NPTEL Online Certification Course on

Retrofitting and Rehabilitation of Civil Infrastructure

Module-A: Deterioration of Concrete Structures

EL
PT
Week 1: Lecture A.1
Introduction

N
Swati Maitra
Assistant Professor
Ranbir and Chitra Gupta School of Infrastructure Design and Management
IIT Kharagpur

IIT Kharagpur Retrofitting and Rehabilitation of Civil Infrastructure Module A

Concepts Covered

 Introduction

 Need for retrofitting and rehabilitation of existing infrastructure

 Basic Terminologies

EL
 Brief description of the course and the different modules

PT
N
IIT Kharagpur Retrofitting and Rehabilitation of Civil Infrastructure Module A 2
 Construction of New Infrastructure

Construction of new infrastructure

is happening in full swing

EL
PT
N
IIT Kharagpur Retrofitting and Rehabilitation of Civil Infrastructure Module A 3
Deterioration of Existing Civil Infrastructures

EL
PT
N
IIT Kharagpur Retrofitting and Rehabilitation of Civil Infrastructure Module A 4
 Challenges for Existing Structures

EL
Corrosion of RC structure

PT
[Link]

Overloaded Vehicles

N
[Link]
[Link]/ibnkhabar/upload
s/2019/09/[Link]

Accidental Explosions
[Link]
external-accidental-explosions/

IIT Kharagpur Retrofitting and Rehabilitation of Civil Infrastructure Module A 5

 Challenges for Existing Structures

EL
PT
[Link]
e-post/2018/09/18/remaining-
service-life-of-existing-structures

N
Performance of existing Infrastructure with Time

 Reduction in performance  Decrease in durability and

due to deterioration of loss of service life as
existing structures compared to design life

IIT Kharagpur Retrofitting and Rehabilitation of Civil Infrastructure Module A 6

Retrofitting and Rehabilitation of Existing Civil Infrastructure

Retrofitting using Fibre

Reinforced Polymer

[Link]

EL
PT
N
IIT Kharagpur Retrofitting and Rehabilitation of Civil Infrastructure Module A 7
 Need for Retrofitting and Rehabilitation

 To improve the structural integrity and performance of an existing structure

 To upgrade the functionality of a new structure

 To upgrade an existing structure commensurate with the latest codal provisions

EL
 To restore the heritage value of a structure

PT
 To improve the durability and extend the service life of a structure

N
 To improve the appearance of a structure

IIT Kharagpur Retrofitting and Rehabilitation of Civil Infrastructure Module A 8

 Benefits of Retrofitting and Rehabilitation

 Saving in financial resources

 Saving in natural resources

 Saving in equipment and manpower resources

EL
 Saving in user cost like delay, extra fuel cost, wear and tear of vehicles,

PT
inconvenience, due to demolition of deteriorated structure and its reconstruction

N
 Environmentally beneficial due to less dust and debris,
waste disposal and land filling, resulting from demolition
of deteriorated structures

IIT Kharagpur Retrofitting and Rehabilitation of Civil Infrastructure Module A 9

Basic Terminologies

Durability – Ability of a structure to resist the weathering actions, environmental

effects, chemical attacks, abrasion or any other process of deterioration

Inspection – To understand the current state of the structure

EL
Evaluation – To evaluate the present condition of the structure using necessary
testing for making decision about further actions

PT
Repair – Measures to restore the integrity of the structure

N
and to improve it’s durability to reduce further distresses

IIT Kharagpur Retrofitting and Rehabilitation of Civil Infrastructure Module A 10

Basic terminologies

Maintenance – Process of keeping the present condition of the structure by

regular inspection, evaluation and repair

Restoration – Necessary measures to bring the distressed structure in its

original condition

EL
Retrofitting – Strengthening measures to improve or upgrade the structural

PT
strength and performance like, load carrying capacity, ductility etc.

N
Rehabilitation – Repair and Strengthening measures
to upgrade the distressed structure for an improved
performance as compared to its original condition

IIT Kharagpur Retrofitting and Rehabilitation of Civil Infrastructure Module A 11

 Course Outline

Module-A
Deterioration of Concrete Structures

EL
PT
Majerhat Flyover Tragedy
[Link]
over-bridge-collapse/7294848?nw=0&r=Gallery

N
Source: Author

IIT Kharagpur Retrofitting and Rehabilitation of Civil Infrastructure Module A 12

 Course Outline

Module-B
Condition Evaluation and Testing

EL
PT
Source: Author

N
IIT Kharagpur Retrofitting and Rehabilitation of Civil Infrastructure Module A 13
 Course Outline

Module-C
General Repair and Retrofitting of
Concrete Structures

EL
PT
[Link]
beams-repair-strengthening/5829/

[Link]
industrial/attachment/concrete-injection-grouting/
N
[Link]
civil-engineering/

IIT Kharagpur Retrofitting and Rehabilitation of Civil Infrastructure Module A 14

 Course Outline

Module-D
Fiber Reinforced Polymer (FRP) Composites and its
Characteristics

EL
PT
N
IIT Kharagpur Retrofitting and Rehabilitation of Civil Infrastructure Module A 15
 Course Outline

Module-E
Retrofitting of Existing Structures using
FRP Composites

EL
PT
[Link]
applications/

[Link]
strengthening-by-jacketing/
N
[Link]
Polymers_for_Structural_Retrofitting_A_Review

IIT Kharagpur Retrofitting and Rehabilitation of Civil Infrastructure Module A 16

 Course Outline

Module-F
Concrete Overlay for Pavement
Rehabilitation

EL
Guide to Concrete Overlays

PT
Sustainable Solutions for Resurfacing and Rehabilitating Existing
Pavements, Third Edition, May 2014

N
Module-G
Retrofitting of
Masonry Structures
[Link]

IIT Kharagpur Retrofitting and Rehabilitation of Civil Infrastructure Module A 17

 Course Outline

Module-H
Retrofitting of Building Structures
damaged due to Seismic events

EL
PT
Module-I

N
Retrofitting of
Special Structures
damaged due to
[Link]
Seismic events
IIT Kharagpur Retrofitting and Rehabilitation of Civil Infrastructure Module A 18
 Course Outline

Module-J
Retrofitting of Steel Structures

EL
PT
[Link]
steel-structures/

N
[Link]

IIT Kharagpur Retrofitting and Rehabilitation of Civil Infrastructure Module A 19

Summary

 Need for retrofitting and rehabilitation

 Benefits of retrofitting and rehabilitation

 Basic Terminologies

EL
 Brief description of the course with different modules

PT
N
IIT Kharagpur Retrofitting and Rehabilitation of Civil Infrastructure Module A 20
 THANK YOU

EL
PT
N
IIT Kharagpur Retrofitting and Rehabilitation of Civil Infrastructure Module A 21
 NPTEL Online Certification Course on
Retrofitting and Rehabilitation of Civil Infrastructure

Module-A: Deterioration of Concrete Structures

EL
PT
Week 1: Lecture A.2
Causes of deterioration

N
Swati Maitra
Assistant Professor
Ranbir and Chitra Gupta School of Infrastructure Design and Management
IIT Kharagpur

IIT Kharagpur Retrofitting and Rehabilitation of Civil Infrastructure Module A

Concepts Covered

 Deterioration in concrete structures

 Different causes of deterioration

EL
PT
N
IIT Kharagpur Retrofitting and Rehabilitation of Civil Infrastructure Module A 2
Different causes of deterioration in concrete structures

