1

Physics and Measurement

CHAPTER OUTLINE ANSWERS TO QUESTIONS

1.1 Standards of Length, Mass, and
Time
1.2 Matter and Model-Building
* An asterisk indicates an item new to this edition.
1.3 Dimensional Analysis
1.4 Conversion of Units
1.5 Estimates and Order-of-
Q1.1 Density varies with temperature and pressure. It would
Magnitude Calculations be necessary to measure both mass and volume very
1.6 Significant Figures accurately in order to use the density of water as a
standard.

Q1.2 (a) 0.3 millimeters (b) 50 microseconds

(c) 7.2 kilograms

*Q1.3 The answer is yes for (a), (c), and (f ). You cannot add or
subtract a number of apples and a number of jokes. The
answer is no for (b), (d), and (e). Consider the gauge of a
sausage, 4 kg2 m, or the volume of a cube, (2 m)3. Thus
we have (a) yes (b) no (c) yes (d) no (e) no (f ) yes

Q1.4 No: A dimensionally correct equation need not be true. Example: 1 chimpanzee = 2 chimpanzee
is dimensionally correct.
Yes: If an equation is not dimensionally correct, it cannot be correct.

*Q1.5 The meterstick measurement, (a), and (b) can all be 4.31 cm. The meterstick measurement and
(c) can both be 4.24 cm. Only (d) does not overlap. Thus (a) (b) and (c) all agree with the
meterstick measurement.

*Q1.6 41 € ≈ 41 € (1 L1.3 €)(1 qt1 L)(1 gal4 qt) ≈ (101.3) gal ≈ 8 gallons, answer (c)

SOLUTIONS TO PROBLEMS

Section 1.1 Standards of Length, Mass, and Time

Modeling the Earth as a sphere, we find its volume as π r 3 = π ( 6.37 × 10 6 m ) = 1.08 × 10 21 m 3.

4 4 3
P1.1
3 3
m 5.98 × 10 24 kg
Its density is then ρ = = = 5.52 × 10 3 kg m 3 . This value is intermediate
V 1.08 × 10 21 m 3
between the tabulated densities of aluminum and iron. Typical rocks have densities around 2 000
to 3 000 kgm3. The average density of the Earth is significantly higher, so higher-density material
must be down below the surface.

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 2 Chapter 1

m
P1.2 With V = ( base area ) ( height ) V = (π r 2 ) h and ρ = , we have
V

m 1 kg ⎛ 10 9 mm 3 ⎞
ρ= =
π r 2 h π (19.5 mm ) ( 39.0 mm ) ⎜⎝ 1 m 3 ⎟⎠
2

ρ = 2.15 × 10 4 kg m 3 .

m
P1.3 Let V represent the volume of the model, the same in ρ = for both. Then ρiron = 9.35 kg V
V
mgold ρgold mgold ⎛ 19.3 × 10 3 kg/m 3 ⎞
and ρgold = . Next, = and mgold = 9.35 kg ⎜ = 23.0 kg .
V ρiron 9.35 kg ⎝ 7.86 × 10 3 kg/m 3 ⎟⎠

*P1.4 ρ = m / V and V = (4 / 3)π r 3 = (4 / 3)π (d / 2)3 = π d 3 / 6 where d is the diameter.

6(1.67 × 10 −27 kg)
Then ρ = 6 m / π d 3 = = 2.3 × 1017 kg/m 3
π (2.4 × 10 −15 m)3

2.3 × 1017 kg/m 3 /(11.3 × 10 3 kg/m 3 ) = it is 20 × 1012 times the density of lead .

4 3 4
P1.5 For either sphere the volume is V = π r and the mass is m = ρV = ρ π r 3. We divide
3 3
this equation for the larger sphere by the same equation for the smaller:
mᐉ ρ 4π rᐉ3 3 rᐉ3
= = = 5.
ms ρ 4π rs3 3 rs3

Then rᐉ = rs 3 5 = 4.50 cm (1.71) = 7.69 cm .

