integral around a closed loop
We have seen that, in general, the value of a line integral depends upon the particular path chosen.
However, in special cases, the integral of a given vector field F turns out to be the same on any path
with the same end points; that is, it is independent of the path chosen. In these cases, the vector field
F is said to be conservative. (In other words, F is conservative if 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑙 𝐹 = 0 𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑦𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒)
𝝏𝑷 𝝏𝑸
If we’re dealing with a 2D vector field F(x, y) = P(x, y)𝐢 + Q(x, y)𝐣 then F is conservative if =
𝝏𝒚 𝝏𝒙
An important property of conservative fields arises when the curve
C of integration forms a closed loop. Suppose we evaluate a line
integral from A to B firstly along the curve C1 and secondly along
C2 as shown in the Figure.
If the field, F, is conservative both integrals will yield the same
answer, that is

∫ 𝐅 ⋅ 𝑑𝑠 = ∫ 𝐅 ⋅ 𝑑𝑠
𝐶1 𝐶2

But
∫ 𝐅 ⋅ 𝑑𝑠 from A to B = − ∫ 𝐅 ⋅ 𝑑𝑠 from B to A

Consequently, the line integral around the closed curve A to B and back to A must equal zero. When
the path of integration is a closed curve, we use the symbol ∮. to represent the integral. So, for a
conservative field for any closed curve C, we have the result

∮ 𝐅 ⋅ 𝑑𝑠 = 0

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 Al-Nahrain University 2nd Year, 2nd Semester
College of Information Engineering Engineering Mathematics II
Dept. of Info& Comms Engineering Unit1: Vector Integration

Example: Evaluate ∫C 𝐅 ⋅ ds where F is the vector field 𝑦 2 𝒊 + 2𝑥𝑦𝒋 and where:

(a) 𝐶 = 𝐶1 is the curve 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 going from 𝐴(0, 0) to 𝐵(1, 1)

(b) 𝐶 = 𝐶2 is the straight line going from 𝐵(1, 1) to 𝐴(0, 0)
(c) 𝐶 is the closed loop around the path 𝐶1 then 𝐶2
Solution: (a)

∫ 𝐅 ⋅ d𝐬 = ∫ (𝑦 2 𝐢 + 2𝑥𝑦𝐣) ⋅ (𝑑𝑥𝒊 + 𝑑𝑦𝒋)

𝐶1 𝐶1

= ∫ 𝑦 2 d𝑥 + 2𝑥𝑦 d𝑦
𝐶1

We substitute 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 and 𝑑𝑦 = 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 we get:

𝑥=1
= ∫ 𝑥 4 d𝑥 + (2𝑥)𝑥 2 (2𝑥 𝑑𝑥) = ∫ 5𝑥 4 𝑑𝑥 = 1
𝐶1 𝑥=0

(b) now we apply the integral for 𝐶2 to get

∫ 𝐅 ⋅ d𝐬 = −1
𝐶2

(c) for the closed loop we get

∮ 𝐅 ⋅ 𝑑𝑠 = ∫ 𝐅 ⋅ d𝐬 + ∫ 𝐅 ⋅ d𝐬 = 0
𝐶1 𝐶2
𝑐

1.7 Green’s Theorem

In this section we derive a method for computing a line integral over a closed curve C in the plane when
the field F is not conservative. This method comes from Green’s Theorem, which allows us to convert
the line integral into a double integral over the region enclosed by C.
The discussion is given in terms of velocity fields of fluid flows (a fluid is a liquid or a gas) because they
are easy to visualize. However, Green’s Theorem applies to any vector field, independent of any
particular interpretation of the field, provided the assumptions of the theorem are satisfied.
For the vector field F(x, y) = P(x, y)𝒊 + Q(x, y)𝒋 and 𝑑𝑠 = 𝑑𝑥𝒊 + 𝑑𝑦𝒋 given that if the functions P& Q
are finite and continuous in a region of the x-y plane, R, and on its boundary, the closed curve C, then
𝜕𝑄 𝜕𝑃
∮ 𝑭 ⋅ 𝑑𝑠 = ∮ 𝑃 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑄 𝑑𝑦 = ∬ ( − ) 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦
𝑅 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦
𝑐 𝑐
where the direction of integration along C is counterclockwise. (Hence, we double integrate Curl F)