 Design / Load associated distress

 Construction related distress

 Foundation related distress

EL
 Material related distress

PT
 Distress due to weathering effects

N
 Distress due to natural calamities

 Distress due to accidents

IIT Kharagpur Retrofitting and Rehabilitation of Civil Infrastructure Module A 3

 Design / Load associated distress

EL
Change in functional

PT
performance
[Link]

N
Overloading
Source: [Link]

Faulty/Inadequate design
[Link]
adang_Indonesia_2011_Tohoku_Japan_and_2016_Muisne_Ecuador_Earthquakes

IIT Kharagpur Retrofitting and Rehabilitation of Civil Infrastructure Module A 4

 Design / Load associated distress

Flexural Cracks

EL
Sustained loading

PT
Source:
[Link]

N
Increased loading
[Link]
E_TIME_OF_GFRP-RC_BEAMS_UNDER_FIRE_CONDITIONS

Fatigue Cracks

[Link]
cracks Repeated loading

IIT Kharagpur Retrofitting and Rehabilitation of Civil Infrastructure Module A 5

 Construction Related Distress
 Results into high capillary porosity
and insufficient strength
 Allows aggressive chemicals from
environment to penetrate into the
material

EL
Shrinkage cracking

PT
Inadequate curing
High w/c ratio

N
[Link]

[Link]
 Results into porous
rl=https%3A%2F%[Link].o
rg%2Fwp-
content%2Fuploads%2F2014%2F
behavior due to the
presence of air voids
09%2FTroubleshooting-Tips-
[Link]&psig=AOvVaw0jVwjrlDIy
Z49O0U5hKHbj&ust=1633706304
Inadequate Compaction /
128000&source=images&cd=vfe&v
ed=2ahUKEwjAx9WwzLjzAhUCsU
sFHWmLARsQr4kDegQIARAY
 Reduction in strength Poorly-graded Aggregates

IIT Kharagpur Retrofitting and Rehabilitation of Civil Infrastructure Module A 6

 Construction Related Distress

Poorly compacted areas where

concrete mix is unable to reach

EL
 Results into voids and
inadequate strength

PT
Shuttering Joints not Slurry tight

N
 Results into honeycombing in
concrete due to bleeding
[Link]
failures-and-remedial-measures
Improper Placement of
Reinforcement
[Link]
ailing-of-reinforcement-in-concrete-structures

IIT Kharagpur Retrofitting and Rehabilitation of Civil Infrastructure Module A 7

 Construction Related Distress

 Allows concrete and reinforcement to get affected by

external / environmental / chemical attacks easily leading
to corrosion

EL
Inadequate Cover thickness
[Link]

PT
 Results into discontinuities

N
on the surface of concrete
causing cracking
 Structural damage of
concrete member
Improper Alignment of Formwork

IIT Kharagpur Retrofitting and Rehabilitation of Civil Infrastructure Module A 8

 Construction Related Distress
 Results into
inadequate strength
 Allows easy attacks
by external agencies /
chemicals /
environmental effects

EL
PT
N
Early Removal of Formwork Poor Quality Construction
[Link]
shuttering%2Fcauses-formwork-
Material
failures%2F35478%2F&psig=AOvVaw2nUCuzZoOkT5ZJTl0and3G&ust=1633713286419000&source=i [Link]
mages&cd=vfe&ved=2ahUKEwiG6Yqy5rjzAhWo7DgGHWTSD6YQjhx6BAgAEAo quality-materials-in-picture-id1141062165?s=612x612

 Results into overstressing of concrete

 Cracking, separation of material or major failure

IIT Kharagpur Retrofitting and Rehabilitation of Civil Infrastructure Module A 9

 Foundation related problems

Differential settlement
of the structure
causes major cracks

EL
PT
Differential settlement
Source: International Association of Certified Home Inspectors

N
Soil in
this
area
Soil swelling and shrinkage has
[Link]
repair/causes/expansive-soils/
Foundation settlement due to erosion / been
[Link] eroded
geotechnics/pavement-geotechnics/soil-and-pavement-cracks-in- Inadequate soil consolidation
swelling-ground
Source: International Association of Certified Home Inspectors

IIT Kharagpur Retrofitting and Rehabilitation of Civil Infrastructure Module A 10

 Material related distresses

 Results into deterioration of

concrete surface
 Reduction in strength

EL
PT
N
Corrosion in reinforcement
[Link]

 Results into loss of

reinforcement area
 Cracking and spalling of Acid attack
concrete [Link]

IIT Kharagpur Retrofitting and Rehabilitation of Civil Infrastructure Module A 11

 Material related distresses
 Results into map cracking, increase in permeability
 Reduction in strength

EL
PT
Alkali- aggregate reaction
[Link]

Sulphate attack
N
[Link]

 Results into whitish appearance on surface due to deposition of salts

 Loss of mass and reduction in strength
IIT Kharagpur Retrofitting and Rehabilitation of Civil Infrastructure Module A 12
 Distress due to Weathering Effects
 Volume increase due to freezing of
water
 Results into increase in capillary
porosity and surface disintegration

EL
PT
Freezing and Thawing
[Link]

N
Abrasion of Surface

 Results into surface

disintegration and reduction Temperature Effect
in cover thickness Source: [Link]
do-roads-buckle-when-temperatures-rise/347581

 Blow up due to thermal expansion

IIT Kharagpur Retrofitting and Rehabilitation of Civil Infrastructure Module A 13

Distress due to Weathering Effects

EL
PT
Sea water effect

N
[Link]
preventions/843/

 Results into abrasion and loss of material

and corrosion of reinforcements

Alternate Wetting and Drying

IIT Kharagpur Retrofitting and Rehabilitation of Civil Infrastructure Module A 14

 Distress due to natural calamities
Cyclone Fani

EL
Earthquake Flood

PT
[Link]
[Link] Storm
org/2014/world/uttarakh
uploads/wp-
ands-furious-himalayan- [Link]
content/uploads/eku/2018/11/26142914/
flood-bury-indias- leaves-38-dead-in-India,-15-in-Bangladesh

N
[Link]
hydropower-
program/attachment/201
3_6img18_jun_2013_pti
6_18_2013_000187bl-
1000/

[Link]
content/uploads/2018/12/sizes/medium/thediplomat-
Tsunami indonesia-tsunami-of-sunda-strait-agoes-rudianto_0001.jpg

IIT Kharagpur Retrofitting and Rehabilitation of Civil Infrastructure Module A 15

 Distresses due to accidents

EL
PT
Fire Blast
[Link]
343e5f6befe3/[Link] [Link]

N
[Link]

[Link]
96-bombing-
suspect?account=thedailybeast&medium=twitter&source=socialflow&te
mplate=cheat&via=twitter_page Shock

IIT Kharagpur Retrofitting and Rehabilitation of Civil Infrastructure Module A 16

Summary

Different Causes of deterioration

• Design / Load associated distress
• Construction related distress
• Foundation related distress

EL
• Material related distress

PT
• Distress due to weathering effects

N
• Distress due to natural calamities
• Distress due to accidents

IIT Kharagpur Retrofitting and Rehabilitation of Civil Infrastructure Module A 17

