University of Zakho
College of Science
Physics Science department
Three-Dimensional Coordinate System
Prepared By
Muayad Ahmed
Muna muhsen
Eman Bahaaden
Heman Naje
Supervisor
Mr. Ahmed
Contents
Three-dimensional space .............................................................................................................. 3
3D Coordinate System – Definition, Graphing Techniques ...................................................... 3
What is the three-dimensional coordinate system? ................................................................... 4
How to Plot the Points in Three-dimensional Plane?............................................................. 5
Three-dimensional space .............................................................................................................. 7
Coordinate System .................................................................................................................... 8
Summary...................................................................................................................................... 12
Reference ...................................................................................................................................... 13
Three-dimensional space
Three-dimensional space (also: 3D space, 3-space or, rarely, tri-dimensional
space) is a geometric setting in which three values (called parameters) are required
to determine the position of an element (i.e., point). This is the informal meaning
of the term dimension.
In mathematics, a tuple of n numbers can be understood as the Cartesian
coordinates of a location in a n-dimensional Euclidean space. The set of these n-
tuples is commonly denoted and can be identified to the n-dimensional
Euclidean space. When n = 3, this space is called three-dimensional Euclidean
space (or simply Euclidean space when the context is clear). It serves as a model
of the physical universe (when relativity theory is not considered), in which all
known matter exists. While this space remains the most compelling and useful way
to model the world as it is experienced, it is only one example of a large variety of
spaces in three dimensions called 3-manifolds. In this classical example, when the
three values refer to measurements in different directions (coordinates), any three
directions can be chosen, provided that vectors in these directions do not all lie in
the same 2-space (plane). Furthermore, in this case, these three values can be
labeled by any combination of three chosen from the
terms width/breadth, height/depth, and length.
3D Coordinate System – Definition, Graphing Techniques
It is important that we understand the 3D coordinate system when studying vectors
and higher calculus topics. We’ve been dealing with planes and rectangular
coordinates in the past. This time, we’ll look into the components and conventions
of the three-dimensional coordinate system.
The 3D coordinate system allows us to represent a quantity in a space that contains
three mutually perpendicular axes. Through the 3D coordinate system, we can now
visualize points and surfaces with respect to three axes.
What is the three-dimensional coordinate system?
The three-dimensional coordinate system contains an origin (normally denoted by )
and formed by three mutually perpendicular coordinate axes: the -axis, -axis, and
the -axis
In the rectangular coordinate system, we can locate the point using the ordered
pair, (x,y) where X . represents the horizontal position and Y represents the
vertical position of the point. Since we only need two directions to locate the point
on a plane, we call this system the two-dimensional coordinate system.
Now, if we want to locate the point in space, we’ll need three numbers : X,Y and
Z, We call
(X,Y,Z) the ordered triple. This is how we established the origin of the 3D
coordinate system. Instead of two axes, we now have three coordinate axes that are
mutually perpendicular to each other. In 3D coordinate systems, we normally view
the X and Y-axis as the two horizontal axes that are perpendicular to each other.
The Z-axis becomes the sole vertical axis in three dimensions.
To establish the direction of the third axis, Z -axis, we can apply the right-hand
rule. The image above illustrates that rule: using your right hand, curl your fingers
around the Z-axis. If we curl our hand around 90 ˚ , in a counterclockwise
direction, our fingers will move from the positive X-axis to the Y- -axis. The
position of our thumb shows us the positive direction of the Z- axis.
In the past, we’ve been working with just one plane on the XY -coordinate system.
For the 3D coordinate system, we have three coordinate planes.
• We call the plane formed by the X and the Y axes the XY-plane.
• Similarly, the plane formed by the Y and X and Z axes is called the YZ-
plane.
• The XZ -plane contains the X and Z axes.
Here’s a great mental exercise in case you still need help visualizing the three-
dimensional coordinate system. Imagine you’re in a room and focus on one corner.
How to Plot the Points in Three-dimensional Plane?
The following points illustrate how to plot the points in the three-dimensional
coordinate system:
• Locate the point “x” on the X-axis
• From the point x, moving parallel to the Y-axis, locate the point “y”.
• Similarly, from the determined point, moving parallel to the Z-axis, locate
the point “z”.
• This is the final coordinate point in the three-dimensional plane, which we
are looking for.
Three Dimensional Coordinate System. Functions of Two
Variables. Surfaces
From two to three dimensions.
A point in the two dimensional A point in the three dimensional
coordinate system is represented by coordinate system is represented
an ordered pair (x, y). by an ordered triple (x, y, z).
There are 2 coordinate axis, x and y, There are 3 coordinate axis, x, y
and z, and 3 coordinate planes, xy,
which divide the plane into 4 xz and yz, which divide the space
quadrants. into 8 octants.
Three-dimensional space
Three-dimensional space (Also known specifically as 3-space or tri-dimensional
space) is a geometrical setting in which three individual values (also called
parameters) are obligatory to determine the position of a mathematical element (I.e
Point, Ray and etc.). This is the informal meaning of the word (or term)
"dimension".
In Physics and Mathematics, a sequence of repeating n numbers can be implied as
a location in n-dimensional space. When the equation n = 3, the mathematical set
of all selected locations is called Three-dimensional Euclidean space. This
dimensional number can be characterized as the equation R^3. This reveals that it
can serve as the parameter model of the entire physical universe (which includes
the spatial part, without considering the consonant, time) in which all types of
matter exist. However, this space is known to only be a single example of a
extensive variety of spaces in this dimension called 3-manifolds. One of the
classical examples when the three explicit values refer to idiosyncratic
measurements in contrasting directions (coordinates), any three directions in the
space can be chosen, which provides that the vectors in these directions do not be
active in the same 2-space (plane version). Furthermore in these cases, these three
values can be labled by any kind of combination that is chosen by three from the
specific five terms: width, height, depth, and length.
Coordinate System
In Mathematics and Analytic Geometry (also known as or called Cartseian
Geometry) describes every point in three-dimensional space by the specific means
of the three coordinates. Three of these are given, with each of them being
perpendicular to the alternative two at the origin, the point at which they caville.
These are usually represented by the last three letters of the alphabet or, x, y, and z.
Relative to these three axes, the located position of any point in the three-
dimensional space is given by a ordered tripled list of these real numbers, with
each of the number giving the distance of that point from the origin that is
measured along the given part of the axis. The axis is known to be equal to the
specific distance of that point from the locationally determined point by the other
two axes.
The Distance between Two Points in Space
Summary
• The three-dimensional rectangular coordinate system is the one-to-one
correspondence between each point P in three-dimensional space, or XYZ- -
space, and an ordered triple (X,Y,Z) –
In 𝑅3 The numbers X,Y and Z are the X-,Y-, and Z- , -coordinates of P The
origin O is the point with coordinates (0,0,0)
• The coordinate planes are: the XY -plane, the set of all points whose Z-
coordinate is zero; the YZ -plane, the set of all points whose X -coordinate is
zero; and the XZ -plane, the set of all points whose Y -coordinate is zero.
• The projection of a point P=(X,Y,Z) onto the XY -plane is the point (X,Y,0)
The projection of P onto the YZ -plane is the point (0,Y,Z) The projection
of P onto the XZ -plane is the point (Z,0,Z).
Reference
• [Link]
• [Link]
_Transcendentals_(Stewart)/12%3A_Vectors_and_The_Geometry_of_Spac
e/12.01%3A_Three-Dimensional_Coordinate_Systems
• [Link]
• [Link]
• [Link]
• [Link]
dimensions
• [Link]
nsional%20space%2C%20the,the%20point%20called%20the%20origin.