ZNOTES.
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UPDATED TO 2023-2025 SYLLABUS
CAIE IGCSE
ISLAMIYAT
SUMMARIZED NOTES ON THE THEORY SYLLABUS
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CAIE IGCSE ISLAMIYAT
1. History and Importance of 1.2. Compilation of Hadith
Hadiths By companions
People were demanding hadiths
1.1. Types of Hadiths Many companions started to spread his hadith
Abu Huraira narrated 5374 hadith
Authentic or Sahih Hadith Abdullah Bin Umar narrated 2630
Anas Bin Malik narrated 2286
Consistency with other authentic hadiths, Quran, Ijma, Hazrat Ayesha narrated 2210
and basic Islamic principles
Alignment with reason, common sense, and natural laws By Successors of Companions
Shouldn’t accuse the Prophet's family or companions Compiled hadiths in journals called Suhuf
No excessive praise for specific individuals or tribes Orally transmitted from teachers to students
No severe punishments for minor offenses Imam Malik Bin Anas and Imam Ahmed Bin Hanibal were
No exaggerated rewards for insignificant deeds main compilers
Non-fabricated reports or admissions of fabrication by
the narrator By Successors of Successors
An unbroken chain of narrators
Narrators should be: Sahih Bukhari of Muhammad Ibn Ismail al Bukhari
Trustworthy Travelled collected 600,000 hadiths
Pious Selected 7397 hadiths as authentic
Knowledgable Divided them into 97 books by subject
Have good memory Added commentary
Of mature age Sahih Muslim of Muslim ibn al Hajjaj
Muslim Student of Imam Bukhari
Mentally stable Divided 12000 authentic hadiths into 54 books by
Direct interaction between narrators and individuals subjects
sharing the hadith Sunan of Abu Daud
Higher qualifications of the narrator increase the Student of Imam Hanibal
authority of hadith Spent 20 years collecting hadiths
Chose 4800 authentic hadiths from 500,000
Approved or Hasan Hadith Jami al Tirmizi of Tirmizi
Student of Imam Bukhari
Similar to Authentic hadith Contains 3950 hadiths
The only difference was that some narrators had Divided by subject with critical reports
defective memory Included Hasan Hadiths
Weak or Zae’ef Hadith Sunan of Nasai contains 5750 hadiths
Sunan of ibn Majah contains 4000 hadiths
If any narrator in the chain was known to be a liar or
have a bad memory Shia compilation of hadiths
If he had not met the person he was supposed to be Al Kafi fi ilm al-din by Muhammad ibn Yaqab
narrating from Man la Yahduruhu al-fiqh by Muhammad Babuya
Fabricated Hadith TahzIib al ahkam by Muhammad al tusi
When a saying or action was attributed to the Prophet 1.3. Collection of Hadiths
that he had not said or done, the hadith was said to be
fabricated.
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CAIE IGCSE ISLAMIYAT
Musnad Hadith and Quran
Hadiths grouped by their second transmitter They are 2nd primary source of Islamic Law
E.g: Musnad of Abu Bakr Ayesha said “Life of Prophet(pbuh) is an example of
Valuable for people who follow a specific person Quran”
Founder was Imam Hanibal It is used when the Quran is silent on a matter, e.g.