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 Al-Nahrain University 2nd Year, 2nd Semester
College of Information Engineering Engineering Mathematics II
Dept. of Info& Comms Engineering Unit1: Vector Integration

Example:

Evaluate ∮𝑐 𝑥𝑦 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑥2 𝑑𝑦 around the closed loop given in the

figure
Solution: We can find the result either by:
Either using line integral around the curve C such that
𝐸 𝐹 𝐺 𝐷
∮ =∫ +∫ +∫ +∫ .
𝐷 𝐸 𝐹 𝐺
𝑐

Or applying Green’s theorem as follows:

𝜕𝑄 𝜕𝑃
∮ 𝑥𝑦 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑥2 𝑑𝑦 = ∬ ( − ) 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦
𝑅 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦
𝑐
1 1
1
= ∬(2𝑥 − 𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 = ∫ ∫ 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 =
𝑅 0 0 2
2 2)
Example: if 𝐅 is the vector field (𝑥 − 𝑦 𝒊 + (2𝑥𝑦) 𝒋 and where:
(a) Is 𝐅 a conservative or not conservative field?
(b) Find the line integral given the curve 𝐶 is the closed loop in
counterclockwise direction using Green’s Theorem
(c) Find the same in (b) without using the Green’s Theorem
Solution: (a) to be solved in class

(b) for not conservative fields, we can apply Green’s Theorem

Notice that the region 𝑅 is: 0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 1; 𝑥 2 ≤ 𝑦 ≤ 𝑥

∫ 𝐅 ⋅ d𝐬 = ∫ ((𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 )𝐢 + (2𝑥𝑦) 𝐣) ⋅ (𝑑𝑥𝒊 + 𝑑𝑦𝒋)

𝐶1 𝐶1

𝜕𝑄 𝜕𝑃
∮(𝑥2 − 𝑦2 ) 𝑑𝑥 + 2𝑥𝑦 𝑑𝑦 = ∬ ( − ) 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦
𝑅 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦
𝑐
𝑥=1 𝑦=𝑥
= ∬(2𝑦 − (−2𝑦) 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ ∫ 4𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥
𝑅 𝑥=0 𝑦=𝑥2
𝑥=1
4
=∫ 2𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 4 𝑑𝑥 =
𝑥=0 15

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 Al-Nahrain University 2nd Year, 2nd Semester
College of Information Engineering Engineering Mathematics II
Dept. of Info& Comms Engineering Unit1: Vector Integration

(c) You can follow the same procedure in the example in page.14 to find ∮𝑐= ∫𝐶 + ∫𝐶
1 2

Example: if 𝐅 is the vector field (𝑥 − 𝑦)𝒊 + 𝑥 𝒋:

(a) Is F a conservative or not conservative field?
(b) Find the line integral given that the region 𝑅 bounded by the unit circle: 𝐶: 𝑟(𝑡 ) = (cos 𝑡) 𝒊 +
(sin 𝑡) 𝒋; 0 ≤ 𝑡 ≤ 2𝜋
Solution: (a) to be solved in class

(b)
𝜕𝑄 𝜕𝑃
∮ 𝐅 ⋅ d𝐬 = ∬ ( − ) 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦
𝑅 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦
𝑐

= ∬ (1 − (−1)) 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 = 2 ∬ 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦
𝑅 𝑅

= 2 × 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑖𝑟𝑐𝑙𝑒 = 2𝜋
Homework:

Use Green’s theorem to evaluate ∮𝑐(𝑥 + 𝑦) 𝑑𝑥 + 3𝑥𝑦 𝑑𝑦 where 𝐶 is the boundary of the triangle
formed by the points (0, 0), (2, 0) and (0, 5). (The answer is 20)

1.8 Surface Area

So far, we parametrized a curve in plane using one 𝑡 parameter as:
𝑟(𝑡 ) = 𝑔(𝑡 )𝒊 + ℎ(𝑡 )𝒋 + 𝑚(𝑡 )𝒌, 𝑎 ≤ 𝑡 ≤ 𝑏
Now, we parametrize a surface in space using two 𝑢 & 𝑣 parameters as:
𝑟(𝑢, 𝑣 ) = 𝑔(𝑢, 𝑣 )𝒊 + ℎ(𝑢, 𝑣 )𝒋 + 𝑚(𝑢, 𝑣 )𝒌, 𝑎 ≤ 𝑢 ≤ 𝑏, 𝑐≤𝑣≤𝑑