 THANK YOU

EL
PT
N
IIT Kharagpur Retrofitting and Rehabilitation of Civil Infrastructure Module A 18
 NPTEL Online Certification Course on
Retrofitting and Rehabilitation of Civil Infrastructure

Module-A: Deterioration of Concrete Structures

EL
PT
Week 1: Lecture A.3
Materials related distresses

N
Swati Maitra
Assistant Professor
Ranbir and Chitra Gupta School of Infrastructure Design and Management
IIT Kharagpur

IIT Kharagpur Retrofitting and Rehabilitation of Civil Infrastructure Module A

Recap of Lecture A.2

Different Causes of deterioration of Concrete structures

• Design / Load associated distress

• Construction related distress
• Foundation related distress

EL
• Material related distress

PT
• Distress due to weathering effects

N
• Distress due to natural calamities
• Distress due to accidents

IIT Kharagpur Retrofitting and Rehabilitation of Civil Infrastructure Module A 2

Concepts Covered

Material related distresses

 Corrosion in reinforcement

EL
 Acid attack in concrete

PT
N
IIT Kharagpur Retrofitting and Rehabilitation of Civil Infrastructure Module A 3
 Corrosion in Reinforced Concrete

 A major problem in reinforced concrete structure

 Corrosion - Electro-chemical reaction, usually

encountered when two dissimilar metals are in
electrical contact in the presence of oxygen and

EL
moisture

PT
Corroded reinforcement
 Same process may take place in steel alone [Link]

N
because of differences in electro-chemical
potential on the surface that forms anodic and
cathodic regions, connected by an electrolyte in
the form of salt solution

IIT Kharagpur Retrofitting and Rehabilitation of Civil Infrastructure Module A 4

 Causes of Corrosion

 In concrete, strongly alkaline (pH~13)

Passivating film nature of Ca(OH)2 prevents the corrosion
Surrounding Concrete
of steel by the formation of a thin
protective film (thickness of few microns)
Reinforcement bar pH ~ 13
of Iron Oxide on the steel surface. This

EL
protection is termed as Passivity

PT
N
 As long as the film is intact, the steel surface is not
exposed for reaction with O2 and H2O

 Passive Iron Oxide layer is destroyed when the pH falls

below 11

IIT Kharagpur Retrofitting and Rehabilitation of Civil Infrastructure Module A 5

 Corrosion in Reinforced Concrete

 Corrosion of steel is the reaction of iron with oxygen in presence of water to form
its oxides and hydroxides

Fe(OH)2 Fe(OH)2
 Anodic reaction

EL
Fe Fe++ + 2e-

PT
 Cathodic reaction

N
4e- + O2 + 2H2O 4(OH)-

Fe++ + 2(OH)- Fe(OH)2 (Ferrous hydroxide)

4Fe(OH)2 + 2H2O + O2 4Fe(OH)3 (Ferric hydroxide)

IIT Kharagpur Retrofitting and Rehabilitation of Civil Infrastructure Module A 6

 Corrosion in Reinforced Concrete

 Chloride induced – Localised corrosion

EL
PT
 Carbonation induced – Uniform corrosion

N
Corrosion in
reinforcement

IIT Kharagpur Retrofitting and Rehabilitation of Civil Infrastructure Module A 7

 Chloride induced Corrosion

 If concrete is permeable, water and chloride

penetrate and reach upto the reinforcement

 Chloride ions surrounding the reinforcement

react with Steel to form FeCl2

EL
 FeCl2 reacts with water to form HCl

PT
 HCl destroys the passive protective film on

N
steel thus resulting into corrosion on the
steel surface
Fe++ + 2Cl- FeCl2
FeCl2 + 2H2O Fe(OH)2 + 2HCl

IIT Kharagpur Retrofitting and Rehabilitation of Civil Infrastructure Module A 8

 Carbonation induced Corrosion

Electrochemical Corrosion Process  Ingress of CO2 from atmosphere through

surface cracks and consumption of Ca(OH)2

 Lowering of pH of surrounding concrete

 Destabilization of passivating film

EL
 Formation of Carbonates and Bicarbonates and

PT
deposition on steel surface, cracking of concrete

N
For corrosion to occur, the following are required:  Reinforcement is
a) Rebar has become depassivated by carbonation (pH < 9)
at crack (anode) exposed and corrosion
b) Oxygen (O2) and water (H2O) are available at cathode
c) Concrete has adequate moisture content takes place in presence
Ca(OH)2 + CO2 CaCO3 + H2O of water and oxygen

IIT Kharagpur Retrofitting and Rehabilitation of Civil Infrastructure Module A 9

 Carbonation induced Corrosion
A transition zone called the Drop in pH in
External surface of the carbonation front the concrete
structural element cover depth due
contaminated to carbonation

EL
Internal zone of the element
not contaminated sector

PT
N
Carbonation depth

Degradation zones of a carbonated concrete structure

(Ta et al., 2016)

IIT Kharagpur Retrofitting and Rehabilitation of Civil Infrastructure Module A 10

 Corrosion in Reinforced Concrete

EL
PT
Corroded reinforcement
[Link]

E0 = Corrosion potential

Pourbaix diagram of iron corrosion, passivity

N
and immunity zone [Chinedu Ossai (2012)]

IIT Kharagpur Retrofitting and Rehabilitation of Civil Infrastructure Module A 11

 Effects of Corrosion
Formation of rust and crack initiation

Steel bar Rust formation on

surface of Steel –
Subjected to
external pressure

EL
Concrete

PT
Concrete subjected to

N
internal expansive
Formation of Cracks pressure

IIT Kharagpur Retrofitting and Rehabilitation of Civil Infrastructure Module A 12

 Effects of Corrosion
 Loss of cross sectional area of steel,
reduction of tensile capacity of members
 Corrosion products are more voluminous
than the parent metals, formed and
deposited on the affected steel surface

EL
 Causes the surrounding concrete to Effects of corrosion

PT
[Link]
experience internal expansive pressure

N
 Development of longitudinal cracks and consequently spalling
depending upon depth of cover, spacing and diameter of bars

 Corrosion induced Cracks provide easy access to deleterious

materials from outside environment, thus accelerates damage
IIT Kharagpur Retrofitting and Rehabilitation of Civil Infrastructure Module A 13
 Prevention of Corrosion
 Impermeable concrete surface

 Adequate cover depth

 Concrete with alkaline atmosphere, prevents corrosion even in presence

of large quantity of chloride

EL
 Dry atmosphere, relative humidity below 40%

PT
 Fully submerged concrete, less corrosion, except water with entrained air

N
 Use of corrosion-inhibiting admixtures - increase the chloride
threshold level to cause depassivation. Ex - Calcium nitrite

 Use of epoxy coating reinforcement

IIT Kharagpur Retrofitting and Rehabilitation of Civil Infrastructure Module A 14

 Acid Attack in Concrete
 Found in areas of industrial activities, food processing
plants, floors of dairies, chimneys, etc. due to the
formation of lactic and acetic acids

 In damp conditions, SO2 and CO2 and some other

EL
gases present in atmosphere, form Sulphuric acid,
Carbonic acid etc. which attack concrete by dissolving

PT
Concrete under acid attack
and removing a part Portland Cement Association : Types and Causes of Concrete Deterioration

