Tanque National High School

SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL DEPARTMENT

Daliva Subdivision, Tanque Ilawod
5800 Roxas City

BASIC GUIDELINES IN THESIS WRITING FOR

PRACTICAL RESEARCH 3

Inquiries, Investigations and Immersions

Purpose: This guide in Thesis Proposal Writing is intended

for instructional use of the Senior High School students in

Practical Research 3 Class. This is designed to guide the

Grade 12 students to formulate the Chapters 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5

of their study using the American Psychological Association

(APA) system of documentation.

Prepared by: Myrna A. Flores

Teacher II
Revised: October 2018
 Title of the Study
(Upper case and lower case, inverted pyramid and
not to exceed three lines)

4 s.s.

Complete Name of the Researcher

(upper and lower case)

4 s.s

Chapter 1
2 s.s.
Introduction to the Study
3 s.s.

Introduction of Chapter 1 states . .

Chapter One is divided into five parts: (1) Background and

Theoretical Framework of the Study, (2) Statement of the Problem
and Hypotheses, (3) Significance of the Study, (4) Definition of
Terms, and (5) Delimitation of the Study.

Part One, Background and Theoretical Framework of the Study,

presents the introduction to the study, discuss the rationale for
choosing the study and its theoretical framework.

Part Two, Statement of the Problem and Hypotheses, describe

the purpose in conducting the study and enumerates the specific
objectives of the research.

Part Three, Significance of the Study, states the benefits

that could be derived from the findings of the study.

Part Four, Definition of Terms, lists alphabetically the

research terminologies for purposes of clarity and understanding.
(The terms are defined both conceptually and operationally.)

Part Five, Delimitation of the Study, identifies the

coverage of the investigation in terms of purpose, variables,
subjects, research method/design, research instruments used,
statistical tools (descriptive and inferential) analytical
scheme.

4 S.S

Background and Theoretical Framework of the Study

3 S.S
States the need or the existing situation
Cite the Situation. What is happening at present? (you may
present a statement taken from a source)
Compare (what is) the situation in the past based on the
conceptual literature and studies

State the need (to bridge the gap; the problem) something to come
up with the ideals (what should be).

State the theories where you anchor your study and relate the
theory/ ies to your study.
Follow the order of the concepts based on your research title . .

The last paragraph should contain the views of the researcher

(motivation/reasons) why he conducted the study

Example:

. . . Since Achievement motivation is a major factor that

contributes to the success of entrepreneurs, successful
entrepreneurs in general have high level of entrepreneurial
traits, it is interesting to know whether the SSC students have
the potential to become successful entrepreneurs. Considering
further that the SSC students are primarily high achievers, it is
also interesting to know whether this factor is related to their
entrepreneurial traits.

This study hopes to shed light on this matter.

Figure 1 presents graphically the framework of the study.

Antecedent Independent Dependent

Variable Variable Variable

Independent Dependent
Variable Variable

Or
 2 S.S
Figure 1. Factors associated with the entrepreneurial traits and
achievement motivation of the Special Science Class.

4 s.s

Statement of the Problem and Hypotheses

3 s.s..

Note: paragraph is 5 spaces from the left margin

States the general problem of the study. Specific questions
follow.

Example:
(General)
This study aimed to determine the
_________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________
(Contains the complete information about the purpose of the
study, subjects, locale, time.

(Specific)
(Questions should be classified as descriptive and inferential:
differences and relational)

Specifically, this study sought to answer the following

questions:

1.

In view of the preceding problems, the following hypotheses

were advanced:

1. There is no significant difference between

.
 differences

2. There is no significant relationship between

…
 relational

if there is only one hypothesis:

In view of the preceding problem, the hypothesis that

 is advanced.
(If there are more than one hypotheses:)

In view of the preceding problems, the following

hypotheses were advanced:

1. There is no significant difference in

_________________________________________________________________
________________________________________…
4 s.s.

Significance of the Study

3 s.s.

The results of the study may be beneficial to the following:

. . .

