CSM 153 Circuit Theory

Direct Circuit Analysis

Akwasi Acheampong Aning

KNUST, GHANA

March 12, 2022

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Outline I

1 Unit Two
Ohm’s and Kirchoff’s laws
Series and Parallel Circuits
Methods of Analysis
Circuit Theory Direct Circuit Analysis

UNIT TWO
Direct Circuit Analysis
Ohm’s and Kirchoff’s laws
Series and Parallel Circuits
Methods of Analysis

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Circuit Theory Direct Circuit Analysis

Ohm’s Law

Electric current flowing through a metallic conductor or wire is

directly proportional to the potential difference applied, provided
temperature and other physical factors remain constant. (i.e.
V ∝ I). Thus mathematical statement of the law is written as:

V = IR (1)
where R is a constant defining resistance of the wire
A conducting material obeys Ohm’s law when the resistivity of
the material is independent of the magnitude and direction of the
applied electric field.
A conducting device obeys Ohm’s law when the resistance of the
device is independent of the magnitude and polarity of the
applied potential difference.
Circuit Theory Direct Circuit Analysis

Ohm’s Law

All homogeneous materials (conductors, pure semiconductors or

impure semiconductors) obey Ohm’s law within some range of
values of the electric field.
There are departures from Ohm’s law in all cases if the electric
field is too strong.
A conductor whose function in a circuit is to provide a specific
resistance R is called a resistor.
Resistor is a conductor with a specified resistance, which
remains the same no matter what the magnitude and direction
(polarity) of the applied potential difference may be.
The resistance of a device is independent of the magnitude and
polarity of the potential difference

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Circuit Theory Direct Circuit Analysis

Circuits: Series Circuit

Two elements are said to be in series if they are connected at a
single point and if there are no other current-carrying
connections at this point
The current I is the same in all parts of the circuit and hence the
same reading is found on each of the two ammeters in the circuit
The sum of the voltages V1 , V2 and V3 is equal to the total
applied voltage V
Circuit Theory Direct Circuit Analysis

Circuits: Series Circuit

From Ohm’s law, V1 = IR1 , V2 = IR2 , V3 = IR3 and V = IR

where R is the total resistance

V = V1 + V2 + V3 (2)

then IR = IR1 + IR2 + IR3

dividing through by I gives:

R = R1 + R2 + R3 (3)
Thus for a series circuit, the total resistance is obtained by
adding together the values of the separate resistances

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Circuit Theory Direct Circuit Analysis

Circuits: Parallel Circuit

The Structure of the Atom

Elements or branches are said to

be in a parallel connection when
they have exactly two nodes in
common. Additionally, these
parallel elements or branches will
have the same voltage across
them.
The sum of the currents I1 , I2 and
I3 is equal to the current I
The source potential difference
(pd) is the same across each of
the resistors

method

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Circuit Theory Direct Circuit Analysis
Circuits: Parallel Circuit

V V V V
From Ohm’s law, I1 = , I2 = , I3 = and I =
R1 R2 R3 R
where R is the total resistance

I = I1 + I2 + I3 (4)
V V V V
then = + +
R R1 R2 R3
dividing through by V gives:
1 1 1 1
= + + (5)
R R1 R2 R3
This the total resistance is for a parallel circuit
For a special case of 2 resistors in parallel,
1 1 1 R2 R1
= + = (6)
R R1 R2 R1 + R2
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Circuit Theory Direct Circuit Analysis
Circuits: Kirchoff’s Laws

Node: A point at which two or more elements have a common

connection
Branch: A single path in a network composed of one simple
element and the node at each end of that element
Loop: A simple closed path in a circuit in which no circuit
element or node is encountered more than once
Electrical network is usually regarded to be a complicated
(complex) system of electrical conductors.
In dealing with such networks the Ohm’s law was extended to the
networks by a German physicist Gustav R. Kirchhoff (1847) in
the form of two laws.
However, it must be emphasized that:
The laws enabled the current in any part of an electrical network
to be calculated.
All circuits can be solved by Kirchhoff’s laws because they do not
depend on series or parallel connection of resistors/conductors.
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Circuit Theory Direct Circuit Analysis
Circuits: Kirchoff’s Laws