Section 1.2 Matter and Model-Building

P1.6 From the figure, we may see that the spacing between diagonal planes is half the distance
between diagonally adjacent atoms on a flat plane. This diagonal distance may be obtained from
the Pythagorean theorem, Ldiag = L2 + L2 . Thus, since the atoms are separated by a distance
1 2
L = 0.200 nm, the diagonal planes are separated by L + L2 = 0.141 nm .
2

Section 1.3 Dimensional Analysis

P1.7 (a) This is incorrect since the units of [ ax ] are m 2 s 2 , while the units of [ v ] are m s .

This is correct since the units of [ y ] are m, and cos ( kx ) is dimensionless if [ k ] is in m .

−1
(b)

P1.8 (a) Circumference has dimensions of L.

(b) Volume has dimensions of L3 .

(c) Area has dimensions of L2 .

Expression (i) has dimension L ( L2 )
1/ 2
= L2 , so this must be area (c).
Expression (ii) has dimension L, so it is (a).
Expression (iii) has dimension L ( L2 ) = L3, so it is (b). Thus, (a) = ii; (b) = iii; (c) = i .

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 Physics and Measurement 3

P1.9 Inserting the proper units for everything except G,

⎡ kg m ⎤ = G [ kg ] .
2

⎢⎣ s 2 ⎥⎦ [ m ]2
Multiply both sides by [ m ]2 and divide by [ kg ] ; the units of G are
2 m3 .
kg ⋅ s 2

Section 1.4 Conversion of Units

P1.10 Apply the following conversion factors:

1 in = 2.54 cm, 1 d = 86 400 s, 100 cm = 1 m, and 10 9 nm = 1 m

⎛ 1 in day⎞ ( 2.54 cm in ) (10 m cm ) (10 nm m ) = 9.19 nm s .

−2 9

⎝ 32 ⎠ 86 400 s day
This means the proteins are assembled at a rate of many layers of atoms each second!

P1.11 Conceptualize: We must calculate the area and convert units. Since a meter is about 3 feet, we
( )( )
should expect the area to be about A ≈ 30 m 50 m = 1500 m 2 .

Categorize: We model the lot as a perfect rectangle to use Area = Length × Width. Use the
conversion:1 m = 3.281 ft.

Analyze: A = LW = (100 ft ) ⎛ (150 ft ) ⎛

1m ⎞ 1m ⎞
= 1 390 m 2 = 1.39 × 10 3 m 2 .
⎝ 3.281 ft ⎠ ⎝ 3.281 ft ⎠
Finalize: Our calculated result agrees reasonably well with our initial estimate and has the proper
units of m 2. Unit conversion is a common technique that is applied to many problems.

P1.12 (a) V = ( 40.0 m ) ( 20.0 m ) (12.0 m ) = 9.60 × 10 3 m 3

V = 9.60 × 10 3 m 3 ( 3.28 ft 1 m ) = 3.39 × 10 5 ft 3

3

(b) The mass of the air is

m = ρairV = (1.20 kg m 3 ) ( 9.60 × 10 3 m 3 ) = 1.15 × 10 4 kg.

The student must look up weight in the index to find

Fg = mg = (1.15 × 10 4 kg ) ( 9.80 m s 2 ) = 1.13 × 10 5 N .

Converting to pounds,

Fg = (1.13 × 10 5 N ) (1 lb 4.45 N ) = 2.54 × 10 4 lb .

*P1.13 The area of the four walls is (3.6 + 3.8 + 3.6 + 3.8)m (2.5 m) = 37 m2. Each sheet in the book
has area (0.21 m) (0.28 m) = 0.059 m2. The number of sheets required for wallpaper is
37 m20.059 m2 = 629 sheets = 629 sheets(2 pages1 sheet) = 1260 pages.
The pages from volume one are inadequate, but the full version has enough pages.