N
 Domestic sewage (alkaline in nature) causes
deterioration of concrete sewer pipes, when sulphur
compounds in the sewage are reduced by anaerobic
bacteria to H2S, which after oxidation produces H2SO4
IIT Kharagpur Retrofitting and Rehabilitation of Civil Infrastructure Module A 15
 Acid Attack in Concrete
 Concrete is also attacked by water containing free
CO2 , in concentrations of at least 15 – 60 ppm

 Due to this attack, some parts of the hydrated

cement paste are disintegrated and leave a soft

EL
and weak mass
Acid affected concrete surface

PT
 Degree of attack increases with acidity of the solution

N
 Water with pH< 6.5 susceptible & pH< 4.4 severe acid attack

 Rate of acid attack also depends on the ability of hydrogen

ions to diffuse through the C-S-H gel after Ca(OH)2 has been
dissolved and leached out

IIT Kharagpur Retrofitting and Rehabilitation of Civil Infrastructure Module A 16

 Acid Attack in Concrete

Action of specific acids Acetic Acid

Highly soluble thus
rapidly removed 2CH3COOH + Ca(OH)2 → Ca(CH3COO)2 + 2H2O
Nitric acid from the corroded
layer, leaving 2CH3COOH + C-S-H → SiO2 + Ca(CH3COO)2 + 2H2O
2HNO3 + Ca(OH)2 → Ca(NO3)2 + 2H2O
behind porosity Calcium acetate -
corroded layer

EL
Hydrochloric Acid
Sulphuric acid

PT
Ca(OH)2 + 2HCl → CaCl2 + 2H2O
H2SO4 + Ca(OH)2 → CaSO4 · 2H2O
Soluble salt -formation of layer structure

N
Precipitate
causes leaching of Ca(OH)2

Carbonic acid
Continued carbonation may cause a
H2CO3 + Ca(OH)2 → CaCO3 + 2H2O reduction in alkalinity of the cement paste,
causing de-passivation of steel bars and
H2CO3 + CaCO3 → Ca(HCO)3 dissolution of cement hydrates.

IIT Kharagpur Retrofitting and Rehabilitation of Civil Infrastructure Module A 17

Resistance to Acid Attack

 Use of protective layers as surface treatment

epoxy resin, coal tar, rubber or bituminous paints

 Use of antibacterial cement containing some toxic material

EL
 Impermeability of the surface

PT
N
IIT Kharagpur Retrofitting and Rehabilitation of Civil Infrastructure Module A 18
Summary

Material related distresses

 Corrosion in steel reinforcement

 Causes of corrosion
 Chloride and Carbonation induced corrosion

EL
 Effect of corrosion

PT
 Prevention of corrosion

N
 Acid attack in concrete
 Causes of acid attack
 Effect of acid attack
 Prevention of acid attack

IIT Kharagpur Retrofitting and Rehabilitation of Civil Infrastructure Module A 19

 THANK YOU

EL
PT
N
IIT Kharagpur Retrofitting and Rehabilitation of Civil Infrastructure Module A 20
 NPTEL Online Certification Course on
Retrofitting and Rehabilitation of Civil Infrastructure

Module-A: Deterioration of Concrete Structures

EL
PT
Week 1: Lecture A.4
Materials related distresses

N
Swati Maitra
Assistant Professor
Ranbir and Chitra Gupta School of Infrastructure Design and Management
IIT Kharagpur

IIT Kharagpur Retrofitting and Rehabilitation of Civil Infrastructure Module A

Recap of Lecture A.3

Material related distresses

 Corrosion in steel reinforcement

 Causes of corrosion
 Chloride and Carbonation induced corrosion

EL
 Effect of corrosion

PT
 Prevention of corrosion

N
 Acid attack in concrete
 Causes of acid attack
 Effect of acid attack
 Prevention of acid attack

IIT Kharagpur Retrofitting and Rehabilitation of Civil Infrastructure Module A 2

Concepts Covered

Material related distresses

 Sulphate attack in concrete

 Alkali aggregate reaction in concrete

EL
PT
N
IIT Kharagpur Retrofitting and Rehabilitation of Civil Infrastructure Module A 3
 Sulphate Attack in Concrete

 Hardened Concrete, when becomes permeable, may be

attacked by Sulphates from external sources

 Typical sulphate sources - groundwater (contains

sulphates of Na, K, Mg, Ca), sea water, soil, free water

EL
 Chemical reaction resulting into increase in volume and

PT
[Link]

disintegration of material avhtandon1%2Fconcrete-in-aggressive-environment-

43201410&psig=AOvVaw1LRqGSerYDyR6nt1CGUi8G&ust=1634533802251000&sou
rce=images&cd=vfe&ved=2ahUKEwjE6sKG19DzAhXsAbcAHZ_jBxAQjhx6BAgAEAo

N
 Whitish in appearance

 Damage starts at the edges and corners, followed by

Cracking and Spalling of concrete

IIT Kharagpur Retrofitting and Rehabilitation of Civil Infrastructure Module A 4

 External sulphate attack
Reaction Chemical Reaction Relevant Factor in Sources
Step Concrete
1 SO42-(External) → SO42-(internal) Permeability Sea water, Soil, Ground
Gypsum water, Effluents from
furnaces that use high-
2 Ca(OH)2 + Na2SO4.10H2O → CaSO4.2H2O + 2NaOH + 8H2O Ca(OH)2 content sulphur fuels; Decay of
3 2(3CaO.Al2O3.12H2O) + 3(Na2SO4.10H2O) → C3A content of cement organic matter mixed in

EL
3CaO.Al2O3.3CaSO4.31H2O + 2Al(OH)3+ 6NaOH + 17H2O marshes, shallow lakes,
Ettringite mining pits, sewer pipes

PT
N
Ettringite
needle
lead to
expansion
& cracking
of concrete
[Link] [Link]

IIT Kharagpur Retrofitting and Rehabilitation of Civil Infrastructure Module A 5

 Internal sulphate attack
 Affect internally without any contribution from the environment

 During mixing process – use of sulphate rich aggregates, excess addition of

gypsum

 Delayed ettringite formation (DEF) – arises when concrete exposed to temperature

EL
that causes decomposition of ettringite and again exposed to moist condition,

PT
results into reformation of ettringite

N
 Precast concrete, concrete cured in autoclave or at
elevated temperatures, steam curing or in the case of
massive structures

IIT Kharagpur Retrofitting and Rehabilitation of Civil Infrastructure Module A 6

 Internal sulphate attack

 Due to delayed ettringite formation, there is damage

in concrete

 Ettringite usually in the form of massive crystals snd

expansive in nature

EL
Damage in concrete
 Aggregate is no longer

PT
due to DEF. The
cement paste is
contributing to concrete strength, expanded and a gap is [Link]

N
formed between the
since it is effectively detached aggregate and the
cement paste. These
from the cement paste gaps become filled with
ettringite.