The total current flowing into a junction in a

circuit (electrical network) is equal to the total
current flowing out of (leaving) the junction
The algebraic sum of currents directed in and
out at a junction of a circuit must be zero i.e.
I1 + I2 + I3 = 0 Therefore, the first law is a statement
of the conservation of charge for a
The first law applies to any point or junction in
steady flow of charge or current.
an electrical network. If currents flowing in and
out of the junction flows for a time t seconds, This is because charge is neither
then we have created nor destroyed, but can be
I1 t = I2 t + I3 t ⇒ Q1 = Q2 + Q3 transferred from one point to another.
The law is often put in the form: The
ΣQin = ΣQout (7)
algebraic sum of currents directed in
This is Kirchoff’s 1st Law and out at a junction of a circuit must
be zero, ΣI = 0
This means total charge flowing to the junction
is equal to total charge flowing out of it. Round a closed loop (path) the
algebraic sum of the emfs is equal to
This implies there is neither a build up the algebraic sum of the voltage (pd)
(accumulation or pile up) nor a depletion of drops, ΣE = ΣIR
charge at a junction. This is Kirchoff’s 2nd Law
Circuit Theory Direct Circuit Analysis
Circuits: Voltage and Current Divider Theorems

Voltage Divider Theorem Current Divider Theorem

The current in a branch of a parallel

circuit is equal to the current entering
The voltage across a part of a series circuit is the circuit multiplied by the equivalent
equal to the resistance of the part multiplied resistance of the branches divided by
by the total voltage and divided by the the resistance in the branch
equivalent resistance
Current division allows us to calculate
Voltage division allows us to calculate what what fraction of the total current into a
fraction of the total voltage across a series parallel string of resistors flows
string of resistors is dropped across any one through any one of the resistors
resistor (or group of resistors)
Req
Vx = V
Rx
(8)
I x = IT (9)
Req Rx
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Circuit Theory Direct Circuit Analysis
Circuits: Circuits: Voltage and Current Divider Theorems

Calculate the voltage ν x and the current through the 3Ω resistor

Solution:
2
ν x = 12 sin t = 4 sin t V (voltage divider theorem)
4+2
The total current in the circuit is:
12 sin t 12 sin t
it (t) = = = 2sint A
4 + 3||6 4+2
2 4
i3 (t) = 2 sin t = sin t A (current divider theorem)
3 3
Circuit Theory Direct Circuit Analysis
Circuits: Nodal and Mesh Analysis
Mesh Analysis Nodal Analysis
In mesh analysis, the values of the In nodal analysis, the values of the independent
independent current variables are voltage variables are determined. The steps in
determined. Steps in establishing nodal analysis are as follows:
equilibrium equations for the mesh analysis Select an appropriate number of independent
of a circuit and finding the solution are as voltage variables
follows:
Express the dependent voltage variables, by
Select an appropriate number of applying KVL around the loops, in terms of
independent current variables and independent voltage variables
the directions of current flow
Apply KCL at the selected nodes to set up a
Express the dependent current set of simultaneous equations
variables, by applying KCL at nodes,
in terms of independent current Solve for the independent voltages and find
variables the voltages at all the nodes
Apply KVL around the selected loops Select the node connected to the maximum
to set up a set of simultaneous number of elements and sources as the
equations ground node. A ground node acts as a
reference for voltage levels at various points in
Solve for the independent currents the circuit. The voltage at the ground node is
and find the currents in all the assumed to be zero.
branches
Circuit Theory Direct Circuit Analysis
Circuits: Nodal and Mesh Analysis

Mesh Analysis

Mesh Analysis
For mesh 1:
−42 + 6i + 3(i1 − i2 ) = 0
1 Find the current in each resistor
For mesh 2:
Find the voltage across each resistor
2
−10 + 3(i2 − i1 ) + 4i2 = 0
Solution
i1 = 6 A; i2 = 4 A;
current through 3Ω is i1 − i2 = 2 A;

method
Circuit Theory Direct Circuit Analysis

Circuits: Nodal and Mesh Analysis

Mesh Analysis Mesh Analysis

For mesh 1:
−100 + 8i + 4(i1 − i2 ) = 0 ⇒
12i1 − 4i2 = 100 ......... (1)
For mesh 2:
1 Determine i x 4(i2 − i1 ) + 2i2 + 3(i2 − i3 ) = 0 ⇒
Solution
−4i1 + 9i2 − 3i3 = 0 ......... (2)
For mesh 3:
3(i3 − i2 ) + 10(i3 + 8) + 5i3 = 0 ⇒
−3i2 + 18i3 = −80 ......... (3)
solving eqns 1, 2 and 3
simultaneously we have
i x = i2 = 2.79 A

method

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Circuit Theory Direct Circuit Analysis