Musannaf inheritance given to the grandmother is not
Hadiths grouped by their subject mentioned in the Quran, but comes from Hadith
Eg: Musunnaf of Zakaat In Quran it is not told how to give Zakaat but hadith
Founder was Imam Malik bin Anas says “No charity tax is due on property less than 5
Sahih Sitta follow this technique Uqaiya and no charity tax is due on fewer than 5
camels and no charity tax is due on fewer than 5
1.4. Reliability of Hadith wasq”
Isnad Ijma
Chain of transmitters Used when Quran and Hadith are silent on matter
A perfect isnad starts from a companion It can’t contradict Quran and Hadith
Transmitters should be honest Qiyas
Should have met each other Used when all sources can’t solve a problem
Have good memory Qiyas use a ruling from Quran or Hadith
Of the age that they understand hadith It can’t cancel the teachings of Quran and Hadith
Matn
Context of hadiths
A perfect matn does not contradict Quran 2. Rightly Guided Khalifas
Not against common sense or facts
Not accuse companions or praise a tribe
Not promise high rewards for small deeds and vice 2.1. Caliph Hazrat Abu Bakr
versa
Be in Quraish dialect with no bad words Election
Ansars wanted to be caliph
1.5. Hadiths used in Legal Thinking, and Abu Bakr said to elect a Quraish
its relationship with the Qur’an, Ijma Ansars proposed 2 leaders
Hazrat Umar emphasized that there can only be 1 Ameer
and Qiyas Umar pledged allegiance to Abu Bakr
Later everyone pledged allegiance to him
Chosen as new Khalifa
Expedition to Syria
Prophet(pbuh) had ordered expedition to Syria
Now Madinah was surrounded by hostile tribes
Abu Bakr yet sent the army under Usama Bin Zaid
It was successful
Refusal to pay Zakaat
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CAIE IGCSE ISLAMIYAT
Many tribes refused to pay Zakaat People in Bahrain, Oman, Mahrah, Yemen and
Abu Bakr rejected this Hadramaut apostatized Islam thus Abu Bakr fought
Attacked Muslims when army was in Syria against them and took over
Prevented from entering Madinah Campaign against Persians
When army arrived Abu Bakr attacked them Persians helped apostasy movement
The tribes lost In 633 an army under Khalid bin Waleed went to
Persians who chose to fought
Apostasy Movement against false prophets In battle of chains Persians linked themselves with
chains for unity but it resulted in Muslims winning as
Aswad Ansi they couldn’t fight or retreat
Arose in Yemen Persians went to Mazar where muslims won
Hid his face by a veil They went to Walaja where Muslims again won
Killed by Persian Muslim Firoze Went to Ullies where Muslims won
Tulhaya Fled to Hira which was also captured
Leader of Banu Asad and Ghaftan Went to Anbar where the governor surrendered
Khalid Bin Waleed fought him in 630 AD En at tamer was also captured
Fled to Syria where he accepted Islam later Campaign against Byzantines
Musailma In 634 AD 7000 men gathered to fight the Byzantines
From Banu Hanifa in Yamama who were plotting against Muslims
Used to copy Prophet(pbuh) They were divided into 4 corps under Shurahbil, Abu
Distorted teachings of Quran Ubaida, Amr bin Aas and Yazeed
Prophet(pbuh) called him an arch liar To secure front Khalid Bin Walid took over Syria
Killed in Battle of Yamama by Muslims Then went to Basra with Shurahbil and Abu Ubaida.
Sajjah Romanus the leader accepted Islam so Byzantines
Arab Christian women from Banu Tamim locked themselves. Romanus let Muslims in and
Married to Musailma Basra was captured
After his death fled to Iraq and accepted Islam Byzantines gathered at Ajnadien. 40,000 Muslims
went there and won
Battle of Yamama Marched to Damascus but retreated as Hazrat Abu
Bakr had died
Against musailma Hazrat Abu Bakr died in 13 AH because of illness
Sent Ikrimah and told him to wait for Shurahbil
Ikrimah fought and was defeated Administration
Shurahbil was told to stay but he fought and was
defeated Divided empire into province
Khalid Bin Walid came and fought Each province had a governor who would lead prayer
Had to retreat administer justice and maintained law
While front ranks fought Khalid attacked Musailma’s Governor had an Amil who would collect taxes
camp Officials were selected on merit
They fortified themselves in a garden Strict standard for accounting of public money
Muslims climbed and fight started Non-Muslims were given freedom
Musailma was killed by killer of Hazrat Hamza Each matter was handled according to Sharia
Many Hafiz died resulting in compilation of Quran
Expansion of Islamic Empire
2.2. Caliph Hazrat Umar
Election
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CAIE IGCSE ISLAMIYAT
Nominated by Abu Bakr and everyone accepted Persians were planning an attack
So muslims marched to them at Nahwand
