• As a result, rivers from both the plateaus.

The plateau of Tibet which

northern Eurasian land mass (called is the highest plateau of the world, the
Angara) and the southern Indian Bolivian plateau of the Andes in South
land mass (called Gondwana) started America.
depositing large amounts of sediments (c) A volcanic plateau is formed by
into the shallow sea - the Tethys. The numerous small volcanic eruptions that
two land masses, the Eurasian and the slowly build up over time, forming a
Indian sub-continent, moved closer and plateau from the resulting lava flows.
closer. The Columbia plateau in Oregon and
5. (a) Fold Mountains and Block Mountains Washington and the Parana plateau in
(b) • Fold mountains are formed when two Argentina.
plates move towards each other (These
plates can be both continental, or a I. MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS :
continental and an oceanic plate). 1. (a) 2. (b) 3. (c) 4. (c) 5. (d)
• The movement of these plates towards 6. (a) 7. (b) 8. (c) 9. (b) 10. (a)
each other, causing one to go under, 11. (a)
or causing plates to collide forces
(J) QUESTIONS BASED ON GEOGRAPHICAL
sedimentary rocks upwards into a
SKILLS
series of folds leading to formation of
mountains. There are two types of fold 1. (i) (A) Horst
mountains : (B) Graben
(i) Young fold mountains. (ii) Block mountains.
(ii) Old fold mountains. (iii) • These mountains are formed by the
(c) • Block mountains are formed due to combined processes of uplifting,
faulting in the ground surface. faulting, and tilting.
• The faulting is caused by tensile • These mountains have distinctive
and compressive forces motored by layers of rock that lie slightly slanted.
endogenetic forces coming from within • These mountains have flat tops, steep
the earth. Two types of Block mounains and small slope towards the rift valley
are tilted and lifted mountains. but slope on the other side is long and
6. (a) Intermontane plateau and volcanic gentle.
plateau. 2. (i) Intermontane Plateau
(b) The plateaus which are partly or fully (ii) • The Plateau of Tibet
enclosed by mountains and hills from • The Bolivian plateau of the Andes in
all sides are known as intermontane South America.

Chapter-6 : Rocks
(A) VERY SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS 4. Metamorphism takes place under high
1. Solid material which make up earth’s crust is temperature and pressure.
called rock. 5. Sandstone, shale and clay
2. Rocks are categorised into different groups on 6. Gypsum and rock salt
the basis of composition texture, colour and 7. Coal and peat
mode of formation.
8. Sedimentary rocks
3. Rocks formed from the debris of other rocks
9. (i) Salate (ii) Marble
and living matter is called sedimentary rock.

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10. (i) Thermal metamorphism 5. The particles in the sediments get sorted out
(ii) Regional metamorphism in the water-bodies according to their sizes.
11. Soil is a complex mixture of minerals and Generally, the larger particles form the lower
organic matter and it supports growth of all layers while the finer particles form upper
types of plants. layers. This sorting of sediments is also a cause
of presence of layers or strata in the rocks
12. Weathering is the process of disintegration and
formed through sedimentation.
chemical trans- formation of rock material.
13. Sedimentary rocks (E) ARRANGE THE FOLLOWING IN CORRECT
SEQUENCE
(B) DEFINE THE FOLLOWING GEOGRAPHICAL
TERMS 1. (iii), (i). (ii)
1. A mineral is a natural occurring substance F. SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS
having a definite chemical composition and 1. (i) The primary rocks forming the crust of
physical properties. the earth were the igneous rocks.
2. A rock having a large proportion of a single (ii) Various agents of degradation eroded the
mineral is called an ore. igneous rocks and the eroded material
3. Molten material beneath or within the earth’s was deposited to produce sedimentary
crust, from which igneous rock is formed. rocks.
4. Volcanic material deposited on the surface of (iii) Both igneous and sedimentary rocks were
the earth is called lava. subjected to pressure and heat and they
5. Solid fragments of rocks which are carried and were converted into metamorphic rocks.
deposited by wind, water or ice. (iv) Agents of denudation may erode
6. The process by which rocks are changed in metamorphic rocks also to form
composition, texture or structure by extreme sedimentary rocks again. Under the
heat and pressure. influence of various earth movements
7. Rocks forming the crust of the earth change the rocks of igneous, sedimentary and
from one type to the other due to various metamorphic types may get buried very
processes. This change of rocks from one type deep inside the earth where they might
to the other is called rock. melt to form magma. The magma may be
forced to the surface of the earth through
(C) READ THE INFORMATION AND WRITE A
volcanic activity and may solidify to
SINGLE TERM
produce fresh igneous rocks.
1. Rock Cycle 2. (i) Igneous rocks
2. Lava (ii) Sedimentary rocks
(D) GIVE REASON (iii) Metamorphic rocks
1. Igneous rocks are called intrusive when they 3. (i) Rocks are solid material which make up
cool and solidify beneath the surface. When the Earth’s crust.
magma cools below the surface of the earth (ii) They include hard material like granite
the cooling process takes place slowly leading and marble and soft and loose material
to the formation of large crystals. like silt and sand.
2. Extrusive igneous rocks cool much more (iii) They are made up of minerals.
rapidly than intrusive rocks. There is little time 4. Magma is composed of molten rocks and is
for crystals to form, so extrusive igneous rocks stored in the earth’s crust. Lava is magma that
have tiny crystals. reaches the surface of our planet through a
3. It is due to high temperature. volcano vent.
4. Since they were the first rocks to be formed 5. • These rocks are hard, massive and
so igneous rocks are also known as primary compact.
rocks. Igneous rocks are generally hard, have • These rocks are formed by the cooling
no layers and do not contain fossils. and hardening of earth material and