Circuits: Nodal and Mesh Analysis

Mesh Analysis Mesh Analysis

Let’s write eqns 1, 2 and 3 in matrix form

 7 −5 0  I1  −25

    
A = −5 19 −4 I2  =  25 

     
0 −4 6 I3 50
1 Find the mesh currents I1 , I2 and I3 The determinant of the coefficient matrix is
7 −5 0
Solution For mesh 1: det A = −5 19 −4 = 536
2I1 + 5(I1 − I2 ) = −25 ⇒ 7I1 − 5I2 = −25 0 −4 6
......... (1)
For mesh 2: From Cramer’s rule,
10I2 + 4(I2 − I3 ) + 5(I2 − I1 ) = 25 ⇒
−5I1 + 19I2 − 4I3 = 25 ......... (2) −25 −5 0 7 −5 0
For mesh 3: det I1 = 25 19 −4 ÷ −5 19 −4
2I3 + 4(I3 − I2 ) = 50 ⇒ −4I2 + 6I3 = 50 50 −4 6 0 −4 6
......... (3) I1 = −700 ÷ 536 = −1.31 A

method
Circuit Theory Direct Circuit Analysis

Circuits: Circuits: Nodal and Mesh Analysis

Solution Cont:

7 −25 0 7 −5 0
det I2 = −5 25 −4 ÷ −5 19 −4
0 50 6 0 −4 6
I2 = 1700 ÷ 536 = 3.17 A

7 −5 −25 7 −5 0
det I1 = −5 19 25 ÷ −5 19 −4
0 −4 50 0 −4 6
I3 = 5600 ÷ 536 = 10.45 A
Circuit Theory Direct Circuit Analysis

Circuits: Nodal and Mesh Analysis

Use the mesh analysis to find the

Use the mesh analysis to find
loop currents
the currents in R1 , R3 and R5

method

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Circuit Theory Direct Circuit Analysis

Circuits: Circuits: Cramer’s Rule

Circuit Theory Direct Circuit Analysis
Circuits: Nodal and Mesh Analysis

Nodal Analysis
Nodal Analysis
Applying KCL to nodes 1 and 2,
the total current leaving the node
through the several resistors is
equal to the total source current
entering the node
1 Determine the voltage across the 5 Ω For node 1:
ν1 ν1 − ν2
resistor + = 3.1 ⇒
2 5
Solution 0.7ν1 − 0.2ν2 = 3.1 ...................(i)
For node 2:
ν2 ν2 − ν1
+ = −(−1.4) ⇒
1 5
−0.2ν1 + 1.2ν2 = 1.4 ...............(ii)
solving (i) and (ii) gives ν1 = 5 V
and ν2 = 2 V
and the voltage across the 5 Ω
resistor is 3 V
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Circuit Theory Direct Circuit Analysis
Circuits: Nodal and Mesh Analysis

Nodal Analysis
Nodal Analysis
Applying KCL to nodes 1 and 2, the
total current leaving the node through
the several resistors is equal to the
total source current entering the node
For node 1:
ν1 ν1 − ν2
+ =2
10 15
⇒ 5ν1 − 2ν2 = 60 ...................(i)
1 Determine the voltage across the 5 Ω For node 2:
ν2 ν2 − ν1
resistor + = 4 ⇒ −ν1 + 4ν2 = 60
5 15
Solution ...............(ii) solving (i) and (ii) gives
ν1 = 20 V and ν2 = 20 V
and the voltage across the 15 Ω
resistor is:
ν1 − ν2 = 0
No current flows through the 15 Ω
resistor
Circuit Theory Direct Circuit Analysis
Circuits: Nodal and Mesh Analysis

Nodal Analysis
Nodal Analysis
R1 = 3 kΩ; R2 = R3 = 6 kΩ; R4 = 2 kΩ; R5 = 1
kΩ; I s1 = 12 mA; I s2 = 2 mA
For V1 :
V1 V1 − V2
+ + I s2 = I s1 ......(i)
1 Use nodal analysis to find V1 and Vo R1 R2
For V2 :
V2 V2 − V1 V2 − V0
Solution + + = I s2 ......(ii)
R3 R2 R4
For V0 :
V0 − V2 V0
+ =0
R4 R5
V2 − V0 V0
= ......(iii)
R4 R5
solving (i), (ii) and (iii) gives V0 = 2.91 V and
V1 = 22.90 V

method
Circuit Theory Direct Circuit Analysis

Circuits: Nodal and Mesh Analysis

Nodal Analysis
Nodal Analysis
R1 = 3 kΩ; R2 = 6 kΩ; R3 = R4 = R5 = 2 kΩ
For V1 :
V1 = 9 V ......(i)
1 Use nodal analysis to find I0 For V2 :
V2 V2 − V1 V2 − V3
Solution + + = 0 ......(ii)
R2 R1 R3
For V0 :
V3 V3 − V2 V3
+ + = 0 ......(iii)
R4 R3 R5
solving (i), (ii) and (iii) gives V3 = 1.2 V and
V3
I0 = = 0.6 mA
R5

method
Circuit Theory Direct Circuit Analysis

Circuits: Nodal and Mesh Analysis

Use the nodal analysis to find I0

Use the nodal analysis to find V0

Use the nodal analysis to find V0 Use the nodal analysis to find V0

method

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