SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY, AND SOCIETY  Transistor Radio – most popular electronic

communication device in its time.

WEEK 9: The Information Age
 EDSAC (Electronic Delay Storage Automatic
A. Early Developments of Information Age Calculator) – first stored-program electronic
computer.
 1945 – Fremont Rider described the  ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator and
miniaturized microform analog photograph. Computer) – first electronic general purpose
 1965 – Moore’s law was formulated. An digital computer.
observation that the number of transistors in a  UNIVAC (Universal Automatic Computer) –
dense integrated circuit doubles about every two first line of electronic digital universal stored-
years. program computers.
 Early 1980s – smaller and less expensive  IBM – first institution to mass-produce
computes, allowed for direct access to computers with floating-point arithmetic
information. hardware.
 1995 – Nicholas Negroponte published his book,  Hewlett Packard 9100A – an early prototype of a
“Being Digital”, which talked about the programmable calculator.
similarities and differences between products  Floppy disks – early type of removable magnetic
made of atoms and bits. storage medium shaped like a CD.
A.1. Types of Information Age  Walkman – the first digital portable audio
cassette player.
1. Primary Information Age – books, newspapers,
radios, televisions. E. Information Age – advance use of personal
2. Secondary Information Age – internet, satellite, computers, mobile devices, and wearable technology.
smart phones Voices, images, sounds, and data are now digitalized and
3. Tertiary Information Age – both primary and accessible.
secondary, use of kindle app/product o YouTube – created by Chad Hurley, Steve Chen,
B. Pre-industrial Age – 2.5 million yrs ago, stone tools, and Jawed Karim; an online video-sharing
fires, traditional paper and writing materials, papyrus website.
etc. Johannes Gutenberg invented printing press. o Facebook – founded by Mark Zuckerberg and
his fellow roommates; a popular global social
C. Industrial Age – replacement of hand tools with the networking site that is now known as Meta – an
power-driven machines such as the Jacquard loom and integration of other social networking site such
the steam engine. as Instagram, Messenger, Facebook Watch, and
Communication during the Industrial Age Facebook Business Suite.
o TikTok – founded ByteDance that developed the
 Samuel Morse – invented telegraph and morse video sharing platform “Douyin”
code (standard for international communication). (internationally known as TikTok.)
 Alexander Graham Bell – telephone, an electric o macOS – originally Mac OS X, is an operating
tool transmitting analogue speech along wires. system developed and marketed by Apple
 Thomas Edison – phonograph, a device for the (founded by Steve Jobs) since 2001. It is the
mechanical recording and reproduction of sound. primary operating system of Apple’s Mac
 Heinrich Hertz – identified and studied radio computers.
waves in 1886. o Microsoft – founded by Bill Gates and Paul
 Guiglielmo Marconi – developed the first Allen, Windows line of operating systems, the
practical radio transmitters and receivers. Microsoft 365 suite of productivity applications,
 Philo Farnsworth – invented the first fully the Azure cloud computing platform, and the
electronic television. Edge web browser.
D. Electronic Age – transistor radio, electronic circuits, o Google LLC – founded by Larry Page and
and the early computers. Sergey Brin, focuses on online ad, computer
software, quantum computing, e-commerce,
 Transistor – led to the creation of other media consumer electronics, and artificial intelligence.
tool.
 o ChatGPT – a generative artificial intelligence  2006 – discovery of 3nm MOSFET, world’s
chatbot developed by OpenAI. Based on GPT-4o smallest nanoelectronics device created by
large language model, Generate human like. Korean researchers from Korea Advanced
Institute of Technology in collaboration with the
WEEK 10: Nanotechnology National Nano Fab Center.
A. What is Nanotechnology? D. Early Uses of Nanomaterials
 Nanoscience – is the study of atomic molecular  In Mesopotamia, nanoparticles for glittering
and macromolecular scales. effect on the surface of pots.
 Nanotechnologies – are the design,  In modern times, pottery often retains a
characterization, production, and application of distinct gold- or copper-colored metallic
structures, devised, and systems by controlling glitter.
shape and size at the nanometer scale.  In Rome, Lycurgus cup is made of a glass
B. Approach to Nanotechnology that changes color when light gleamed
through it.
(a) Top-down Approach – the creation of  In pre-Columbian Mayan City of Chichen
nanomaterials by breaking down bigger Itza, a corrosion resistant azure pigment
materials like Intel Cores or Ryzen Cores known as “Maya Blue”, which contains
(b) Bottom-up Approach – The assembly of single nanopores to create an environmentally
atoms and molecules intro larger nanostructures. stable pigment.
such as C60 carbon nanotube for quantum dots  In Middle East, Damascus steel swords
contain oriented nanoscale wire and-tube-
C. History of Nanotechnology
like structures.