IIT Kharagpur Retrofitting and Rehabilitation of Civil Infrastructure Module A 7

 Effects of Sulphate Attack

Extent of sulphate
attack depends on
the concentration
of sulphates and
permeability of

EL
concrete

PT
N
Change in specimen dimension and Change in specimen dimension and
compressive strength vs. time for a dynamic modulus vs. time for a
Portland cement mortar exposed to a Portland cement mortar exposed to a
37,000-mg/L Na2SO4 solution at 23°C 50,000-mg/L Na2SO4 solution at
(Al-Dulaijan, S. U. et al., Advances in Cement Research, 19, 23°C
2007, 167–175) (Van Aardt, J. H. P. and S. Visser, Cement and
Concrete Research, 15, 1985, 485–494)

IIT Kharagpur Retrofitting and Rehabilitation of Civil Infrastructure Module A 8

Effects of Sulphate Attack
 Higher permeability of concrete leads to leaching of Ca(OH)2
 Efflorescence – formation and deposition of CaCO3 due to the
reaction of Ca(OH)2 with CO2 – whitish appearance
 Deposition of salts in the form of carbonates and bicarbonates, on
the surface and within the pores of masonry, mortar or plaster

EL
when the salt solution evaporates

PT
N
[Link]
sa=i&url=https%3A%2F%2F
[Link]%2F2015%2F02
%2F27%2Fhow-to-protect-
concrete-from-sulphate-
attack%2F&psig=AOvVaw3A
bYkr2sHNfcl0rLqSCJwN&ust
=1634533783773000&sourc
e=images&cd=vfe&ved=2ah
UKEwjDgdv91tDzAhWGLrcA
HYeTAQ0Qjhx6BAgAEAo

Concrete affected by sulphate attack

IIT Kharagpur Retrofitting and Rehabilitation of Civil Infrastructure Module A 9

 Sulphate Attack

Resistance to Sulphate Attack

 Use of Sulphate resistant cement (low C3A content) in areas having high sulphate
containing soils, groundwater and sea water

 Use of fly ash / blast furnace slag as a replacement of some amount of cement

EL
(less Ca(OH)2 formation)

PT
 Lesser use of sulphate rich aggregates

N
 Low water/cement ratio, should not exceed 0.5

IIT Kharagpur Retrofitting and Rehabilitation of Civil Infrastructure Module A 10

 Alkali aggregate reaction in concrete
 Concrete - a two-phase composite – the aggregate
phase and the cement matrix phase

 Aggregate phase is generally inactive and does

not react with the cement paste

EL
 Aggregates contain a large amount of Silica

PT
(SiO2). The Si-O bond is one of the most stable
Concrete affected by alkali-aggregate reaction
bonds, reason of inertness of most aggregates

N
 Certain aggregates are however not inert and they
react aggressively with the pore solution and is termed
as Alkali aggregate Reaction (AAR)

IIT Kharagpur Retrofitting and Rehabilitation of Civil Infrastructure Module A 11

 Alkali Aggregate Reaction

 AAR is a reaction between

reactive minerals present in
aggregates and alkali metals
(Na and K) present in the
pore solution formed during

EL
the hydration of cement Map cracking pattern caused by alkali-

PT
carbonate reactivity
[Link]
Portland Cement Association : Types and Causes of Concrete Deterioration

N
 The alkali metals are present
Reacted concrete
in small quantities in raw
 Map Cracking
materials of OPC and remain  Increase in Permeability
 Reduction in strength
as part of OPC
 Less Durability

IIT Kharagpur Retrofitting and Rehabilitation of Civil Infrastructure Module A 12

 Alkali Aggregate Reaction

 Alkali-silica reaction
Expansion and
 Alkali-silicate reaction
map cracking  Alkali-carbonate reaction
in concrete
Reactive
silica or
silicate in the

EL
aggregate
react with

PT
alkali in the
cement

N
Swelling takes
A gel forms place, causes
on the surrounding
aggregate concrete to
surface when develop tensile
sufficient and
moisture is compressive
present stresses

IIT Kharagpur Retrofitting and Rehabilitation of Civil Infrastructure Module A 13

 Alkali Aggregate Reaction

Alkali–silica reaction sodium or potassium

siloxane bonds at the surface of silica

≡Si-O-Si≡ + OH– + R+ → ≡Si-OH + R-O-Si≡

breaking of siloxane bonds

Open, gel-like network
≡Si-O-R + H2O → ≡Si-O–-- (H2O)n + R+
≡Si-OH + OH– + R+ → ≡Si-O-R + H2O

EL
As water is absorbed into the gel, it swells considerably. The

PT
attack of siloxane bonds continues till the outer layer of the gel
breaks down completely, releasing silicate groups into solution

N
≡Si-O-Si-OH + OH– → ≡Si-OH + O–-Si-OH

The silicate groups removed from the gel are likely to be involved rapidly in
reactions between calcium ions to form C-S-H gel

IIT Kharagpur Retrofitting and Rehabilitation of Civil Infrastructure Module A 14

 Alkali Aggregate Reaction

Alkali–carbonate reaction Alkali–silicate reaction

Dolomite Brucite Calcite  Reactive minerals, with a layered
phyllosilicate structure, present in
CaMg(CO3)2 + 2ROH → Mg(OH)2 + CaCO3
aggregates may exfoliate under high pH
condition, permitting water to occupy the
Magnesite sodium or potassium space between the layers

EL
 Gel is formed that results into expansion
MgCO3 + 2ROH → Mg(OH)2 +R2CO3
and consequently cracking

PT
N
R2CO3 + Ca(OH)2 → CaCO3 + 2ROH

 Expansion is due to expansive clay particles or microscopic quartz

particles present within carbonate mineral matrix
 Expansion is due to the precipitation of brucite in confined spaces

IIT Kharagpur Retrofitting and Rehabilitation of Civil Infrastructure Module A 15

 Alkali Aggregate Reaction

AAR depends upon

 Presence of reactive aggregates
 Porosity of aggregates
 Quantities of alkalis in cement
 Availability of water in the cement paste

EL
 Permeability of cement paste

PT
[Link]

N
[Link]
cancer&psig=AOvVaw0IxdENgpcFhsK7MN_DZhiY&ust=1634533845389000&source=images&cd=vfe&ved=2ahUKEwic34ub19DzAhWpMbcAHZdRCO8Qjhx6BAgAEAo

IIT Kharagpur Retrofitting and Rehabilitation of Civil Infrastructure Module A 16

 Alkali Aggregate Reaction

Implications of AAR

 AAR – a slow process – starts at the surface of aggregates and gradually

proceeds within the entire material

 Cracking of surface promotes ingress of water, harmful gases and deleterious

EL
materials

PT
 Additional strain in reinforcing steel

N
 Reduction in strength due to cracking

 Aesthetically unacceptable

IIT Kharagpur Retrofitting and Rehabilitation of Civil Infrastructure Module A 17

 Alkali Aggregate Reaction

Resistance to Alkali Aggregate Reaction

 Use of non-reactive aggregates

 Mixing of reactive and non-reactive aggregates

EL
 Use of low alkali cement

PT
 Use of supplementary cementitious materials like fly ash, slag etc.