(The significance should be stated from the prime

beneficiaries to the least., those who will benefit directly and
to those who will benefit indirectly like the agency, community
and the like.)
Definition of Terms

3 S.S

For the purpose of clarity and understanding, the following

terms were defined conceptually and/or operationally:

Entrepreneurship is the mobilization of the five Ms, which

mean men, money, machines, methods and moment (McClelland, 1986).

In this study, entrepreneurship refers to the ability of the

SSC students to perceive opportunities in the environment and to

take action to make use of these opportunities for productive or

beneficial endeavor. Entrepreneurship are classified as trading,

service, developmental …)
 Entrepreneurial trait is a personality factor that

one possesses so what he can work excellently, diligently,

profitably and effectively in pursuing any career and vocations

(Salazar, 1989).

In this study, entrepreneurial traits refer to the level of

qualities possessed by the SSC students in order to become

potential entrepreneur. These include: Future orientation, hard-

work, High aspiration level, task/goal orientation, upward

mobility, persistence, preference for experts as work partners

and making every moment count. The levels of entrepreneurial

traits will be categorized as high, moderate and low level.

Academic Performance refers to the achievements of students

across various academic subjects (Merriam, 2023).

In this study, academic performance refers to the general

average grade of the respondents in the first semester of School

Year 2023-2024.

Delimitation of the Study

3 s.s.

States the problem, research method/design, the subjects and

variables, research instruments (if standardized, name of author
& yr., source) statistical tools and analytical scheme. Cite
level of significance to be used.

Example:

This study aims to determine

(state
purpose of the study . . . The
research design will be used in this study.

The subjects of this investigation will be the SK

Chairmen . . . This
study focused on the , , , as the independent
variables; , , , as moderator variables; and
, as the dependent variable.

The data needed for this investigation will be gathered

through the use of research instruments: (state the name of
the instruments and state the author, if standardized. Describe
briefly the questionnaire).

To describe the data gathered, the mean and standard

deviation will be used. For inferential statistics, the t-test,
ANOVA and Pearson r will be used set at 0.05 level of
significance.

(Enumerate the statistical tools to be used, arrange from

descriptive to inferential statistics, cite the level of
significance to be used).

All the statistical computations will be computer-processed

using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS)
software.
 Chapter 2
2 S.S

Review of Related Literature

3 S.S

This chapter deals with the review of literature related to

the present study. This is divided in parts: (1) , (2)
, (3) , (4) , and
(5) Summary.

Part One, the ,

discusses .

Part Two, , presents ideas

.

Part Three, , focuses

on the .

Part Four, , presents concepts

.

Part Five, Summary, gives the list of important concepts and

studies conducted in relation to (state the
focus of your study/research problem.

Reminders:
Observe proper levels in outlining topics (refer to handouts in
outlining)
Summary should be around 3 – 4 pages only
Observe proper format of in text citations and documentations
Summarize/paraphrase related literature and studies.
Conceptual literature and related studies should not be separated
but rather arrange it using the thematic approach.
Have the least of 10 references for conceptual literature and 10
related research studies
(Take note: Be as brief as possible, but include all
relevant information which you can use in your full review, such
as: the problem, the objectives and hypotheses, the procedures,
major findings and conclusions.
 After taking notes from the different sources reviewed, the
researcher prepares the final review. Most literature reviews
consist of the following parts: introduction, body, summary and
conclusion.

Introduction. Briefly describes the nature of the research

problem and explains what led the researcher to investigate the
question. The summary presents the main topics covered in the
literature review section.
Body. The body of the review briefly reports what experts
think or what other researchers have found about the research
problem. Studies done or one key element or factor of the
research problem are reviewed under the same topic. Follow up
studies done on other aspects of the problem may also be
included. The common findings of several studies are summarized
in one or two sentences and only when necessary some specific
findings of each study may be presented.

Summary. The summary of the review ties together the major

findings of the studies reviewed. It presents a general picture
of what has been known or thought of about the problem to date.
It presents similar results, as well as contradicting results.

