Physics 1214
Chapter 16
The Second Law of Thermodynamics
Cyclic Process
In a cyclic process, the net heat flow, 𝑄𝑄, into
the system (engine) equals the net work done
by the system (engine).
Δ𝑈𝑈 = 𝑄𝑄 − 𝑊𝑊 = 0 ⇒ 𝑄𝑄 = 𝑊𝑊
𝑄𝑄 = 𝑄𝑄𝐻𝐻 + 𝑄𝑄𝐶𝐶 = 𝑄𝑄𝐻𝐻 − 𝑄𝑄𝐶𝐶
𝑊𝑊 = 𝑄𝑄 = 𝑄𝑄𝐻𝐻 + 𝑄𝑄𝐶𝐶 = 𝑄𝑄𝐻𝐻 − 𝑄𝑄𝐶𝐶
Heat Engines
𝑊𝑊
Thermal Efficiency: 𝑒𝑒 =
𝑄𝑄𝐻𝐻
𝑊𝑊 𝑄𝑄𝐻𝐻 + 𝑄𝑄𝐶𝐶 𝑄𝑄𝐶𝐶 𝑄𝑄𝐶𝐶
𝑒𝑒 = = =1+ = 1−
𝑄𝑄𝐻𝐻 𝑄𝑄𝐻𝐻 𝑄𝑄𝐻𝐻 𝑄𝑄𝐻𝐻
Refrigerators
𝑄𝑄𝐶𝐶
Performance Coefficient 𝐾𝐾 =
𝑊𝑊
𝑄𝑄𝐶𝐶 𝑄𝑄𝐶𝐶
𝐾𝐾 = =
𝑊𝑊 𝑄𝑄𝐻𝐻 − 𝑄𝑄𝐶𝐶
The Performance Coefficient of a refrigerator is a
positive number which can be greater than 1 (unlike
thermal efficiency).
Heat Pumps
𝑄𝑄𝐻𝐻
Performance Coefficient 𝐾𝐾 =
𝑊𝑊
𝑄𝑄𝐻𝐻 𝑊𝑊 + |𝑄𝑄𝐶𝐶 | QC
𝐾𝐾 = = =1+
𝑊𝑊 𝑊𝑊 𝑊𝑊
The Performance Coefficient of a heat pump is a
positive number greater than 1.
Second Law of Thermodynamics
Engine Statement:
It is impossible for any heat engine to undergo a cyclic process in which it absorbs heat
from a reservoir at a single temperature and converts the heat completely into work.
𝑊𝑊
𝑒𝑒 = <1
𝑄𝑄𝐻𝐻
Second Law of Thermodynamics
Refrigerator Statement:
It is impossible for any process to have as its sole result the transfer of heat from a
cooler object to a hotter one.
The Carnot Engine
If 100% efficient heat engine is impossible, 𝑊𝑊 𝑄𝑄𝐶𝐶 𝑇𝑇𝐶𝐶
what’s the best we can do between two 𝑒𝑒𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶 = =1+ =1−
𝑄𝑄𝐻𝐻 𝑄𝑄𝐻𝐻 𝑇𝑇𝐻𝐻
heat reservoirs at temperatures 𝑇𝑇𝐻𝐻 and 𝑇𝑇𝐶𝐶 ?