Wars with Persians Persians fortified in trenches
To get them out Nauman the commander ordered the
Rustom was sent by Persians to take revenge, Battle of cavalry to attack and then at night the rest of army would
Namraq took place and Muslims won attack
Nauman died but Muslims continued
Battle of Jasr Dark led Persians to their own death
Persians under Bahman went to take revenge The town surrendered
Euphrated laid between the 2 armies
Abu Ubaid decided to cross the river Wars with Byzantines
Horses went out of control as they had never seen
Muslims went to Damascus and took over
Persian Elephants
Ordered to cut howdahs to kill Persians Battle of Fihl
Elephants trampled so Muslim commanders died one by Maaz Bin Jabal was sent with 3 options for Persians
one and they chose to fought
Bridge was also cut so Musana ordered to build the Khalid Bin Waleed drew the forces in and then
launched an offensive thus Muslims won
bridge thus they retreated
6000 Muslims died Battle of Yurmuk
Heraculis ordered an attack on Muslims
Battle of Buwaib Muslims gave 3 options which were rejected
Battle started and Khalid Bin Waleed lured
Muslims sent to fight the Persians, who were under the Byzantines to rough terrain
rule of Mehran A storm also blew on them so they ran away
Persians were told to cross the river this time Fall of Jerusalem
Jarir ibn Abdullah killed Mehran, so the Persians lost Fortified as sacred to Jews and Christian
hope Seige was laid but citizens surrendered on condition
Muslims captured the bridge after the Persians fled that Hazrat Umar should come
The entire Persian army was defeated, with many Hazrat Umar walked in while walking camel
Persians dying People said “Islam has exalted all religions”
A treaty was signed
Battle of Qadsiya
Conquest of Egypt
Muslims camped at Qadsiya Amr Bin Aas started to conquer towns of Egypt
King was invited to Islam but he disrespected Fustat surrendered after 7 month of siege
Stand-off of 3 months lasted King sent army to Alexandria and s siege started
Rustum attacked while Saad led from bed Heraclius died so Muslims intensified their attack and
3
rd
day Rustum was killed and Persians retreated Alexandria was conquered
Battle of Jalula Martyrdom
Persian King took refuge in fortified Jalula
Muslims laid a siege for 7 months
Persians launched an offensive
Muslim commander Qaka pulled back
A storm blew on Persians and they ran away
Jalula was captured
Battle of Nahwand
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CAIE IGCSE ISLAMIYAT
Firoz a Persian slave complained to Hazrat Umar about Causes of revolt against Hazrat Usman
his a lot of taxes
His tax was 2 dirhams per diem People took advantage of his soft nature
Umar said the amount was okay as he worked as a Hypocrite Jews under Abdullah bin Saba rose and caused
carpenter, painter and ironsmith rift among Hazrat Ali and Usman. He was exiled to Egypt
Firoz struck Umar with a dagger while he was leading where he rose to fame
morning prayer Rivalry between Arabs and Non-Arabs increased as Arabs
The wound was Fatal and he died in Dhul Hajjah 23 AH started to settle in their territories
Prophet (pbuh) was a Hashemite while Usman was an
Administration Umayyad so Hashemite could not tolerate him
Made Majlis-e-shura consisting of eminent companions. Charges against Hazrat Usman
It was always consulted
Judiciary was made and Qazis were introduced He had appointed inefficient relatives as governors. But
Each province was placed under a wali who was the his relatives were appointed only in 4 provinces. 1 of
military and religious head those was appointed by Hazrat Umar and the other 2
Provinces divided into districts placed under amils were appointed in public interest.
Call them to Hajj and heard their complaints He did not exercise control over his companions but he
Received secret reports on officers just trusted them and gave them liberty
Officials would send particulars of their property to He had burnt the copies of Quran but the copies with
check if they are corrupt or not wrong dialect of Quran were only burnt
Established department of education, jails, police and He had lost the ring of Prophet (pbuh) intentionally but
finance. in reality it was lost while he was directing a construction
New taxes were introduced He has changed the structure of Masjid-e-Nabawi but he
Surplus was distributed among Muslims just expanded it
Civilian were not allowed in cantonments
Arabs not allowed to buy property in territories Rebellion and death
Non-Muslims were given freedom and old, poor and
disabled were exempted from paying Jizya In 656 AD some protesters entered Madinah
Introduced pension Hazrat Ali acted as an intermediary and advised Hazrat
Built towns and roads Usman to remove Abdullah and post Amr