N
 Preventing water permeation by applying suitable coating on
existing concrete

IIT Kharagpur Retrofitting and Rehabilitation of Civil Infrastructure Module A 18

Summary

Material related distresses

 Sulphate attack in concrete

 Causes of sulphate attack
 External and Internal sulphate attack

EL
 Effects of sulphate attack

PT
 Resistance of sulphate attack

N
 Alkali aggregate reaction in concrete
 Causes of Alkali aggregate reaction
 Implications of Alkali aggregate reaction
 Resistance of Alkali aggregate reaction

IIT Kharagpur Retrofitting and Rehabilitation of Civil Infrastructure Module A 19

 THANK YOU

EL
PT
N
IIT Kharagpur Retrofitting and Rehabilitation of Civil Infrastructure Module A 20
 NPTEL Online Certification Course on
Retrofitting and Rehabilitation of Civil Infrastructure

Module-A: Deterioration of Concrete Structures

EL
PT
Week 1: Lecture A.5
Other distresses in concrete

N
Swati Maitra
Assistant Professor
Ranbir and Chitra Gupta School of Infrastructure Design and Management
IIT Kharagpur

IIT Kharagpur Retrofitting and Rehabilitation of Civil Infrastructure Module A

Recap of Lecture A.4

Material related distresses

 Sulphate attack in concrete

 Causes of sulphate attack
 External and Internal sulphate attack

EL
 Effects of sulphate attack

PT
 Resistance to sulphate attack

N
 Alkali aggregate reaction in concrete
 Causes of Alkali aggregate reaction
 Implications of Alkali aggregate reaction
 Resistance to Alkali aggregate reaction

IIT Kharagpur Retrofitting and Rehabilitation of Civil Infrastructure Module A 2

Concepts Covered

Other distresses in Concrete

 Freezing and Thawing

 Thermal Effect

EL
 Shrinkage

PT
 Creep

N
IIT Kharagpur Retrofitting and Rehabilitation of Civil Infrastructure Module A 3
 Freezing and Thawing in Concrete

 Normal water freezes at 0ºC (volume increase by

~9%)

 In Concrete, the water (solution of various salts)

within capillary pores freezes at temperature < 0⁰ C

EL
 Lesser the size of capillary pores, lower is the

PT
freezing point of water within it Concrete affected by freezing and thawing

N
[Link]

 Most freezing takes place in Capillary pores. Gel

pores too small for freezing
 A thermodynamic imbalance occurs between gel
water and ice in capillary pores

IIT Kharagpur Retrofitting and Rehabilitation of Civil Infrastructure Module A 4

 Freezing and Thawing
 With decrease in temperature, freezing of water
occurs gradually with some amount of unfrozen
water in the capillary pores
 The Unfrozen water experiences hydraulic pressure
by the expanding volume of ice

EL
PT
 This pressure, if not relieved, can result into internal Concrete surface disintegration due to
freezing and thawing
tensile stresses to cause localized failure

N
[Link]
ents/concrete-repair-
restoration/achieving-winter-durability/

 In saturated concrete as there is no voids, the unfrozen water

has no space to move, resulting into internal stresses, which
when exceeds the strength of cement paste, damage occurs

IIT Kharagpur Retrofitting and Rehabilitation of Civil Infrastructure Module A 5

 Freezing and Thawing
Melting water goes into Melting of
 Freezing and thawing depends upon capillary pores snow and ice

degree of saturation and pore

Water freezes
structure of cement paste and expands

Voids

EL
[Link]
damage-thats-likely-accumulating-on-your-concrete-

PT
surfaces-this-winter/

Ice melts in warm

weather, filling the
cracks with water
N
As temperature drops, water
freezes and expands,
Traffic further breaks up
the surface
cracking of surface

IIT Kharagpur Retrofitting and Rehabilitation of Civil Infrastructure Module A 6

 Freezing and Thawing

Ice thaws, Repeated expansion

Water freezes contracts and and contraction
and expands, water goes causes further

EL
Water collects forcing cracks deeper into cracks until
in rock crack to widen cracks again complete breakage A concrete bridge parapet wall exhibits
severe deterioration caused by repeated

PT
freezing and thawing cycles
[Link]

Freezing and thawing effect in rocks

N
[Link]

IIT Kharagpur Retrofitting and Rehabilitation of Civil Infrastructure Module A 7

 Freezing and Thawing

Effect of freezing and Thawing Resistance to Freezing and Thawing

 Repeated cycles of freezing  Dry Concrete

and thawing – disintegration of  Degree of saturation < 80 – 90 %
pore structure  Air entrainment

EL
 Pop-out and surface scaling

PT
due to gradual disintegration

N
Portland Cement Association : Types and Causes of Concrete Deterioration

IIT Kharagpur Retrofitting and Rehabilitation of Civil Infrastructure Module A 8

 Air Entrainment

 Intentionally entraining air bubbles in concrete by suitable admixture/ additives to

provide resistance against alternate freezing and thawing

 Admixture mixed with water rapidly produces discrete air bubble cavities and/or
finely divided stable foams (size of air voids 0.05 – 1.25 mm )

EL
 Additives interground with cement (0.005% to 0.05% by mass)

PT
 Minimum volume of voids is ~9% of the volume of mortar - evenly distributed

N
 Should not have harmful effects on concrete

IIT Kharagpur Retrofitting and Rehabilitation of Civil Infrastructure Module A 9

 Air Entrainment

 Presence of adjacent air voids and empty capillary pores

allow a relief of hydraulic pressure, by the flow of water
into these spaces

 Extent of stress relief depends upon rate of freezing,

EL
permeability of cement paste and length of path to travel

PT
by water Introduction of air voids into concrete
[Link]
entrainment/

N
 Air Entraining Agents - animal / vegetable oils and fats,
natural wood resins, alkali salts of sulphated /
sulphonated organic compounds

IIT Kharagpur Retrofitting and Rehabilitation of Civil Infrastructure Module A 10

 Air Entrainment

Effect of Air Entrainment

EL
PT
N
As temperature drops, During freezing, water in Under pressure, water is
pores from air entrainment capillary pores expands pushed into the air
allow the unfrozen water a entrainment pores and not
place to go crack the concrete

Resistance to freezing and thawing by

Air entrainment
[Link]

IIT Kharagpur Retrofitting and Rehabilitation of Civil Infrastructure Module A 11

 Thermal Effect in Concrete

 Positive Coefficient of Thermal Expansion

 Thermal movement caused by temperature changes

from -30⁰ C to + 65⁰ C

 Cement paste and Aggregates – have dissimilar

EL
thermal properties

PT
Crack due to temperature effect
 Aggregate (higher thermal coefficient) restrains the [Link]

N
thermal movement of the cement paste

 Higher the volume of aggregates, lower is the

thermal coefficient of concrete

IIT Kharagpur Retrofitting and Rehabilitation of Civil Infrastructure Module A 12

 Thermal Effect in Concrete
Daily Variation – Curling stress Seasonal Variation – Frictional stress
Night Resistance to change in length
Cooler
Tension Summer Winter
Compression
Warmer

EL
Slab weight Slab weight
Day Warmer Increase In Temperature Decrease In Temperature

PT
Compression

N
Tension
Cooler

Slab weight

 To address the thermal effect – Expansion joint and

Contraction joints are provided between concrete slabs

IIT Kharagpur Retrofitting and Rehabilitation of Civil Infrastructure Module A 13

 Thermal Effect in Concrete

EL
PT
Blow up in concrete pavement Variation of temperature across depth of

N
concrete slab
[Link]
doi:
10.1016/[Link].2013
.11.113

Curling measurement in concrete

pavement
DOI:10.1080/10298436.2021.1916820

IIT Kharagpur Retrofitting and Rehabilitation of Civil Infrastructure Module A 14

 Shrinkage in Concrete

 Non-load associated deformation in Concrete

 Volume change in concrete when partly or wholly

restrained, induce stresses. When these stresses
exceeds the tensile strength, concrete cracks

EL
 Caused by loss of water due to evaporation,

PT
hydration of cement, carbonation at different Shrinkage Crack in Concrete

N
[Link]

stages

 Expressed as linear strain (mm/mm) generally

ranges from 50×10-6 to 1600×10-6

IIT Kharagpur Retrofitting and Rehabilitation of Civil Infrastructure Module A 15