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 4 Chapter 1

P1.14 (a) Seven minutes is 420 seconds, so the rate is

30.0 gal
r= = 7.14 × 10 −2 gal s .
420 s
(b) Converting gallons first to liters, then to m 3,
⎛ 3.786 L ⎞ ⎛ 10 −3 m 3 ⎞
r = ( 7.14 × 10 −2 gal s ) ⎜
⎝ 1 gal ⎟⎠ ⎜⎝ 1 L ⎟⎠
r = 2.70 × 10 −4 m 3 s .
(c) At that rate, to fill a 1-m 3 tank would take
⎛ 1 m3 ⎞⎛ 1h ⎞
t=⎜ = 1.03 h .
⎝ 2.70 × 10 m s ⎟⎠ ⎜⎝ 3 600 ⎟⎠
−4 3

P1.15 From Table 14.1, the density of lead is 1.13 × 10 4 kg m 3 , so we should expect our calculated
value to be close to this number. This density value tells us that lead is about 11 times denser than
water, which agrees with our experience that lead sinks.
m
Density is defined as mass per volume, in ρ = . We must convert to SI units in the calculation.
V
3
23.94 g ⎛ 1 kg ⎞ ⎛ 100 cm ⎞ 23.94 g ⎛ 1 kg ⎞ ⎛ 1 000 000 cm 3 ⎞
ρ= 3⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟ = 3⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟ = 1.14 × 10 4 kg m 3
2.10 cm ⎝ 1000 g ⎠⎝ 1 m ⎠ 2.10 cm ⎝ 1000 g ⎠⎝ 1m 3
⎠
At one step in the calculation, we note that one million cubic centimeters make one cubic meter.
Our result is indeed close to the expected value. Since the last reported significant digit is not
certain, the difference in the two values is probably due to measurement uncertainty and should
not be a concern. One important common-sense check on density values is that objects which sink
in water must have a density greater than 1 g cm 3, and objects that float must be less dense than
water.

ton ⎛ 2 000 lb ⎞ ⎛ 1 h ⎞ ⎛ 1 min ⎞

P1.16 The weight flow rate is 1 200 = 667 lb s .
h ⎝ ton ⎠ ⎝ 60 min ⎠ ⎝ 60 s ⎠

P1.17 (a) ⎛ 8 × 1012 $ ⎞ ⎛ 1 h ⎞ ⎛ 1 day ⎞ ⎛ 1 yr ⎞

⎜⎝ 1 000 $ s ⎟⎠ ⎜⎝ 3 600 s ⎟⎠ ⎝ 24 h ⎠ ⎜⎝ 365 days ⎟⎠ = 250 years

(b) The circumference of the Earth at the equator is 2π ( 6.378 × 10 3 m ) = 4.01 × 10 7 m. The
length of one dollar bill is 0.155 m so that the length of 8 trillion bills is 1.24 × 1012 m.
Thus, the 8 trillion dollars would encircle the Earth
1.24 × 1012 m
= 3.09 × 10 4 times .
4.01 × 10 7 m

⎡(13.0 acres ) ( 43 560 ft 2 acre ) ⎤⎦

Bh = ⎣
1 D
P1.18 V= ( 481 ft )
3 3
= 9.08 × 10 7 ft 3 ,
*
or
⎛ 2.83 × 10 −2 m 3 ⎞
V = ( 9.08 × 10 7 ft 3 ) ⎜ ⎟⎠
FIG. P1.18
⎝ 1 ft 3
= 2.57 × 10 6 m 3

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 Physics and Measurement 5

P1.19 Fg = ( 2.50 tons block ) ( 2.00 × 10 6 blocks ) ( 2 000 lb ton ) = 1.00 × 1010 lbs
⎛d ⎞
dnucleus, scale = dnucleus, real ⎜ atom, scale ⎟ = ( 2.40 × 10 −15 m ) ⎛ ⎞ = 6.79 × 10 −3 ft , or
300 ft
P1.20 (a)
⎝ datom, real ⎠ ⎝ 1.06 × 10 −10 m ⎠

dnucleus, scale = ( 6.79 × 10 −3 ft ) ( 304.8 mm 1 ft ) = 2.07 mm

3 3 3
(b) Vatom 4π ratom
3
/ 3 ⎛ ratom ⎞ ⎛ datom ⎞ ⎛ 1.06 × 10 −10 m ⎞
= =⎜ = = ⎜⎝ 2.40 × 10 −15 m ⎟⎠
Vnucleus 4π rnucleus / 3 ⎝ rnucleus ⎟⎠
3 ⎜⎝ d ⎟
nucleus ⎠