The protesters wanted Muhammad bin Abu Bakr as their
2.3. Caliph Hazrat Usman governor
Their wish was fulfilled
Election On their way back they found a slave with a letter by
Usman ordering to kill some people
Hazrat Umar nominated Hazrat Ali, Hazrat Usman, They went back and Hazrat Ali agreed to arbitrate
Zubair, Talha, Saad bin abi Waqas and Abdur Rehman Hazrat Usman agreed that it was his slave but rejected
bin Auf for Caliph that he sent the letter
Abdur Rahman rejected it and Talha was not here They besieged his house
Decided that Abdur Rahman would choose He refused to fight and shed Muslim blood
Saad supporter Usman, Zubair supported Ali and Usman After 50 days some rebels went in their house and struck
while Usman and Ali supported each other a sword in his forehead
Abdur Rehman consulted other people and Hazrat His blood dropped on Surah Baqrah verse 137
Usman was chosen as Khalifa His wife lost her fingers saving him
Declared Khalifa on 4th Muharram 24 AH He died on 18th Dhul Hijjah 35 AH
Administration
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CAIE IGCSE ISLAMIYAT
Followed steps of first 2 Khalifas Umayyads in Syria under Muawiya were asking to avenge
Held conferences with Walis and Ameers to hear their midst of Hazrat Usman
complaints People in Makkah also joined
Allowed Arabs to buy land in territories Hazrat Ali rejected to punish the assassins as he had no
Cantonments were extended evidence or peace in Empire
Canals and dams were built Talha and Zubair seeing this approached Hazrat Ayesha
Increased allowance of people by 25% and they raised an army against Hazrat Ali
Both armies met at Basra
2.4. Caliph Hazrat Ali Hazrat Ali sent a message to Hazrat Ayesha explaining
his reasons
Election They both negotiated
Hypocrites from both sides started the battle
After 4 days the rebels decided to leave Talha and Zubair were killed
Before leaving they offered the office of Khalifa to Hazrat Hazrat Ayesha’s camel was brought down thus the battle
Ali who rejected it was stopped and she was escorted back by Muhammad
Then they offered to ansars who also rejected and Talha bin Abu Bakr
and Zubair did the same
They gave an ultimatum Battle of Siffin
Muslims assembled and leader of Egyptians said they
Syria under Muawiya didn’t allege to Hazrat Ali
wanted a brave, pious and close companion of
Propeht(pbuh) as Khalifa Muawiya displayed blood-stained clothes of Hazrat
Hazrat Ali only this criteria so he took over the office on Usman in mosques
He even accused Hazrat Ali of being an accomplice in this
25th Dhul Hijjah 35 AH
murder
Change of Governors He displayed Talha and Zubair as Martyrs
Soon this propaganda took over Iraq and Iran
Suhail Bin Hanif was appointed in Syria, Saad bin Ubadah Hazrat Ali wrote to Muawiya asking him to allege to him
in Egypt, Ummara Bin Sahab in Kufa, Usama bin Hanif in or face war
Basra and Abdullah bin Abbas in Yemen Muawiya asked to avenge the death of Hazrat Usman
However Muawiya, governor of Syria refused to step Thus both armies met at Siffin
down. Muawiya was losing so he ordered his first rank to fasten
Quran to their lances
Battle of Camel Hazrat Ali ordered his army to not fall into this trap but
they refused
The matter was taken to arbitration
Kharijites
These people were involved in revolt against Hazrat
Usman and his murder
They fought with Hazrat Ali at Siffin but responded to
Muawiyas call
On way back they insisted Hazrat Ali to attack when he
refused 12000 men distanced
These people believed in killing unbelievers and
recognized first 2 khalifas only
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CAIE IGCSE ISLAMIYAT
Arbitration
Abu Musa Ashari represented Hazrat Ali while Amr Bin
Aas was from Muawaiya’s side
They agreed that both should be deposed
But Amr bin Aas player foul and only agreed with Hazrat
Ali to be deposed
Thus everyone prepared for a second war
Battle of Nahrawan
On his way to attack Muawiya Hazrat Ali went to
Nahrawan to deal with Kharijites
All kharijites were killed except a few who escaped
Fall of Egypt
Hazrat Ali wanted to move against Muawiya but his
forces deserted him
In meantime, Muawiya ordered Amr bin Aas to conquer
Egypt
Decided that Muawiya would rule over Syria and Egypt
while Hazart Ali over rest of empire
Martyrdom
Kharijites decided to kill Hazrat Ali
Abdur Rehman ibn Muljim was selected On 18th
Ramadan 40 AH Muljim attacked Hazrat Ali with a
poisonous sword while he was leading morning prayer in
Kufa
He died on 21st Ramadan
His son Hasan killed Muljim next day
Administration
Followed first 3 Khalifas
The capital was moved to Kufa
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CAIE IGCSE
Islamiyat
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