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 size of rocks depends upon the rate of 2.
cooling of lava or magma.
Igneous Rock Sedimentary Rock
• Igneous rocks do not have layers.
(i) These are formed (i) These are formed
6. Sedimentary rocks are also known as derived
by the cooling and by the erosion,
rocks because sediments are derived from
solidification of transportation
different fragments of pre existing rocks.
magma. deposition and
7. Mechanically formed rocks, Chemically consolidation of
formed rocks and Organically formed rocks. sediments.
8. • Sedimentary rocks are found in layers. So (ii) These are Made up (ii) These are formed
they are known as stratified rocks (strata of crystals. in layers, also
- layer). called stratified
• Sedimentary rocks have pores in which rock.
water can easily enter. (iii) Metallic minerals (iii) N o n - M e t a l l i c
• There do not have any type of crystals. are found in these minerals are found
9. Shale become slate limestone becomes marble. rocks. in these rocks.
(iv) Basalt and granite (iv) Limestone and
G. COMPARE AND CONTRAST are examples of coal are examples
1. igneous rocks. of sedimentary
rocks.
Rocks Minerals
3.
(i) Rocks are (i) Minerals are
aggregates of solid inorganic Igneous Rock Metamorphic Rock
mineral elements. substances (i) These are formed (i) These are formed
occurring by the cooling and due to the action
naturally. solidification of of intense heat and
(ii) A rock has no (ii) Minerals have a magma. pressure.
definite chemical definite chemical (ii) These are Made up (ii) These rocks are
composition. composition. of crystals. very hard.
(iii) Minerals are (iii) Elements are (iii) Metallic minerals (iii) Gems, precious
organised to form organised to are found in these stones and
rocks. form compounds rocks. metallic minerals
which are known (iv) Basalt and granite are found in these
as minerals. An are examples of rocks.
element is a pure igneous rocks. (iv) Diamond and
substance. marble are
(iv) The three main (iv) Four chief example of
types of rocks mineral groups metamorphic
are igneous, are silicates, rocks.
sedimentary and carbonates, 4.
metamorphic. sulphides and
metallic minerals. Sedimentary Rock Metamorphic Rock
(v) Basalt, granite, (v) Iron, silicon, (i) These are formed (i) These are formed
sandstone, slate magnesium, by the erosion, due to the action
and quartz are nickel, calcium, transportation of intense heat and
some important potassium and deposition and pressure.
types of rocks. sodium are consolidation of
abundant minerals sediments.
of the earth.

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 Sedimentary Rock Metamorphic Rock • Due to high temperature or pressure
the original minerals found in rock are
(ii) These are formed (ii) These rocks are altered and new minerals are found.
in layers, also very hard.
called stratified (iii) • There rocks are very hard.
rock. • There are formed due to the action of
(iii) N o n - M e t a l l i c (iii) Gems, precious intense heat and pressure.
minerals are found stones and
in these rocks. metallic minerals 3. (i) These are formed through consolidation
are found in these of accumulated sediments deposited in
rocks. huge depressions like sea or lake .
(iv) Limestone and (iv) Diamond and
coal are examples (ii) There rocks have layers as process of
marble are
of sedimentary example of sedimentation continues for a long time
rocks. metamorphic and the sediments are derived from
rocks. different sources.
5. (iii) The sedimentary rocks can contain fossils
because these rocks are formed on the
Extrusive Rocks Intrusive Rocks Earth surface, under the water, at very
(i) These rocks are (i) There are formed low temperatures and pressures.
formed when the when the magma
solidification of solidifies below I. MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS :
lava takes place the surface of the 1. (b) 2. (a) 3. (c) 4. (a) 5. (c)
on the surface of earth. 6. (d) 7. (b) 8. (b) 9. (c) 10. (b)
the earth.
(ii) These rocks have 11. (a)
(ii) These rocks have
small crystals large crystals. (J) QUESTIONS BASED ON GEOGRAPHICAL
(iii) Basalt, Andesite (iii) Granite, dolerite SKILLS
are examples of are examples of
intrusive rocks. intrusive rocks. 1. Sedimentary Metamorphic Igneous
2. A – Igneous rock
H. STRUCTURED QUESTIONS
B – Heat and pressure
1. (i) Extrusive and intrusive. C – Erosion, transportation and deposition
(ii) Extrusive
3. (i) Igneous : Granite
(iii) These rocks are not easily weathered
because there are no pores so water (ii) Sedimentary : Coal
cannot easily enter. (iii) Metamorphic : Slate
2. (i) Metamorphism 4. (i) Diamond : Metamorphic rocks
(ii) • Metamorphism takes place when pre (ii) Basalt : Igneous rock
– existing rocks are subject to high (iii) Limestone : Sedimentary rock
temperature or pressure.
Chapter-7 : Volcanoes
(A) VERY SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS 4. The Pacific Ring of Fire has examples of
volcanoes caused by “convergent tectonic
1. A volcano is an opening, in a planet’s surface
plates”.
or crust, which allows hot, molten rock, ash
and gases to escape from below the surface. 5. African Rift Valley.
2. Volcanoes are generally found where tectonic 6. Ejection of the material from the interior is
called volcanic eruption.
plates are pulled apart or come together.
3. The Mid Atlantic Ridge, has examples of 7. (i) Mt. Etna in Italy
volcanoes caused by “divergent tectonic (ii) Mauna Loa in Hawaii Islands
plates” pulling apart. 8. Mauna Kea

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