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 Al-Nahrain University 2nd Year, 2nd Semester
College of Information Engineering Engineering Mathematics II
Dept. of Info& Comms Engineering Unit1: Vector Integration

Example: If we need to define a cone like that in the figure

below, we can define it as:
Either explicit surface:

𝑧 = √𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 , 0≤𝑧≤1
Or parameterized surface:
𝑟(𝑢, 𝑣 ) = (𝑢 cos 𝑣 )𝒊 + (𝑢 sin 𝑣 )𝒋 + (𝑢)𝒌,
0 ≤ 𝑢 ≤ 1, 0 ≤ 𝑣 ≤ 2𝜋 𝒓

𝑣
𝑢

Now, our goal is to find the area of a curved surface S based on the parametrization 𝑟(𝑢, 𝑣 ).
First, let us consider a small rectangle ΔAuv in 𝑅 with sides on the lines 𝑢 = 𝑢0 , 𝑢 = 𝑢0 + Δ𝑢, 𝑣 = 𝑣0
and 𝑣 = 𝑣0 + Δ𝑣 (see figure below). Each side of ΔAuv maps to a curve on the surface 𝑆, and together
these four curves bound a “curved patch element” Δσuv . In the notation of the figure, the side 𝑣 = 𝑣0
maps to curve 𝐶1 , the side 𝑢 = 𝑢0 maps to 𝐶2 , and their common vertex (𝑢0 , 𝑣0 ) maps to 𝑃0 .

Figure (on the right) shows an enlarged view of Δσuv . The

partial derivative vector 𝑟𝑢 (𝑢0 , 𝑣0 ) is tangent to 𝐶1 at P0.
Likewise, 𝑟𝑣 (𝑢0 , 𝑣0 ) is tangent to 𝐶2 at 𝑃0 . The cross product
𝑟𝑢 × 𝑟𝑣 is normal to the surface at 𝑃0 . (Here is where we begin
to use the assumption that S is smooth (i.e., 𝑟𝑢 × 𝑟𝑣 ≠ 0).
𝝏𝒓 𝝏𝒓
Given that 𝒓𝒖 = and 𝒓𝒗 =
𝝏𝒖 𝝏𝒗

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 Al-Nahrain University 2nd Year, 2nd Semester
College of Information Engineering Engineering Mathematics II
Dept. of Info& Comms Engineering Unit1: Vector Integration

We next approximate the surface patch element Δσuv by the

parallelogram on the tangent plane whose sides are
determined by the vectors Δ𝑢ru and Δ𝑣rv (Figure on the right).
The area of this parallelogram is:
|Δ𝑢ru × Δ𝑣rv | = |ru × rv | Δ𝑢Δ𝑣
A partition of the region R in the 𝑢𝑣-plane by rectangular
regions ΔAuv induces a partition of the surface 𝑆 into surface patch elements Δσuv . We approximate
the area of each surface patch element Δσuv by the parallelogram area in the Equation above and sum
these areas together to obtain an approximation of the surface area of 𝑆:

∑|ru × rv | Δ𝑢Δ𝑣
𝑛
As Δ𝑢 and Δ𝑣 approach zero independently and the number of area elements 𝑛 tends to ∞ guarantee
the sum in the Equation above approaches the double integral.
Hence, the area of the surface: 𝑟(𝑢, 𝑣 ) = 𝑔(𝑢, 𝑣 )𝒊 + ℎ(𝑢, 𝑣 )𝒋 + 𝑚(𝑢, 𝑣 )𝒌, 𝑎 ≤ 𝑢 ≤ 𝑏, 𝑐 ≤ 𝑣 ≤ 𝑑
𝑑 𝑏
is 𝐴 = ∬|ru × rv | dA = ∫ ∫ |ru × rv | 𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑣
𝑐 𝑎
𝑅