= 8.62 × 1013 times as large

V 3.78 × 10 −3 m 3
P1.21 V = At so t = = = 1.51 × 10 −4 m ( or 151 μ m )
A 25.0 m 2
⎛ ( 6.37 × 10 6 m ) (100 cm m ) ⎞
2 2

P1.22 (a) AEarth 4π rEarth

2
⎛r ⎞
= = ⎜ Earth ⎟ = ⎜ ⎟ = 13.4
AMoon 4π rMoon ⎝ rMoon ⎠
2
⎝ 1.74 × 108 cm ⎠
⎛ ( 6.37 × 10 6 m ) (100 cm m ) ⎞
3 3

(b) VEarth 4π rEarth

3
/ 3 ⎛ rEarth ⎞
= =⎜ = ⎜ ⎟ = 49.1
VMoon 4π rMoon / 3 ⎝ rMoon ⎟⎠
3
⎝ 1.74 × 108 cm ⎠

P1.23 To balance, mFe = mAl or ρFeVFe = ρAlVAl

⎛ 4⎞
ρFe ⎜ ⎟ π rFe 3 = ρAl ⎛ ⎞ π rAl 3
4
⎝ 3⎠ ⎝ 3⎠
1/ 3
⎛ρ ⎞ 1/ 3
= ( 2.00 cm ) ⎛
7.86 ⎞
rAl = rFe ⎜ Fe ⎟ = 2.86 cm .
⎝ ρAl ⎠ ⎝ 2.70 ⎠

P1.24 The mass of each sphere is

4π ρAl rAl 3
mAl = ρAlVAl =
3

and
4π ρFe rFe 3
mFe = ρFeVFe = .
3
Setting these masses equal,
4π ρAl rAl 3 4π ρFe rFe 3 and r = r 3 ρFe .
=
3 3
Al Fe
ρAl

The resulting expression shows that the radius of the aluminum sphere is directly proportional to
the radius of the balancing iron sphere. The sphere of lower density has larger radius. The
ρ
fraction Fe is the factor of change between the densities, a number greater than 1. Its cube root
ρAl
is a number much closer to 1. The relatively small change in radius implies a change in volume
sufficient to compensate for the change in density.

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 6 Chapter 1

Section 1.5 Estimates and Order-of-Magnitude Calculations

P1.25 Model the room as a rectangular solid with dimensions 4 m by 4 m by 3 m, and each ping-pong ball as a
sphere of diameter 0.038 m. The volume of the room is 4 × 4 × 3 = 48 m 3, while the volume of one ball is
4π ⎛ 0.038 m ⎞
3

= 2.87 × 10 −5 m 3.
3 ⎝ 2 ⎠
48
Therefore, one can fit about ~ 10 6 ping-pong balls in the room.
2.87 × 10 −5
As an aside, the actual number is smaller than this because there will be a lot of space in the
room that cannot be covered by balls. In fact, even in the best arrangement, the so-called “best
packing fraction” is 1 π 2 = 0.74 so that at least 26% of the space will be empty. Therefore, the
6
above estimate reduces to 1.67 × 10 6 × 0.740 ~ 10 6 .

P1.26 A reasonable guess for the diameter of a tire might be 2.5 ft, with a circumference of about 8 ft.
( )( )( )
Thus, the tire would make 50 000 mi 5 280 ft mi 1 rev 8 ft = 3 × 10 7 rev ~ 10 7 rev .