 1959 – Richard Feynman, an American Physicist
WEEK 11: Biodiversity and Healthy Society
discussed “There’s Plenty of Room at the
Bottom”, it predicted that one day we will be A. Types of Biodiversity
making things at the atomic level.
 1960 – Mohamed Atalla and Dawon Kahng o Genetic Diversity – refers to the variations
fabricated the first MOSFET (metal-oxide- among the genetic resources of the organisms.
semiconductor field-effect transistor) with a gate (Different breeds of dogs, different varieties of
oxide thickness if 100nm, along with a length of roses)
20μm. Control conductivity. o Species Diversity – refers to the variety of
 1974 – Norio Taniguchi, a Japanese scientist of different types of species found in a particular
Tokyo University of Science, coined the term area. (Different animals in a given ecosystem,
“Nanotechnology” describe semiconductor e.g., different fishes in an ocean)
processes such as film deposition and ion beam o Ecosystem/Ecological Diversity – refers to the
milling. different ecosystems that exist within a region.
 1981 – The invention of “Scanning Tunneling (Savanna, Rainforest, Mountain ranges, Desert,
Microscope”, an instrument used for imaging Ocean, River, Pond, etc.)
surfaces at the atomic level, begun. It was
B. Habitat vs Ecosystem
invented by Gerd Binnig and Heinrich Rohrer at
IBM Zurich and won a Nobel Prize in Physics. habitat is a place in which a particular specie of
 1985 – Fullerenes were discovered, they are an organism lives (e.g. clownfish to sea anemones)
allotrope of carbon whose molecule consists of
carbon atoms connected by single and double ecosystem is a self-contained community of
bonds so as to form a closed or partially closed microorganism, animals, and plants that interact with
mesh with fused rings of five to seven atoms. one another and with their physical environment
 1986 – Publication of the book “Engines of (contains multiple smaller ecosystems and is large
Creation: The Coming Era of Nanotechnology” enough to encompass many different habitats).
by Eric Dexler, begun. C. Importance of Biodiversity
 1991 – discovery of carbon nanotubes by Sumio
Lijima happened.  It supports healthy ecosystems.
  An essential part of the solution to climate 6. Pandaka pygmea (dwarf goby), the smallest
change. freshwater fish
 Good for the economy. 7. Tarsius syrichta (tarsier), the smallest primate
 An integral part of culture and identity. 8. Tragalus nigricans, the smallest hoofed mammal
 Provides raw materials like lumber, food, spices 9. Tylonycteris pachpus (bamboo bat), the smallest
etc. bat;
 Provides opportunities for recreational activities. 10. Pisidum, the tiniest shell in the world
 Serves as sources of medicine.
11. Connus gloriamaris, one of the most expensive
D. Threats to Biodiversity shells in the world
12. Cervus alfredi, the most endangered deer
 Environmental Pollution – pollution leads to
13. Bubalus mindorensis (tamarau or dwarf water
environmental diseases and environmental stress
buffalo), one of the top ten most endangered
such as coral bleaching, smogs, acid rains, etc.
species in the world and the largest endangered
 Overexploitation/Overhunting/Overharvesting/
Overfishing – excessive extraction of natural animal
resources often leads to an imbalanced genetic
and species diversity, resulting to endangerment
of the ecosystem itself. (Commercial logging,
community logging, timber poaching, and
kaingin (slash and burn agriculture).
 Habitat loss/Habitat destruction/ Habitat
alteration – the death of a habitat is the death of
a specie, which dominoes to the death of the
food chain. (In coral reefs, coastal development,
aquaculture, agriculture, and land-cover change
increasing sediments and nutrients outflow onto
reefs, and the muro-ami fishing technique.)
 Climate Change – drastic changes in the
atmosphere can have catastrophic effects such as
super-typhoons, flashfloods, increased
concentration of greenhouse gases.
 Invasive Species – species that are non-native to
an ecosystem could destroy its balance often
altering its food chain and could cause the
extinction of another species.
E. Status of Philippine Biodiversity – The Department
of Environment and Natural Resources (DENR 2009)
claims that in terms of biodiversity, the Philippine was
5th in the world as to number of plant species; 8th in the
world list of endemic plants; 4th in endemic birds; 5th in
endemic mammals; and 8th in endemic reptiles.
E1. List of Identified Endemic Species in the
Philippines
1. Rafflesia manillana, the world’s largest flower.
2. Vanda sanderiana (waling-waling), one of the
world’s largest orchid species.
3. Pithecophaga jefferyi (monkey -eating eagle),
the largest bird
4. Rhyncodon typus, the largest fish
5. Tridacna gigas (giant clam), the largest seashell