or equivalently 𝑑𝜎 = |ru × rv | 𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑣 → 𝐴 = ∬ 𝑑𝜎
𝑠
Example: Find the surface area of the cone in Example in page 23
Solution: previously, we found the parameterization as:
𝑟(𝑢, 𝑣 ) = (𝑢 cos 𝑣 )𝒊 + (𝑢 sin 𝑣 )𝒋 + (𝑢)𝒌, 0 ≤ 𝑢 ≤ 1, 0 ≤ 𝑣 ≤ 2𝜋
Again, 𝑟(𝑢, 𝑣) = 𝑔(𝑢, 𝑣 )𝒊 + ℎ(𝑢, 𝑣 )𝒋 + 𝑚(𝑢, 𝑣 )𝒌.
To find the surface area, we first find ru × rv as:
𝑖 𝑗 𝑘
𝜕𝑔 𝜕ℎ 𝜕𝑚 𝑖 𝑗 𝑘
| |
ru × rv = 𝜕𝑢
| 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢 | = | cos 𝑣 sin 𝑣 1|
𝜕𝑔 𝜕ℎ 𝜕𝑚 −𝑢 sin 𝑣 𝑢 cos 𝑣 0
𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑣
ru × rv = (−𝑢 cos 𝑣 )𝒊 − (𝑢 sin 𝑣 )𝒋 + (𝑢 cos2 𝑣 + 𝑢 sin2 𝑣 )𝒌
ru × rv = (−𝑢 cos 𝑣 )𝒊 − (𝑢 sin 𝑣 )𝒋 + (𝑢 )𝒌
Thus, the magnitude of the vector of ru × rv is calculated as:

|ru × rv | = √𝑢2 cos2 𝑣 + 𝑢2 sin2 𝑣 + 𝑢2 = √2𝑢 2 = √2𝑢

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 Al-Nahrain University 2nd Year, 2nd Semester
College of Information Engineering Engineering Mathematics II
Dept. of Info& Comms Engineering Unit1: Vector Integration

Now we can directly calculate the area of the cone as:

2𝜋 1 2𝜋 1
𝐴=∫ ∫ |ru × rv | 𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑣 = ∫ ∫ √2𝑢 𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑣 = √2𝜋 units squared
0 0 0 0

1.9 Surface Integral

Surface integrals arise frequently in electromagnetism and fluid mechanics. We will illustrate these
concepts through an example:
Electric current is the flow of electric charges. The Figure
represents an electric current flowing across a surface 𝑆. If
𝜌(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) is the charge density at a point, that is the charge
per unit volume, and 𝑣(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) is the velocity of the charges,
then the quantity 𝐽 defined as 𝐽 = 𝜌𝑣 is called the current
density and has units of amperes per square meter.
Suppose we select a very small portion of the surface having
area Δσ. Note that S is a scalar. The current crossing this 𝑛
portion is 𝐽. Δσ. If we wish to calculate the total current, 𝐼,
𝑑σ
through the surface 𝑆 we must sum all such contributions
over the entire surface. This is found by integrating over the surface of a vector field.
However, for surface integral of a scaler function 𝐺. The surface integral of 𝐺 over 𝑆 is given by the
double integral over 𝑅:

∬ 𝐺(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧)𝑑σ = ∬ 𝐺 . |ru × rv | 𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑣

𝑆 𝑅

Example: Integrate 𝐺 (𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) = 𝑥 2 over the cone in Example in page 23

Solution: from the example in page 23 we are given:
𝑟(𝑢, 𝑣 ) = (𝑢 cos 𝑣 )𝒊 + (𝑢 sin 𝑣 )𝒋 + (𝑢)𝒌, 0 ≤ 𝑢 ≤ 1, 0 ≤ 𝑣 ≤ 2𝜋

Previously from the example above, we calculated |ru × rv | = √2𝑢

2𝜋 1
∬ 𝑥 2 𝑑σ = ∫ ∫ (𝑢2 cos2 𝑣 ) (√2𝑢) 𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑣
0 0
𝑆
2𝜋 1
= √2 ∫ ∫ (𝑢3 cos2 𝑣 ) 𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑣
0 0

√2 2𝜋 2 𝜋√2
= ∫ cos 𝑣 𝑑𝑣 =
4 0 4

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 Al-Nahrain University 2nd Year, 2nd Semester
College of Information Engineering Engineering Mathematics II
Dept. of Info& Comms Engineering Unit1: Vector Integration

