SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND SOCIETY

The study of how social, political, and cultural values affect scientific research and
technological innovation.
 Refers to the endless cycle of co-dependence, co-influence, co- production of
technology and society upon the other.
 The effects of the use of science and technology may be separated into
unanticipated and often unknown before the arrival of the new technology in our
society.
MAN’S ACHIEVEMENTS IN SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY (2 ELEMENTS)
1. DISCOVERY – the recognition and careful observation of the new natural objects
and phenomena.
2. INVENTION – mental process wherein man’s various discoveries and observation
combined and guided
by experience.

SCIENTIFIC METHOD - is a series of processes that people can use to gather

knowledge about the world around them, improve that knowledge, and, through
gaining knowledge, attempt to explain why and/or how things occur.
STEPS IN SCIENTIFIC METHOD
1. Identifying the problem.
2. Gather and study information about the problem.
3. Formulate hypothesis.
4. Test hypothesis.
5. Make the conclusion.
6. Verify the conclusion.

BRANCHES OF SCIENCE
1. NATURAL SCIENCE – seek to understand the natural world
 Physical science
 Biological science
2. SOCIAL SCIENCE – study of people, culture, societies, economics.

TECHNOLOGY
 Use of the science in industry, engineering, etc. to invent useful things.
 Entities both material and immaterial, created by the application of mental
and physical effort to achieve some
value.
THE TERM TECHNOLOGY IS MOSTLY USED IN THREE DIFFERENT
CONTEXTS:
1. When referring to a tool
2. A technique
3. Cultural force

SOCIETY
- It is a group of individuals involved in persistent social interaction.

HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE
1. STONE AGE – Human used primitive stone tools and all humans are hunter-
gatherer. Lasted 2.5 million years
3 DISTRICT PERIOD
 Paleolithic Period – Hunting and gathering.
 Mesolithic Period – Rise of permanent settlement.
 Neolithic Period – Plant and animals.
TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENT
 Fire
 Stone
 Weapons
 Clothing
2. COPPER AND BRONZE AGE - characterized using copper and its alloy bronze as
the chief hard materials in the
manufacturing of implements and weapons. 3.300 to 1,200 BCE.

TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENT
 First writing system.
 Wheel
3. IRON AGE - Making tools and weapons from iron and steel. For some societies.
Started bet. 1200B.C and
600B.C. Last step before the development of written language.
TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENT
- Replaced bronze and made it possible to produce tool that are stronger and
cheaper.
4. ANCIENT CIVILIZATION – beginning of writing and recorded human history
and extending as far as the post-
classical history.

10 OLDEST CIVILIZATION
1. The Mesopotamian Civilization
2. The Indus Valley Civilization
3. The Ancient Egyptian Civilization
4. The Maya Civilization
5. The Chinese Civilization
6. The Ancient Greek Civilization
7. The Persian Civilization
8. The Roman Civilization
9. The Aztec Civilization
10. The Incan Civilization

5. MEDIEVAL AND MODERN TECHNOLOGIES - Birth of an idea and the rise of

Islam
6. RENAISSANCE – Rebirth, Revival of classical learning and wisdom, age of
exploration.
7. INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION - textile manufacturing, metallurgy and transport
driven
8. NINETEENTH CENTURY - Science as a profession. Rapid development of
chemical, electrical, petroleum and steel technologies
9. TWENTIETH CENTURY – Dramatic Growth of technology.
10. TWENTY FIRST CENTURY – Marked progress in almost field of science.
TEN AMAZING INVENTION FROM ANCIENT TIMES
1. The ancient invention of the steam engine by the Hero of Alexandria
2. The Assyrian Nimrud lenses
3. The oldest Calendar in Scotland
4. Ancient Roman Concrete
5. 2000-year-old metal coating
6. The incredible 2000-year-old earthquake detector.
7. Mythical sunstone used as ancient navigational device
8. The Baghdad battery
9. 1600-year-old goblet shows that the Romans used nano technology
10. The ancient Antikythera mechanism

SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY IN THE PHILIPPINES

BRIEF HISTORICAL BACKGROUND
The history of science and technology in the Philippines
started way back before the country gained its independence
from the American Colonization
I. THE EARLY INHABITANTS OF THE ARCHIPELAGO HAD THEIR OWN
CULTURE AND TRADITIONS.
Own belief system and indigenous knowledge keeps them organized and sustained
their lives and communities for
many years
II. PRE-SPANISH ERA (5000 – 1 521BC)
- Medicinal and therapeutic properties plants and methods of extracting
- Alphabet
- Weighing measurement
- Calendar
- Farming, fishing
- Ship building
III. SPANISH COLONIAL ERA (1521 – 1891 )
- Formal education
- Parish school (religion, reading, writing, arithmetic, and music)
- Modern agriculture
- Study of medicine
- Building churches, roads, bridges, and ports
IV. AMERICAN PERIOD
- More influence in the Development of Science and Technology
- Public Education System
- Improved engineering works and health of the people
- Mineral resources where exposed and exploited
V. WORLD WAR II
- The country had a difficult time to rebuild itself from ruins of the war
VI. NEW REPUBLIC
- Focusing on using its limited resources in improving Science and
Technology
- Use of overseas development allocation to improve
- scientific productivity and technological capability
- Human resource Development
FILIPINO SCIENTIST WHO HAS CONTRIBUTED TO SCIENCE &
TECHNOLOGY
1. ANGEL ALACALA
- the National Scientist noted for his work in
- marine and aquatic biology.
- He was recognized on amphibians and
- reptile’s diversity and marine biodiversity in the
- country.
- He is behind the invention of artificial
- coral reefs to be used for fisheries in
- Southeast Asia
2. GAVINO TRONO
- National Scientist of the Philippines for the contribution to the study of
topical marine phycology (scientific study of algae)
3. EDUARDO QUISUMBING
- a botanist who graduated MS in Botany at UP and PhD in Plant Taxonomy
Systematic and Morphology
4. DIOSCORRO L. UMALI
- an agriculturist that was dubbed as the Father of Philippine Plant due to the
program he conducted.
5. TEODORO AGONCILLO
- A Filipino historian and received the National Scientist award for the
contributions in the field of history
TERMS:
Taxonomy – system of describing the way in which different living things are related
by putting them in groups
Morphology – the study of the form and structure of animals and plants or any of its
parts
INTELLECTUAL OR SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION
 It was the period of enlightenment when the development in the fields of
mathematics, physics, astronomy,
biology, and chemistry transform the views of society.
 Is the time when advancements of science and technology changed people’s
perception and beliefs.

IMPORTANCE OF SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION

1. Led to the creation of new research fields in science
2. Transformed the natural world and the world of ideas

THINGS THAT DRIVE THE SCIENTISTS IN ALL PERIODS OF TIME

1. Creativity
2. Curiosity
3. Critical thinking

NICOLAUS COPERNICUS (1473 - 1553)

 FATHER OF MODERN ASTRONOMY
Astronomer, mathematician, and cathedral canon.
 Heliocentric theory and uses geometric to prove it.
 On the revolution of Celestial Spheres.
 Placed the planets in order of increasing distance of the sun
 HELIOCENTRIC - Sun is the center of the universe based on Copernicus.
 GEOCENTRIC - Earth is the center of the universe based on Ptolemy
GALILEO GALILEI (1564-1642)
 FATHER OF MODERN SCIENCE
 Astronomer, mathematician, and physicist.
 First modern scientist.
 Dialogo and Two Sciences.
 Tried by the Inquisition for heresy.
 Feb. 15, 1564, PISA ITALY
 He supported Copernicus Theory
INVENTION OF GALILEO GALILEI
 Spaced telescope
 Thermometer
 Pendulum Clock
 Military Compass
GALILEO GALILEI DISCOVER USING HIS TELESCOPE
 Jupiter's four moons (Europa, Callisto, Ganymede, io)
 Moon's Crates and mountains.
 Phases of Venus
 The starts on milky way
OTHER CONTRIBUTIONS
 Law of falling bodies - Regardless of its weight and shape, object falls at
the same rate.
 First who developed the concept of inertia

CHARLES DARWIN (1809-1882)

 FATHER OF EVOLUTION
 Evolution - when population and species of organisms changes over time.
 Naturalist.
 Proposed that species can change over time and each has its own unique set
of heritable (genetic) differences
from the common ancestor.
 Repeated branching events in which new species split off from a common
ancestor, produce a multi-level "tree"
that links all living organisms.
MECHANISM FOR EVOLUTION - Natural Selection
 Explained how population evolve in such a way that they became better
suited to their environment over time.
DARWIN'S THEORY BASED ON THE FF. OBSERVATION:
 Traits are often heritable.
 More offspring are produced that can survive.
 offspring vary their heritable traits.
DARWIN BOOKS
 The origin of species - presented evidence on how species evolved over
time.
 The Descent of man - about the idea of all organic life.
 He joined a five-year voyage through the HIMS BEAGLE on the island of
GALAPAGOS.