Types of Shrinkage in Concrete

 Autogenous Shrinkage
 Plastic Shrinkage
 Drying Shrinkage

EL
 Carbonation Shrinkage

PT
N
IIT Kharagpur Retrofitting and Rehabilitation of Civil Infrastructure Module A 16
 Autogenous Shrinkage

 Autogenous shrinkage may occur even if no

moisture movement to or from concrete is allowed

 Loss of water due to the water used for hydration of

cement

EL
 Very small, ranges from 50×10-6 to 100×10-6

PT
Autogenous Shrinkage
[Link]
prevention/20384/

N
IIT Kharagpur Retrofitting and Rehabilitation of Civil Infrastructure Module A 17
 Plastic Shrinkage

 When the cement paste is in plastic state, it undergoes

volumetric contraction and this is termed as Plastic
Shrinkage

 Caused by loss of water due to

EL
evaporation from the concrete surface

PT
suction by dry concrete below
Plastic Shrinkage
[Link]
concrete-prevention/20384/

N
 Contraction induces tensile stress on the surface layers,
which are restrained by non-shrinking inner layers

 Plastic concrete is weak in tension, so cracks develop on

the surface of concrete

IIT Kharagpur Retrofitting and Rehabilitation of Civil Infrastructure Module A 18

 Drying Shrinkage

 Drying shrinkage occurs due to withdrawal of water

from hardened concrete stored/placed in
unsaturated air

 A part of this deformation is reversible (40 – 70%)

EL
 When concrete dried in air is placed in water (at

PT
Drying Shrinkage
higher humidity), it swells due to absorption of [Link]
[Link]?cmd=display&id=22

N
water by the cement paste

 Depends upon the age of concrete

IIT Kharagpur Retrofitting and Rehabilitation of Civil Infrastructure Module A 19

 Carbonation Shrinkage

 Carbonation shrinkage occurs due to reaction of

atmospheric CO2 with the hydrated cement
 In presence of moisture, CO2 forms Carbonic acid,
which reacts with Ca(OH)2 to form CaCO3

EL
 Results into contraction of concrete and is termed as

PT
Carbonation Shrinkage
Carbonation Shrinkage. [Link]
prevention/20384/

N
 Depends upon permeability of concrete, moisture
content, CO2 content and relative humidity of air

IIT Kharagpur Retrofitting and Rehabilitation of Civil Infrastructure Module A 20

 Shrinkage in Concrete

Factors influencing Shrinkage

 Rate of evaporation  Volume and fineness of cement

 Air temperature  Volume and Strength of aggregates
 Relative humidity of air  Volume/Exposed Surface area

EL
 Wind speed  Time or Age of Concrete

PT
 Concrete temperature

N
 Water/Cement ratio

IIT Kharagpur Retrofitting and Rehabilitation of Civil Infrastructure Module A 21

Shrinkage in Concrete

Resistance to Shrinkage

 Proper curing of concrete

 Prevention of loss of water due to evaporation

EL
PT
N
IIT Kharagpur Retrofitting and Rehabilitation of Civil Infrastructure Module A 22
 Creep of Concrete

 Time dependent deformation

 Deformation or increase in strain under a sustained

constant stress

 Some amount of creep is reversible and the remaining

EL
is permanent deformation

PT
Creep effect in concrete
 Expressed as linear strain (mm/mm) generally ranges [Link]

N
from 50×10-6 to 2800×10-6

IIT Kharagpur Retrofitting and Rehabilitation of Civil Infrastructure Module A 23

 Creep of Concrete

EL
PT
N
Deformation of hardened concrete

Typical creep curve of concrete

IIT Kharagpur Retrofitting and Rehabilitation of Civil Infrastructure Module A 24

 Creep of Concrete

Factors influencing Creep of Concrete

 Volume and Strength of aggregates
 Volume of cement
 Water/Cement ratio

EL
 Strength of concrete

PT
 Relative humidity of air

N
 Temperature
 Time or Age of concrete

IIT Kharagpur Retrofitting and Rehabilitation of Civil Infrastructure Module A 25

 Creep of Concrete

Effects of Creep of Concrete

 Increases deflections of structural members like beams, slabs

 In concrete columns, deflection increases due to creep, resulting into buckling

EL
 In tall buildings, differential creep between inner and outer columns may cause
movement and cracking of joints/ partition walls

PT
N
 In mass concrete, creep may cause cracking when concrete
undergoes differential /cyclic temperature changes

 Loss of prestress in prestressed concrete members

IIT Kharagpur Retrofitting and Rehabilitation of Civil Infrastructure Module A 26

Summary
Other distresses in Concrete

 Freezing and Thawing

 Causes and Effects of freezing and thawing
 Resistance to freezing and thawing and effect of air entrainment

 Thermal Effect in Concrete

EL
 Shrinkage in Concrete

PT
 Types of Shrinkage

N
 Factors influencing Shrinkage
 Resistance to Shrinkage

 Creep of Concrete
 Factors influencing Creep
 Effect of Creep

IIT Kharagpur Retrofitting and Rehabilitation of Civil Infrastructure Module A 27

 Reference

 Dyer, Thomas. (2014). Concrete Durability, CRC Press, Taylor & Francis Group,
Florida
 CPWD Handbook (2002). Repair and Rehabilitation of RCC Buildings
 Emmons, H., Peter. (1994). Concrete Repair and Maintenance Illustrated: Problem
Analysis; Repair Strategy; Techniques, R.S. Means Company, Inc., Kingston

EL
 Portland Cement Association (2002). Types and Causes of Concrete Deterioration

PT
 Neville, A.M. and Brooks, J.J. (2010). Concrete Technology, 2nd Ed., Pearson India

N
Education Services Pvt. Ltd, Noida
 “International Association of Certified Home Inspectors.” (2006)
<[Link] (Oct. 2, 2021)

IIT Kharagpur Retrofitting and Rehabilitation of Civil Infrastructure Module A 28

 THANK YOU

EL
PT
N
IIT Kharagpur Retrofitting and Rehabilitation of Civil Infrastructure Module A 29
 NPTEL Online Certification Course on
Retrofitting and Rehabilitation of Civil Infrastructure

Module-A: Deterioration of Concrete Structures

EL
PT
Week 1: Lecture A.6
Load associated distresses

N
Swati Maitra
Assistant Professor
Ranbir and Chitra Gupta School of Infrastructure Design and Management
IIT Kharagpur

IIT Kharagpur Retrofitting and Rehabilitation of Civil Infrastructure Module A

Recap of Lecture A.5

Other distresses in Concrete

 Freezing and Thawing

 Causes and Effects of freezing and thawing
 Resistance to freezing and thawing and effect of air entrainment

 Thermal Effect in Concrete

EL
 Shrinkage in Concrete

PT
 Types of Shrinkage

N
 Factors influencing Shrinkage
 Resistance to Shrinkage

 Creep of Concrete
 Factors influencing Creep
 Effect of Creep

IIT Kharagpur Retrofitting and Rehabilitation of Civil Infrastructure Module A 2

Concepts Covered

Load associated distresses

 Effect of loads on structural components

 Location of cracks on structural members

EL
PT
N
IIT Kharagpur Retrofitting and Rehabilitation of Civil Infrastructure Module A 3
 Effect of Loads on Structural Components
Live loads Live loads