Conclusion.. Based on the statement of knowledge revealed by

the literature, the researcher could further justify the need for
his/her study
 Chapter III

2 s.s.
Research Methodology

3s.s

This chapter consists of three parts: (1) Purpose of the

Study and Research Design, (2) Method, and (3) Statistical Data
Analysis Procedure.

Part One, Purpose of the Study and Research Design, restates

the purposes of the Study, describe the research design and the
variables used in the study.

Part Two, Method, describes the participants, the

instrumentation, data gathering instrument and procedure employed
in the study.

Part Three, Statistical Data Analyses Procedure, discusses

the details of the steps undertaken in the conduct of the
investigation, reports the procedure for scoring and the
statistical analyses employed to test the hypothesis.

4 s.s.

Purpose of the Study and Research Design

3 s.s.

The main purpose of this study is to

.
Likewise it aims to ascertain ho (the
variables/factors) influence the .
(dependent variable).

This (type of research method) research employed

the ______ instrument (State whether the instrument is
researcher-made or standardized. If standardized, state title of
research instrument & author) to gather data about
(state the study) .
 The independent variables in this study are the ,
, , and. while the dependent
variable is ______.

Method

3 s.s.

The Participants/Subjects/Respondents

2s.s.

The participants of the study will be the (no.

of sample) of __________________________ (state specific
participants & locale). They represent the % of the
total population.

The Sloven’s formula was used to determine the adequate

sample size. The formula is (Sevilla, ___):

n = ----------

1 + Ne²

Where:

n = sample size

N = population

e = margin of error

The ______________sampling will be employed in the selection

of the participants of the study. The technique will
be used wherein
(describe in detail how will the participants be
chosen).

The (name of the group of subjects) will

be classified according to , , , . . .
, (state variables). The levels of the personal
variables will be arbitrarily determined as follows:
 As to gender, the respondents will be grouped as male and
female; age, younger

( ) and older ( ); economic status, high income ( ),

average income ( ), and low income ( ); . . .

Of the (mention the no. and group of

the subjects) 80 (65%) were male and ( %) were
female; ______ (___%) belong to the younger group and ____ (___
%) belong to the older group ... (explain further the different
variables found in the table).

Table 1 presents the distribution of the participants.

(A sample of how the table is illustrated.)

Table 1

Distribution of the Respondents

Variables/Category

f %

Entire Group
______

A. Age

Younger ( ) ___
___

Older ( )
___ ___

B. Gender

Male
___ ___

Female
___ ___

C. Family Income

High Income ( ) ___

___

Average Income ( ) ___

___
 Low Income ( ) ___
___

Note:
Table nos. should be written in Arabic Numerals
Title of the table should be flashed to the left margin written
in italics.

A gap of two spaces between the table no., title of the table and
from the top most line of the table.

Materials and Instrument

3 s.s.

This study will utilize the instrument to gather

the data. Is will be validated by a panel of _____ (No.) jurors
composed of ________, __________ , _______, ________ and
___________ (state their qualifications). This is divided into
_______ parts.

Part One, Personal Data Sheet. This is a brief information

sheet to gather data about the participant’s name, age,
gender. .. (include other personal information needed)

Part Two, Instrument, this is composed of instructions on

how to answer the questionnaire and the statements in the
questionnaire proper which are grouped into categories and sub
categories.

The _ (title of the questionnaire).

To gather data about the (variables of

the study) of the (subjects), the
(title of the questionnaire) will be used. The instrument is
composed of . . . (no. of items; explain the
categories of these questions based on the Table of Specification
(TOS), include instructions for answering, scoring and other
details about the conduct of the Q).

The instrument identified ______ levels of __________: high

team performance, average team performance, low team performance.
(State the levels of the responses/categories derived from this
instrument.)

The high level team performance is concerned with

. . . The average level team performance

. . . The low level team performance
. . .

The level of team performance of the

will be determined on the basis of their responses on
the test whether ….

The primary level of team performance will be indicated by

the highest score obtained.