P1.27 Assume the tub measures 1.3 m by 0.5 m by 0.3 m. One-half of its volume is then
V = ( 0.5) (1.3 m ) ( 0.5 m ) ( 0.3 m ) = 0.10 m 3.
The mass of this volume of water is
mwater = ρwaterV = (1 000 kg m 3 ) ( 0.10 m 3 ) = 100 kg ~ 10 2 kg .

Pennies are now mostly zinc, but consider copper pennies filling 50% of the volume of the tub.
The mass of copper required is
mcopper = ρcopperV = (8 920 kg m 3 ) ( 0.10 m 3 ) = 892 kg ~ 10 3 kg .

*P1.28 The time required for the task is

⎛ 1 s ⎞ 1 h ⎞ ⎛ 1 working day ⎞ ⎛ ⎞
10 9 $ ⎜ ⎟ ⎛
1 bad yr
⎜ = 58 yr
⎝ 1 $ ⎠ ⎝ 3600 s ⎠ ⎝ 16 h ⎠ ⎝ 300 working days ⎟⎠
Since you are already around 20 years old, you would have a miserable life and likely die
before accomplishing the task. You have better things to do. Say no.
P1.29 Assume: Total population = 10 7; one out of every 100 people has a piano; one tuner can serve about
1 000 pianos (about 4 per day for 250 weekdays, assuming each piano is tuned once per year). Therefore,
⎛ 1 tuner ⎞ ⎛ 1 piano ⎞
# tuners ~ ⎜ (10 7 people ) = 100 tuners .
⎝ 1 000 pianos ⎟⎠ ⎜⎝ 100 people ⎟⎠

Section 1.6 Significant Figures

P1.30 METHOD ONE

We treat the best value with its uncertainty as a binomial ( 21.3 ± 0.2 ) cm ( 9.8 ± 0.1) cm,
A = [ 21.3 ( 9.8 ) ± 21.3 ( 0.1) ± 0.2 ( 9.8 ) ± ( 0.2 ) ( 0.1)] cm 2 .
The first term gives the best value of the area. The cross terms add together to give the
uncertainty and the fourth term is negligible.
A = 209 cm 2 ± 4 cm 2 .

METHOD TWO
We add the fractional uncertainties in the data.

A = ( 21.3 cm ) ( 9.8 cm ) ± ⎛
0.2 0.1 ⎞
+ = 209 cm 2 ± 2% = 209 cm 2 ± 4 cm 2
⎝ 21.3 9.8 ⎠

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 Physics and Measurement 7

P1.31 (a) 3 (b) 4 (c) 3 (d) 2

P1.32 r = ( 6.50 ± 0.20 ) cm = ( 6.50 ± 0.20 ) × 10 −2 m

m = (1.85 ± 0.02 ) kg
m
ρ=
( 4
3 )π r3
also, δ ρ = δ m + 3δ r .
ρ m r
In other words, the percentages of uncertainty are cumulative. Therefore,
δ ρ 0.02 3 ( 0.20 )
= + = 0.103,
ρ 1.85 6.50

1.85
ρ= = 1.61 × 10 3 kg m 3
( ) π ( 6.5 × 10 m)
−2 3
4
3

and
ρ ± δ ρ = (1.61 ± 0.17 ) × 10 3 kg m 3 = (1.6 ± 0.2 ) × 10 3 kg m 3.

P1.33 (a) 756.??

37.2?
0.83
+ 2.5?
796. / 5 / 3 = 797

(b) 0.003 2 ( 2 s.f.) × 356.3 ( 4 s.f.) = 1.140 16 = ( 2 s.f.) 1.1

(c) 5.620 ( 4 s.f.) × π ( >4 s.f.) = 17.656= ( 4 s.f.) 17.66

P1.34 We work to nine significant digits:

⎛ 365.242 199 d ⎞ ⎛ 24 h ⎞ ⎛ 60 min ⎞ ⎛ 60 s ⎞

1 yr = 1 yr ⎜ ⎟⎠ ⎝ 1 d ⎠ ⎝ 1 h ⎠ ⎝ 1 min ⎠ = 31 556 926.0 s .
⎝ 1 yr

*P1.35 Let s represent the number of sparrows and m the number of more interesting birds.
We have sm = 2.25 and s + m = 91. We eliminate m by substitution: m = s2.25
s + s2.25 = 91 1.444s = 91 s = 911.444 = 63 .