SIGMUND FREUD (1856-1939)

 FATHER OF PSYCHOANALYSIS
 Austrian neurologist and psychiatrist.
 Focus on the human sexuality and the evil nature of man.
THREE STRUCTURE OR PSYCHE SYSTEMS
 ID - (Unconscious Psychic energy) human's basic needs. Based on pleasure
principle to avoid pain.
 EGO - (Executive Mediator) responsible for dealing with reality.
 SUPEREGO - (Internalized Ideals) the values, social rules and moral.
Control the Id's impulses.
THREE ESSENTIAL SYSTEMS OF MIND
 Conscious Mind - present awareness.
 Preconscious Mind - Outside awareness but accessible.
 Unconscious Mind - the primary source of human behavior and the most
important part of mind.
5 PSYCHOSEXUAL STAGES OF FREUD
Oral – Anal – Phallic – Latency – Genital

MESOAMERICA: THE INCA

 13th CENTURY
 Group of people living high in the Andres mountains of down into the
valley of Curzio in southern-eastern Peru.
 Focus on the human sexuality and the evil nature of man.
 16M covering most of the Andres.
 It Developed without the currency, the wheel or a written form of
communication.
1. Khipus or Quipus - Communication device. For record keeping
2. Inca Rope Bridge -
3. Capac-nan - Inca hi-way system. passageway.
4. Inca Crops terraces
MESOAMERICA: THE MAYAN
 WORLD'S FIRST CIVILIZATION
 Systems of mathematics (created number system; concept of zero, numeral
20)
 Advance understanding about Astronomy.
 Writing system is called HIEROGLYPHICS.
 Mayan Great Palace
MAYAN'S THREE KINDS OF CALENDARS

SOLAR CALENDAR - Year of 365 days (HAAB) governed the agricultural cycle.
 SACRED OR RITUAL CALENDAR - Year of 260 days
 LONG COUNT CALENDAR - Cyclical basic unit is Tun, 360 days.
MESOAMERICAN: AZTECS
 THE MEXICA
 Named by German explorer and naturalist Alexander Von Humboldt in
early 19th century.
 TENOCHTITLAN - the city that carried Mesoamerican civilization to its
height
 NAHUALT - Aztec language
- No money or currency
- Mandatory education
 CANOE - a light narrow boat.
 CHINAMPAS - floating islands of soil or Aztec agricultural farming
technology.
AZTECS CONTRIBUTION
CHOCOLATES - use as currency and for barter
HERBAL MEDICINE - used to prevent muscle spasms.
AZTEC CALENDAR OR MEXICA CALENDAR
Xiuhpohualli - 365 days
Tonalipohualli - 260 days (either solar or lunar)
ASIA – CHINA
 ABACUS - Ancient invention
 ACUPUNTURE - Method of relieving pain or curing illness.
 THE GREAT WALL OF CHINA - Build by Emperor Qin (221-207BC) to
tend off the invasion of Mongols
4 GREATEST INVENTIONS
 Navigational Compass - help usher in the age of exploration in Europe.
 Gunpower - most impactful inventions on the modern world.
 Paper (Ba Boo Hua)
 Block Printing - to make an inked impression upon a flat surface
OTHER CONTRIBUTIONS
1. Tea 7. Rudders
2. Row crop farming 8. Wheelbarrow
3. Silk 9. Umbrella
4. Porcelain 10. Iron: cast and melted
5. Medicine 11. Calligraph
6. Math 12. Seismograph
ASTRONOMY - observations of comets, solar eclipses and supernovas.
ASIA – INDIA
AYURVED - A system of traditional medicine.
 SUSRUTA SAMHITA - Different surgical and other medical procedures.
 ARYABHATA - Indian mathematician who introduced trigonometric
functions, tables, and Algorithm of Algebra.
 USE OF ZERO - As placeholder and decimal digit.
 ASTRONOMY - Mean latitude of the planets: risings and Settings; True
longitudes of the planet; The moon's
crescents.
 MATHEMATICS
 MOHENJODARO RULER - Standardize measurement length and
designed ruler.
AFRICAN
 DISCOVERIES AND INVENTION
 The Great Pyramid of Giza and Buildings of Great Zimbabwe - One of the
wonders of the world.
 Ishago Bone - A bone tool.
 Nubian Mathematics - Multiplication and addition by 2
 Fractal Geometry - Repeating patter that displays at every scales.
 The ancient of Egyptians considered a Circle to have 360 degrees and
estimated π at 3.16
 Manufacturer of glass and glass beads.
 Major supplier of gold in the world.
 Gold coins, Silver coins, Bronze coins.
 2 Iron Furnaces; Trench - Dug below the ground; Circular clay - Above the
ground.
 Ink - made from a combination of vegetable, gum, soot, and water
 Bronze and Brass casting.
MIDDLE EAST
INTELLECTUAL CONTRIBUTION: Discoveries and inventions.
 Coffee
 Clocks
 Camera
 Soap
 Perfume Making by Distillation
Flying Machine - Abbas ibn Firnas, first person who make the first attempt to
construct a flying machine
Surgical Instrument - Al-Zahrawi, a man known in history of medicine to illustrate the
use of surgical instrument.
 Maps
 Music
 Algebra
Philippines Development Plan 2017-2022 envisions Philippines as a society with a
stable family and well developed and resilient communities. Its overview of economy
development challenges, as well as development strategies on enhancing social fabric,
equality, reducing transformation, increasing growth potential, enabling, and
supporting economic environment and foundations for sustainable development.
The plan is centered on overseas Filipinos and their ‘Families,' with the aim of
protecting Filipinos, ensuring their quality of life, and creating employment at home
so that migration is not a need but an option.