For computation purposes, each level of team performance

will be given an equivalent point as follows:

Level Point

High 3

Average 2

Low 1

To interpret the mean, the following scale and corresponding

descriptions will be used:

Scale Interpretation Description

2.35 – 3.00 High Team Performance

1.68 – 2.34 Average Team Performance

1.0 – 1.67 Low Team Performance

If the study is correlational…

To determine the degree of relationship (Garret, __):

An r from + - .00 - + - . 20 denotes indifferent or

negligible relationship;

+-.21 - +- .40 denotes low correlation, present

but slight;

+-.41 - +- .70 denotes substantial or

marked relationship;
 =-.71 - +- 1.00 denotes high to very
high relationship.

4 s.s

Procedure

3 s.s.

In (state date) permission to conduct

the study will be secured from
. (office/agency/chief concerned).

The researcher . . . (state in

details the steps to be undertaken: validation, conducting the
study/fielding/administering the questionnaire; cite other
relevant experiences, etc).

Upon the retrieval of the research instruments, the data

will then be tallied, computer-processed, analyzed and
interpreted.

4 s.s.

Data Analysis Procedure

3 s.s. (Identify statistical tools used in the study and

explain its uses).

The data obtained in this investigation will be subjected to

the following descriptive and inferential statistical treatments
using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS)
software:

Frequency count. To determine the level of team performance

of the Sangguniang Kabataan Chairmen, the frequency count will be
used.

Rank. To determine the predominant level of team performance

of the SK Chairmen, the ranks were used.

Mean. The obtained mean scores will be used to describe the

SK Chairmen’s level of team performance.

The following scale of means and their corresponding

descriptions will be utilized:

A. For level of Team Performance

 Mean Description

2.35 – 3.00 High Team Performance

1.68 – 2.34 Average Team Performance

1.0 – 1.67 Low Team Performance

Standard Deviation

t-test

Analysis of Variance

All statistical computations will be computer-processed

using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) software
set at .05 level of significance.

Note: Formula of the statistical tools used should be included

in the appendix.
Requirements to be included in the Thesis Proposal

I. Preliminary Parts
1.1 Title Page
1.2 Approval Sheet
1.3 Acknowledgement
1.4 Title Page of the Thesis Proposal Abstract
1.5 Thesis Proposal Abstract
1.6 Table of Contents
1.7 List of Tables
1.8 List of Figures
1.9 List of Appendixes

II References
III. Appendixes
3.1 Research Instrument
3.2 Table of Specifications
3.3 List of Validators
3.4 Checklist of Validators
3.5 Communications
3.5.1 Letter to the Respondent
3.5.2 Letter to the Head of Office
3.5.3 Letter to the Validators
3.6 Statistical Computations
3.7 Formula of Statistical Tools used in the Study
3.8 Certificate of Editing
3.9 Research Locale Map
3.10 Pictorials (during the validation, pilot test, and
final conduct of the study)
3.11 Curriculum Vitae (with 2x2 picture in school uniform)

Prepared by:

MYRNA A. FLORES
Teacher II
Noted:

EMILY P. FRENILA SUSANA L. LECCIO

Head Teacher III Principal

(Sample Significance of the Study)

PERSONAL AND SCHOOL RELATED REASONS ASSOCIATED

WITH THE TENDENCY TO CHEAT AMONG ILOILO
NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL STUDENTS

Significance of the Study

3 s.s.

The results of the study may be beneficial to the following:

The school officials of the Iloilo National High School,

especially teachers, will greatly benefit from the study since
they will be aware of the school related reasons that encourage
the tendency to cheat among the students. They will also be able
to formulate and implement measures to counter cheating among
their students now that they have learned the causes.

The officials of the Department of Education (DepEd) will

benefit from this study for the results will help them formulate
effective rules to improve the quality of education in the
Philippines and at the same time, discourage cheating among
students.

The parents will be knowledgeable of the personal factors

that encourage the tendency to cheat among their children and at
the same time prevent those factors from destroying the
credibility of their children in the future.

The students will also benefit from this study since they
will know the factors that resort them to cheat during academic
periods and at the same time do ways to counter cheating within
their vicinity.
RESEARCH ABSTRACT

An abstract is a brief, comprehensive summary of the

contents of the article; it allows readers to survey the contents
of an article quickly and like a title, is used by abstracting
and information services to index and retrieve articles.