1.10 Stokes’ Theorem

Stokes’ Theorem generalizes Green’s Theorem to three
dimensions. The circulation-curl form of Green’s
Theorem relates the counterclockwise circulation of a
vector field around a simple closed curve 𝐶 in the 𝑥𝑦-
plane to a double integral over the plane region 𝑅
enclosed by 𝐶. Stokes’ Theorem relates the circulation of
a vector field around the boundary 𝐶 of an oriented
surface 𝑆 in space (See figure) to a surface integral over
the surface 𝑆. We require that the surface be piecewise smooth.
Let 𝑆 be a piecewise smooth oriented surface having a piecewise smooth boundary curve 𝐶. Let 𝐅 =
𝑃𝒊 + 𝑄𝒋 + 𝑇𝒌 be a vector field whose components have continuous first partial derivatives on an
open region containing 𝑆. Then the circulation of 𝐹 around 𝐶 in the direction counterclockwise with
respect to the surface’s unit normal vector 𝑛 equals the integral of the curl vector field Curl 𝐅 over 𝑆:

∮ 𝐅 ⋅ d𝐬 = ∬(Curl 𝐅 ∙ 𝑛) 𝑑𝜎
𝑆
𝑐

Where 𝑛 is the unit normal vector that orientates the surface S and given by:
r u × rv
𝑛= for a parameterized surface defined by 𝑟(𝑢, 𝑣 )
|ru × rv |
∇𝑆
𝑛= for an explicit surface by 𝑆(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧)
|∇S|

If C is a curve in the xy-plane, oriented counterclockwise,

and 𝑅 is the region in the xy-plane bounded by 𝐶, then
Stokes’ equation becomes:
𝜕𝑄 𝜕𝑃
∮ 𝐹 ⋅ 𝑑𝑠 = ∬ ( − ) 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦
𝑅 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦
𝑐
which is the circulation-curl form of the equation in Green’s
Theorem. Hence, Green’s Theorem is a special case of
Stokes’ theorem.

26
 Al-Nahrain University 2nd Year, 2nd Semester
College of Information Engineering Engineering Mathematics II
Dept. of Info& Comms Engineering Unit1: Vector Integration

Example: Find the circulation of the field F = (𝑥 2 − 𝑦)𝒊 +

4𝑧𝒋 + 𝑥 2 𝒌 around the curve 𝐶 in which the plane 𝑧 = 2
meets the parametric cone, counterclockwise as viewed from
above (See the figure).
Solution
Stokes’ Theorem enables us to find the circulation by
integrating over the surface of the cone. Traversing 𝐶 in the
counterclockwise direction viewed from above corresponds to
taking the inner normal 𝑛 to the cone, the normal with a
positive k-component. 𝑆

We parameterized the cone surface (see page 23) as:

𝑟(𝑢, 𝑣 ) = (𝑢 cos 𝑣 )𝒊 + (𝑢 sin 𝑣 )𝒋 + (𝑢)𝒌, 0 ≤ 𝑢 ≤ 2, 0 ≤ 𝑣 ≤ 2𝜋
We then have
ru × rv (−𝑢 cos 𝑣 )𝒊 − (𝑢 sin 𝑣 )𝒋 + (𝑢)𝒌
𝑛= = (see ex. page18)
|ru × rv | √2𝑢
1
= (− cos 𝑣 𝒊 − sin 𝑣 𝒋 + 𝒌)
√2
𝑑𝜎 = |ru × rv |𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑣 = √2 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑣
𝑖 𝑗 𝑘
𝜕 𝜕 𝜕
Curl F = ∇ × F = | | = −4𝒊 − 2𝑥𝒋 + 𝒌
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧
𝑃 𝑄 𝑇
= −4𝒊 − 2𝑢 cos 𝑣 𝒋 + 𝒌 (substituted 𝑥 = 𝑢 cos 𝑣)
Accordingly,
1
Curl F ∙ 𝑛 = (4cos 𝑣 + 2𝑢 cos 𝑣 sin 𝑣 + 1)
√2
1
= (4cos 𝑣 + 𝑢 sin 2𝑣 + 1)
√2
and the circulation is (Stokes’ Theorem):
∮ F ⋅ ds = ∬Curl F ∙ 𝑛 𝑑𝜎
𝑆
𝑐
2𝜋 2
1
=∫ ∫ (4cos 𝑣 + 𝑢 sin 2𝑣 + 1)(√2 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑣) = 4𝜋
0 0 √2

27
 Al-Nahrain University 2nd Year, 2nd Semester
College of Information Engineering Engineering Mathematics II
Dept. of Info& Comms Engineering Unit1: Vector Integration

Example: Apply the Stokes’ Theorem for the hemisphere

𝑆: 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2 = 9, 𝑧 ≥ 0, its bounding circle 𝐶: 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 =
9, 𝑧 = 0, and the field F = 𝑦𝒊 − 𝑥𝒋.