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 8 Chapter 1

*P1.36 For those who are not familiar with solving equations numerically, we provide a detailed solution.
It goes beyond proving that the suggested answer works.

The equation 2 x 4 − 3 x 3 + 5 x − 70 = 0 is quartic, so we do not attempt to solve it with algebra. To

find how many real solutions the equation has and to estimate them, we graph the expression:

x −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3 4

y = 2 x 4 − 3 x 3 + 5 x − 70 158 −24 −70 −70 −66 −52 26 270

We see that the equation y = 0 has two roots, one around x = −2.2 y
and the other near x = +2.7. To home in on the first of these solutions
we compute in sequence: When x = −2.2, y = −2.20. The root must be
between x = −2.2 and x = −3. When x = −2.3, y = 11.0 . The root is
between x = −2.2 and x = −2.3. When x = −2.23, y = 1.58 . The root x
is between x = −2.20 and x = −2.23. When x = −2.22, y = 0.301. The
root is between x = −2.20 and −2.22. When x = −2.215, y = −0.331.
The root is between x = −2.215 and −2.22. We could next try FIG. P1.36
x = −2.218, but we already know to three-digit precision that the root
is x = −2.22.

*P1.37 We require sin θ = −3 cos θ , or sin θ = −3 , or tan θ = −3. tan θ

cos θ
For tan −1 ( −3) = arc tan ( −3) , your calculator may return −71.6°,
but this angle is not between 0° and 360° as the problem θ
requires. The tangent function is negative in the second quad-
0 360°
rant (between 90° and 180°) and in the fourth quadrant (from
270° to 360°). The solutions to the equation are then
360° − 71.6° = 288° and 180° − 71.6° = 108° .
FIG. P1.37

*P1.38 We draw the radius to the initial point and the radius to the final point. i
The angle θ between these two radii has its sides perpendicular, right side
to right side and left side to left side, to the 35° angle between the original 35.0°
and final tangential directions of travel. A most useful theorem from R f
geometry then identifies these angles as equal: θ = 35°. The whole N
circumference of a 360° circle of the same radius is 2π R. By proportion, θ
W E
then 2π R = 840 m . S
360° 35°
FIG. P1.38
360° 840 m 840 m
R= = = 1.38 × 10 3 m
2π 35° 0.611
We could equally well say that the measure of the angle in radians is
2π radians ⎞
θ = 35° = 35° ⎛
840 m
= 0.611 rad = .
⎝ 360 ° ⎠ R
Solving yields R = 1.38 km.

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 Physics and Measurement 9

*P1.39 Mass is proportional to cube of length: m = kᐉ3 mƒ mi = (ᐉf ᐉi)3.

Length changes by 15.8%: ᐉf = ᐉi + 0.158 ᐉi = 1.158 ᐉi .
Mass increase: mf = mi + 17.3 kg.
mf
Eliminate by substitution: = 1.1583 = 1.553
m f − 17.3 kg
mf = 1.553 mf − 26.9 kg 26.9 kg = 0.553 mf mf = 26.9 kg 0.553 = 48. 6 kg .

*P1.40 We use substitution, as the most generally applicable method for solving simultaneous equations.
We substitute p = 3q into each of the other two equations to eliminate p:
⎧3qr = qs
⎪
⎨1 1 2 1 2.
⎪⎩ 2 3qr + 2 qs = 2 qt
2

⎧3r = s 3r 2 + ( 3r ) = t 2
2
These simplify to ⎨ 2 2 2 . We substitute to eliminate s: . We solve for the
⎩3r + s = t 12r 2 = t 2
combination t :
r
t2
= 12 .
r2
t
= either 3.46 or − 3.46
r

Additional Problems

P1.41 The scale factor used in the “dinner plate” model is

0.25 m
S= = 2.5 × 10 −6 m lightyeears.
1.0 × 10 5 lightyears
The distance to Andromeda in the scale model will be

Dscale = Dactual S = ( 2.0 × 10 6 lightyears ) ( 2.5 × 10 −66 m lightyears ) = 5.0 m .