An abstract of a report of an empirical study should

describe in 100 to 150 words. It shall include (1) problem
(purpose) under investigation, in sentence possible; (2) the
subjects, specifying how they were chosen and certain
characteristics like number, type, or sex; (3) the variables
being studied; (4) the method of investigation; (5) data
gathering tools; (6) statistical tools; (7) results of the study.

Sample of Abstract

Yranela, Christine Ann C., “Food Preferences of the Special

Science Class Dormers”. Unpublished High School Thesis,
Special Science Class-Iloilo National High School, La Paz,
Iloilo City.

4 s.s.

Abstract

3 s.s.

This investigation aimed to determine the food preferences of the

Special Science Class dormers. The subjects of the study were

the 40 or 90.90% out of 44 Special Science Class dormers chosen

through simple random sampling. This study focused on the food

preferences as the dependence variable and age, gender and year

level as independent variables. This descriptive research

utilized a researcher-made questionnaire validated by a panel of

jurors. To describe the data gathered, the frequency count and

percentage were used. For inferential statistics, the t-test for

independent samples and simple analysis of variance set at .05

alpha level were used. The results of the study showed that the

dormers preferred foods based from the Recommended Daily Food

Allowance. Furthermore, it was found out that there were no

significant differences in the food preferences of the Special

Science Class dormers when they were grouped according to age,

gender and year level.

PARTS OF A THESIS

Preliminary Parts
Title Page Tables of Contents
Approval Sheet List of Tables
Acknowledgment List of Figures
Title Page of the Abstract List of Appendixes
Abstract

Chapter 1 INTRODUCTION TO THE STUDY

Background of the Study and Theoretical Framework

Statement of the Problem and Hypothesis
Significance of the Study
Definition of Terms
Delimitation of the Study

Chapter 2 REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

Chapter 3 METHODOLOGY

Purpose of the Study and Research Design

Method
The Subjects
Materials and Instrumentation
Procedure
Data Analysis Procedure

Chapter 4 RESULTS

Descriptive Data Analysis

Inferential Data Analysis

Chapter 5 SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS, IMPLICATIONS AND

RECOMMENDATIONS
 Summary of Problem, Methods and Findings
Conclusions
Implications
For Theory
For Practice
Recommendations

REFERENCES
APPENDIXES

Research Instrument
Table of Specifications
List of Validators
Checklist for Validation
Communications
Letter to the Respondents
Letter to the Head of Office
Letter to the Validators
Statistical Computations
Certificate of Editing
Research Locale Map
Pictorials (locale, subjects and activities undertaken
related to the study)
Curriculum Vitae (with 2“ x 2” colored picture of the
researcher
Activity Sheet No. 1

Research Problem Formulation and Hypothesis

Research Problem: Family Orientation and Dating Practices among

Iloilo National High School Students

General Objectives:

To determine the relationship between family orientation and

dating practices among Iloilo National High School (INHS)
students.

Specific Objectives:

1. What is the family orientation of INHS students?

2. What are the dating practices of INHS students?

3. Is there a significant difference between the family

orientation among INHS students when they are grouped
according to sex, year level, and religious affiliation?

4. Is there a significant difference between the dating

practices among INHS students when they are grouped
according to sex, year level, and religious affiliation?

5. Is there a significant relationship between family

orientation and dating practices among INHS students?

Hypotheses:

In view of the problems stated, the following hypotheses

were advanced:

1. There is no significant difference between the family

orientation among INHS students when they are grouped
according to sex, year level, and religious affiliation?

2. There is no significant difference between the dating

practices among INHS students when they are grouped
according to sex, year level, and religious affiliation?
 3. There is no significant relationship between family
orientation and dating practices among INHS students?

Paradigm of the Study

Independent Variables
Dependent Variables

Family
Orientation of
Sex INHS Students

Year Level

Religious Affiliation
Dating Practices
of INHS
Students

Figure 1. The relationship of the independent and dependent

variables.