HARMONIZE NATIONAL RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT AGENDA

(HNRDA)
 Formulated by Department of Science and Technology (DOST) in
coordination with other governments and other concerned agencies and institution.
 HNRDA is prepared with the objective to assured Science and Technology
endeavor is directed towards the realization of economic and social benefits of
mankind.
 The agenda is in line with AMBISYON NATIN 2040

5 SECTORS
1. NATIONAL INTEGRATED BASIC RESEARCH AGENDA (NIBRA) – Focuses
on principles of research that
has six programs
 Water security
 Food and Nutrition security
 Health sufficiency
 Clean energy
 Sustainable community
 Inclusive national building
2. HEALTH RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT AGENDA
 Philippine Council for Health Research and Development (PCHRD)
 National Unified Research Agenda (NUHRA)
3. AGRICULTURE, AQUATIC, AND NATURAL RESOURCES
4. INDUSTRY, ENERGY, AND EMERGING TECHNOLOGY
 Philippine Council for Industry, Energy, and Emerging Technology
Research Development
(PCIEERD-DOST)
5. DISASTER RISK REDUCTION AND CLIMATE CHANGE ADAPTION
 Philippine Institute of Volcanology and Seismology (PHIVOLCS)
 Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical and Astronomical services
Administration (PAGASA)

AGENCIES RESPONSIBLE FOR THE IMPLEMENTATION OF HNRDA

1. Department of Science and Technology (DOST)
2. Philippine Council for Health Research and Development (PCHRD)
3. National Research Council of the Philippines
4. Philippine Council for Industry, Energy and Emerging Technology Research and
Development
(PCIEERD)
5. Philippine Institute of Vulcanology and Seismology (PHIVOLCS)
6. Philippine Atmospheric Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration
(PAGASA)
7. Philippine Council for Agriculture, Aquatic and Natural Resources Research and
Development
(PCAARRD)

POLICIES OF THE GOVERNMENT PERTAINING TO SCIENCE AND

TECHNOLOGY
1. Republic Act 10055- known as the Philippine Technology Transfer Act of 2009
2. Republic Act 2067-known as Science Act of 1958
MAJOR DEVELOPMENT OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY IN THE
PHILIPPINES
1. DOST- the Balik Scientist Program and DOST R&D completed the Electric Train
Project in 2015
2. PCAARRD- funded a program that has produced the irradiated fertilizer
3. PAGASA, PHIVOLCS and Advance Science and Technology Institute (ASTI)
developed a more accurate
and responsive disaster prevention and system which named project NOAH
(Nationwide Operational
Assessment of Hazard
2. TOP-DOWN FABRICATION - It trims down large pieces of materials into
nanoscale. This process needs
larger amounts of materials and discards excess raw materials.
There are NEW APPROACHES to the assembly of nanomaterials based on the
application and principle
a. DIP PEN LITHOGRAPHY – It is a method in which the tip of an atomic force
microscope is ”dipped” into a chemical fluid and then utilized to “write” on a surface ,
like an old-fashioned ink pen onto
paper
b. SELF-ASSEMBLY - It depicts an approach wherein a set of components join
together to mold an
organized structure in the absence of an outside direction.
c. CHEMICAL VAPOR DEPOSITION - It is a procedure wherein chemicals act in
response to form very
pure high-performance films.
BENEFITS FROM NANOTECHNOLOGY
1. Improved detection and removal of contaminants
2. Development of benign industrial processes and materials
3. Improved medicine
4. Better products
5. New jobs