P1.42 It is desired to find the distance x such that

x 1 000 m
=
100 m x
(i.e., such that x is the same multiple of 100 m as the multiple that 1 000 m is of x). Thus, it is seen that

x 2 = (100 m ) (1 000 m ) = 1.00 × 10 5 m 2

and therefore
x = 1.00 × 10 5 m 2 = 316 m .

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 10 Chapter 1

P1.43 One month is

1 mo = ( 30 day ) ( 24 h day ) ( 3 600 s h ) = 2.592 × 10 6 s .

Applying units to the equation,

V = (1.50 Mft 3 mo ) t + ( 0.008 00 Mft 3 mo2 ) t 2 .

Since 1 Mft 3 = 10 6 ft 3 ,

V = (1.50 × 10 6 ft 3 mo ) t + ( 0.008 00 × 10 6 ft 3 mo2 ) t 2.

Converting months to seconds,

1.50 × 10 6 ft 3 mo 0.008 00 × 10 6 ft 3 mo2 2
V= t + t .
2.592 × 10 6 s mo ( 2.592 × 106 s mo)2
Thus, V [ft 3 ] = ( 0.579 ft 3 s ) t + (1.19 × 10 −9 ft 3 s 2 ) t 2 .

*P1.44
α ′(deg) α (rad) tan (α ) sin (α ) difference between α and tan α
15.0 0.262 0.268 0.259 2.30%
20.0 0.349 0.364 0.342 4.09%
30.0 0.524 0.577 0.500 9.32%
33.0 0.576 0.649 0.545 11.3%
31.0 0.541 0.601 0.515 9.95%
31.1 0.543 0.603 0.516 10.02%

We see that  in radians, tan() and sin() start out together from zero and diverge only slightly
in value for small angles. Thus 31.0 º is the largest angle for which tan α − α < 0.1.
tan α
P1.45 2π r = 15.0 m
r = 2.39 m
h
= tan 55.0 °
r
h
h = ( 2.39 m ) tan (55.0° ) = 3.41 m

P1.46 Let d represent the diameter of the coin and h its thickness. 55°
The mass of the gold is r

⎛ 2π d 2
⎞
m = ρV = ρ At = ρ ⎜ + π dh⎟ t
⎝ 4 ⎠
FIG. P1.45
where t is the thickness of the plating.

⎡ ( 2.41)2 ⎤
m = 19.3 ⎢ 2π + π ( 2.41) ( 0.178 ) ⎥ ( 0.18 × 10 −4 )
⎣ 4 ⎦
= 0.003 64 grams
cost = 0.003 64 grams × $10 grram = $0.036 4 = 3.64 cents

This is negligible compared to $4.98.

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 Physics and Measurement 11

P1.47 The actual number of seconds in a year is

(86 400 s day ) ( 365.25 day yr ) = 31 557 600 s yr .

The percent error in the approximation is

(π × 10 7
s yr ) − ( 31 557 600 s yr )
× 100% = 0.449% .
31 557 600 s yr

⎛ furlongs ⎞ ⎛ 220 yd ⎞ ⎛ 0.914 4 m ⎞ ⎛ 1 fortnight ⎞ ⎛ 1 day ⎞ ⎛ 1 hr ⎞

P1.48 v = ⎜ 5.00 = 8.32 × 10 −4 m s
⎝ fortnight ⎟⎠ ⎜⎝ 1 furlongg ⎟⎠ ⎜⎝ 1 yd ⎟⎠ ⎜⎝ 14 days ⎟⎠ ⎝ 24 hrs ⎠ ⎜⎝ 3 600 s ⎟⎠
This speed is almost 1 mms; so we might guess the creature was a snail, or perhaps a sloth.