Solution: For the left-hand side of the Stokes’ equation (the

counterclockwise circulation around 𝐶):
as viewed from above, we use the parametrization:
𝒓(𝑡 ) = (3cos 𝑡) 𝒊 + (3sin 𝑡) 𝒋; 0 ≤ 𝑡 ≤ 2𝜋
𝑑𝒔 = 𝑑𝑥𝒊 + 𝑑𝑦𝒋 = (−3 sin 𝑡 𝑑𝑡) 𝒊 + (3 cos 𝑡 𝑑𝑡) 𝒋
𝐅 = 𝑦𝒊 − 𝑥𝒋 = (3sin 𝑡) 𝒊 − (3cos 𝑡) 𝒋
𝐅 ∙ 𝑑𝒔 = −9 sin2 𝑡 𝑑𝑡 − 9 cos2 𝑡 𝑑𝑡 = −9 𝑑𝑡
2𝜋
∮ 𝑭 ⋅ 𝑑𝒔 = ∫ −9 𝑑𝑡 = −18𝜋
0
𝑐

For the right-hand side of the Stokes’ equation (the curl integral of 𝐅):
𝑖 𝑗 𝑘
𝜕 𝜕 𝜕
Curl 𝐅 = ∇ × 𝐅 = | |
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧
𝑃 𝑄 𝑇
𝜕𝑇 𝜕𝑄 𝜕𝑇 𝜕𝑃 𝜕𝑄 𝜕𝑃
=( − ) 𝑖 − ( − ) 𝑗 + ( − ) 𝑘 = −2𝑘
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦
∇𝑆 2𝑥𝒊 + 2𝑦𝒋 + 2𝑧𝒌 𝑥𝒊 + 𝑦𝒋 + 𝑧𝒌
𝑛= = =
|∇S| √4𝑥 2 + 4𝑦 2 + 4𝑧 2 3

|∇𝑆| |2𝑥𝒊 + 2𝑦𝒋 + 2𝑧𝒌| 3

𝑑𝜎 = 𝑑𝐴 = 𝑑𝐴 = 𝑑𝐴
|∇𝑆 ∙ 𝑘 | |2𝑧| 𝑧
2𝑧 3
∬Curl 𝐅 ∙ 𝑛 𝑑𝜎 = ∬ − 𝑑𝐴
𝑆 𝑆 3 𝑧

= ∬−2𝑑𝐴 = −18𝜋
𝑆

The circulation around the circle equals the integral of the curl over the hemisphere, as it should from
Stokes’ Theorem.

28
 Al-Nahrain University 2nd Year, 2nd Semester
College of Information Engineering Engineering Mathematics II
Dept. of Info& Comms Engineering Unit1: Vector Integration

The surface integral in Stokes’ Theorem can be computed using any surface having boundary curve 𝐶,
provided the surface is properly oriented and lies within the domain of the field 𝐹. The next example
illustrates this fact for the circulation around the curve 𝐶 in the Example above.
Example: Calculate the circulation around the bounding circle 𝐶 in the previous Example using the disk
of radius 3 centered at the origin in the 𝑥𝑦-plane as the surface 𝑆 (instead of the hemisphere).
Solution: from the solved example, we got Curl F = −2𝑘. For the surface being the described disk in
the 𝑥𝑦-plane, we have the normal vector 𝑛 = 𝑘 so that

∬Curl 𝐅 ∙ 𝑛 𝑑𝜎 = ∬−2 𝑑𝐴 = −18𝜋

𝑆 𝑆

We notice from the two previous examples that if two different oriented surfaces S1 and S2 have the
same boundary C, their curl integrals are equal. So, the curl integral is independent of the surface and
depends only on circulation along the boundary curve.

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