Linear S
Surveying
r e ing
(tape & offset)
No angles are measured
in Linear Surveying, only
di t
distances
Contents
1 Control Lines
1.
2 Detail measurements
2. TOPOGRAPHIC
3 Levels
3.
4 Geometric
4.
Control Lines
B C
A
D
A C
Control Lines Sand Bunker
In this case only one
control
t l line,
li A tto B
B, iis
needed.
A is a permanent post
and B is referenced to
posts D and C.
A to D,
D A to C,
C B to D,
D
and B to C must be
measured to provide a
check. B
D
A C
Lake or Mound
Control Lines
A to B is now unsuitable
t use as a control
to t l line.
li
In this case use A to C,
C to B, B to D, and D to A.
If A to
t B cannott be
b
measured, further check
distances are needed
needed.
Any Suggestions?
B
D
B C
1.91 21.38
E
Detail
Measurements 6.32 14.41
The double centre line is Oak
the tape on the control R=6
line
line. 12.46 2.90
Enclose the control
stations in boxes. 8.41
Indicate the directions to
the other stations.
5.72
Startt booking
St b ki from
f the
th
B
bottom of the page.
A E
Do not crowd your 6.82 0.00
booking. D
Detail Measurements
12.50
12 46
12.46
12.40
Levels
z Take levels on the detail points you
have flagged and labelled.
Geometric Features
Geometric Features
THE END
Slide 1
Often called “Tape and Offset”
Slide 2
Slide 3
• Walk the site to determine what is to be surveyed.
• Locate the Bench Mark.
• Choose a main control line from which to build the control triangles.
• Use a marching compass to find the Magnetic Bearing of this main control line.
• Select control lines to be close to the features to be measured including the
boundary
• Control lines should be as few as possible, but cover the site in a triangular
network
• The triangles should not have small internal angles
• Control stations should be intervisible.
• Control points should be as permanent as possible, and should be referenced
to permanent features
• Checks should be incorporated into the triangle layout to give confidence in
the results e.g.
• Measure A to E, B to E, C to E, D to E in addition to the six main control lines.
• Make a sketch of the site and the control lines.
Slide 4
• There are five lines to measure here.
Slide 5
• This could be quite a big lake.
Slide 6
• Number your pages
• Record the Date, Location, and Personnel.
• A sketch of the site showing the control lines should be drawn on the first
page.
• Finish one control line before starting another.
• Taped triangles, (tie lines), are more accurate than square lines, but triangles
should be as near equilateral as possible.
• Do not draw square lines, only tie lines.
• Flag and label any detail points that require levels.
Slide 7
• Zero on the offset tape is held on the feature to be measured.
• The tape is swung as shown and the minimum reading on the offset tape
indicates the perpendicular to the control tape.
• The trunk radius is added to the offset tape distance before booking.
Slide 9
• It is necessary to take redundant measurements to provide confidence in any
survey.
• 7.340=3.650+2.300+1.390
Slide 10
• Be consistent with your taping. E.g. tape structure to structure OR finish to
finish!