P1.49 (a) The speed of rise may be found from

( Vol rate of flow ) 16.5 cm 3 s
v= = = 0.529 cm s .
(Area: π D 2 / 4) π ( 6.30 cm )2 / 4
(b) Likewise, at a 1.35 cm diameter,
16.5 cm 3 s
v= = 11.5 cm s .
π (1.35 cm )2 / 4

m m 4m
P1.50 The density of each material is ρ = = = .
V π r 2h π D2h
4 ( 51.5 g )
The tabulated value ⎛ 2.70
g g ⎞
Al: ρ = = 2.75 3 is 2% smaller.
π ( 2.52 cm ) ( 3.75 cm )
2
cm ⎝ cm 3 ⎠

4 ( 56.3 g )
The tabulated value ⎛ 8.92 3 ⎞ is 5% smaller.
g g
Cu: ρ = = 9.36 3
π (1.23 cm )2 ( 5.06 cm ) cm ⎝ cm ⎠

4 ( 94.4 g ) g
Brass: ρ = = 8.91 3
π (1.54 cm ) ( 5.69 cm )
2
cm

4 ( 69.1 g ) g
Sn: ρ = = 7.68 3
π (1.75 cm ) ( 3.74 cm )
2
cm

4 ( 216.1 g )
The tabulated value ⎛ 7.86 3 ⎞ is 0.3% smaller.
g g
Fe: ρ = = 7.88 3
π (1.89 cm )2 ( 9.77 cm ) cm ⎝ cm ⎠

(108 cars)(10 4 mi yr )
P1.51 V20 mpg = = 5.0 × 1010 gal yr
20 mi gal

(108 cars)(10 4 mi yr )
V25 mpg = = 4.0 × 1010 gal yr
25 mi gal

Fuel saved = V25 mpg − V20 mpg = 1.0 × 1010 gal yr

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 12 Chapter 1

P1.52 The volume of the galaxy is

π r 2t = π (10 21 m ) (1019 m ) ~ 10 61 m 3.
2

If the distance between stars is 4 × 1016 m, then there is one star in a volume on the order of

( 4 × 10 m ) ~ 10 50 m 3 .
16 3

The number of stars is about 10 61 m 3

~ 1011 stars .
10 50 m 3 star

ANSWERS TO EVEN-NUMBERED PROBLEMS

P1.2 2.15 × 104 kgm3

P1.4 2.3 × 1017 kgm3 is twenty trillion times larger than the density of lead.

P1.6 0.141 nm

P1.8 (a) ii (b) iii (c) i

P1.10 9.19 nm s

P1.12 (a) 3.39 × 105 ft3 (b) 2.54 × 104 lb

P1.14 (a) 0.071 4 gal s (b) 2.70 × 10−4 m3s (c) 1.03 h

P1.16 667 lbs

P1.18 2.57 × 10 6 m 3

P1.20 (a) 2.07 mm (b) 8.57 × 1013 times as large

P1.22 (a) 13.4; (b) 49.1

13
⎛ρ ⎞
P1.24 rAl = rFe ⎜ Fe ⎟
⎝ ρAl ⎠
P1.26 ~10 7 rev

P1.28 No. There is a strong possibility that you would die before finishing the task, and you have much
more productive things to do.

P1.30 ( 209 ± 4 ) cm 2

P1.32 (1.61 ± 0.17) × 103 kgm3

P1.34 31 556 926.0 s

P1.36 see the solution

P1.38 1.38 km

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 Physics and Measurement 13

P1.40 either 3.46 or −3.46

P1.42 316 m

P1.44 0.542 rad

P1.46 3.64 cents; no

P1.48 8.32 × 10 −4 m s; a snail

P1.50 see the solution

P1.52 ~1011 stars

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85557_01_ch01_p001-[Link] 14 4/4/07 5:37:53 PM