Moving loads

T C T
S S
C T

Compressive Stress (C)

EL
C
Tensile Stress (T)

PT
Shear Stress (S)
Impact loads

N
Emmons, H., Peter.
(1994). Concrete Repair Dead loads
and Maintenance
Illustrated: Problem S S
Analysis; Repair Strategy;
Techniques, R.S. Means
Company, Inc., Kingston

Development of Stresses at different locations due to application of loads

IIT Kharagpur Retrofitting and Rehabilitation of Civil Infrastructure Module A 4

 Simply Supported Member

Beam deflects Flexural

under load Tension is crack forms
greatest at
midspan

EL
Compression

PT
N
Tension

Reinforcing Tension (flexural) crack

Emmons, H., Peter. bar is formed when the
(1994). Concrete Repair
and Maintenance tension in the concrete
Illustrated: Problem
Analysis; Repair Strategy; Location of Flexural Cracks in exceeds the tensile
Techniques, R.S. Means
Company, Inc., Kingston Simply Supported member strength of the concrete

IIT Kharagpur Retrofitting and Rehabilitation of Civil Infrastructure Module A 5

Cantilever Member
Flexural Tension Cracks
Applied Loads

Deflection

EL
Concrete in compression
on bottom half of slab
Location of Maximum Reinforcing steel must be

PT
Tension and Possible located in upper portion of
Cracks member to properly carry
tension loads

N
Location of Tensile Cracks in
Cantilever member
Emmons, H., Peter. (1994). Concrete Repair and Maintenance Illustrated:
Problem Analysis; Repair Strategy; Techniques, R.S. Means Company,
Inc., Kingston

IIT Kharagpur Retrofitting and Rehabilitation of Civil Infrastructure Module A 6

 Continuous Member
Negative Moment Area
Continuous Concrete Frame Possible Tension Cracks

EL
Applied Loading

PT
Location of Tensile Cracks in Continuous member

Emmons, H., Peter. (1994). Concrete Repair and

Maintenance Illustrated: Problem Analysis; Repair
N
Strategy; Techniques, R.S. Means Company, Inc.,
Kingston

IIT Kharagpur Retrofitting and Rehabilitation of Civil Infrastructure Module A 7

 Continuous Member

Continuous concrete
beam

EL
Shear crack Flexural cracks

Combination Shear

PT
and Flexural Crack
(diagonal tension Path and Location
Shear Reinforcement crack) of Tension

N
(Stirrup) holds the top and
bottom sections of the
beam together

Flexural/Shear
crack
Location of different types of Cracks
in Continuous member

Flexural Emmons, H., Peter. (1994). Concrete Repair and Maintenance

Illustrated: Problem Analysis; Repair Strategy; Techniques, R.S.
Tension Steel Means Company, Inc., Kingston

IIT Kharagpur Retrofitting and Rehabilitation of Civil Infrastructure Module A 8

 Column Member

Applied Load

Elastic Creep Columns lateral

Shortening
Shortening reinforcements or ties
resist the bulging effect

Column

EL
Bulge

PT
Tension cracks

Emmons, H., Peter.

(1994). Concrete Repair
and Maintenance
Illustrated: Problem
Analysis; Repair Strategy;
N
Location of Tensile cracks in Column

Techniques, R.S. Means

Company, Inc., Kingston

IIT Kharagpur Retrofitting and Rehabilitation of Civil Infrastructure Module A 9

 Slab/Beam-to-Column Joint
Applied Loads
Slab
Cracking
Beam

Column Below

Column

EL
Slab and beam are inclined to fall

PT
from supporting column Plan View

Horizontal Punching Shear Crack Pattern

Forces

N
Shear failure

Diagonal
Shear
Cracks

Emmons, H., Peter. (1994). Concrete Repair and

Location of Shear Cracks in Slab/Beam-to-Column Joints Maintenance Illustrated: Problem Analysis; Repair Strategy;
Techniques, R.S. Means Company, Inc., Kingston

IIT Kharagpur Retrofitting and Rehabilitation of Civil Infrastructure Module A 10

 Post-Tensioned Member

Strands are
Post-
tensioned,
Tensioned
compressing
Frame
the concrete

EL
Elastic
Shortening
takes place

PT
after
stressing
Location of Cracks in
Post-tensioned member

N
Additional
shortening
occurs as a
result of
creep and
drying
shrinkage
Emmons, H., Peter. (1994). Concrete Repair and
Maintenance Illustrated: Problem Analysis; Repair
Strategy; Techniques, R.S. Means Company, Inc.,
Kingston

IIT Kharagpur Retrofitting and Rehabilitation of Civil Infrastructure Module A 11

 Post-Tensioned Member

Direction of Pull
Short
Column

EL
Direction of Pull Shear Cracking

Short Column

PT
N
Cracks generated due to restrained
volume change
Emmons, H., Peter.
(1994). Concrete Repair
and Maintenance
Illustrated: Problem
Analysis; Repair Strategy;
Techniques, R.S. Means
Company, Inc., Kingston

IIT Kharagpur Retrofitting and Rehabilitation of Civil Infrastructure Module A 12

 Cylindrical Member
Crack in
Overburden Loads
Crown of Pipe

EL
PT
N
Crack in
Spring line of
Emmons, H., Peter. Pipe Pipe deforms
(1994). Concrete Repair
and Maintenance
under load
Illustrated: Problem
Analysis; Repair Strategy;
Techniques, R.S. Means
Company, Inc., Kingston Location of Cracks in Embedded Pipe

IIT Kharagpur Retrofitting and Rehabilitation of Civil Infrastructure Module A 13

 Axi-symmetric Member

Fluid
Loading

EL
Tension is
created by Vertical cracks

PT
loading form if horizontal
reinforcement has
excessive stress

N
levels

Emmons, H., Peter. (1994).

Concrete Repair and
Maintenance Illustrated:
Problem Analysis; Repair
Strategy; Techniques, R.S.
Means Company, Inc., Location of vertical Tensile Cracks in Cylindrical tank
Kingston

IIT Kharagpur Retrofitting and Rehabilitation of Civil Infrastructure Module A 14

Summary

Load associated distresses

 Effect of loads on structural components

 Location of cracks on different types of structural members

EL
PT
N
IIT Kharagpur Retrofitting and Rehabilitation of Civil Infrastructure Module A 15
 References

 Neville, A.M. and Brooks, J.J. (2010). Concrete Technology, 2nd Ed., Pearson India Education
Services Pvt. Ltd, Noida

 Dyer, Thomas. (2014). Concrete Durability, CRC Press, Taylor & Francis Group, Florida

 CPWD Handbook (2002). Repair and Rehabilitation of RCC Buildings

EL
 Emmons, H., Peter. (1994). Concrete Repair and Maintenance Illustrated: Problem Analysis;
Repair Strategy; Techniques, R.S. Means Company, Inc., Kingston

PT
 Portland Cement Association (2002). Types and Causes of Concrete Deterioration

N
 International Association of Certified Home Inspectors. (2006)
[[Link]

IIT Kharagpur Retrofitting and Rehabilitation of Civil Infrastructure Module A 16

 THANK YOU

EL
PT
N
IIT Kharagpur Retrofitting and Rehabilitation of Civil Infrastructure Module A 17