~ Research earch again To examine a problem carefully and trying to drawing conclusions. v A delight and systematic enquiry © Ultimate goal of all researches: 1. To develop anew bedyfor research 2. To validate and refine the existing body of knowledgeMeaning of Research 1) Research refers to a search for knowledge. It is a movement ,a movement from known to unknown. 2) Research is a voyage of discovery research is a scientific and systematic search for pertinent information on a specific topic. 3) In fact research is an art of scientific investigation.em OBJECTIVES AND SIGNIFICANCE OF RESEARCH The main aim of research is to find out the truth which is hidden and which has not been discovered as yet. Though each research study has its own specific purpose, we may CN Sg Ted eon fow eee p el ene Mag Ta See teliet shyt = To gain familiarity with a phenomenon or to achieve new Pod toed els mua eee ne stead ratty* What is Geographical Research ’% * Encompasses enquires that: 1. Generate new geographical knowledge Validate & refine existin ‘ographical knowledge ¥ Basic purpose of geographical research is acquisition of knowledge Y Spatial dimension of knowledge Discovering laws governing the distribution of > Physical elements over space > Cultural elements over the space > Human-environment interaction 7 Relationship between environment and human beings6. ~ Geographic research:-~ ® Distribution of Physical elements over space Distribution of Cultural elements over space Human-environment interaction Spatial Association and interaction Knowledge of places : 5 | Location:- Location of certain human activities, on separated in a sng places. We make location theory Territory:- Areal connection. Area:- places. locality. tehshil, distr¢ state, country, town. The study of areas territories, internal _ part ; geographical situationDistance:- Even used the geograpye explanation. Von Thunen Model:- role of distance, Distance of gec fneation. It changed over the period of time Spatial Interaction:- interaction between different locations i an ay or spatial unit. Spatial unit flow of goods, material, ideas ete. in two more locations . Environmental Tradition:- Environmental processes and pattern Biosphere, Atmosphere, Hydrosphere and Lithosphere Biosphere = Climatology studies of environmental features — Geomorphology in Geography hydrology ¢Y Geography as a science uses scignlific methods to resolve the spj problems. Y All those human or environmental problems which have spd dimensions. Y Social structure, Economy. Water logging. Soil Salinity Y Itseeks to describe the geographical problems, analysis them 11. Prediction:- Defining the Research problem:- various issues Environmental , social, economic and politicalA Qualities of Good Research TRE SCIENTIFIC METHOD EMPLOYED ENSURES: 1 se! objecives dearly defined in common concepts 2 enumerated to keep continuity 3. Carefully planned design leading to objective resuits 4 Complete frankness; flaws roported and their effect estimated 5. Adequate analysis of data with appropriate methods of analysis 6 Carefully checked data for validity & reliability 7. Concusions confined to those justified by the data 8. Confidence, competence/ reputation, experience, honesty & integrity of researcher Nowe: 35% of papers in Nature and 25% of papers in BAU contzin one or << more statistical errors: 4% of eros caused non-sgniicant findings to be msvecretected a3 srxiicant (The Ecoromst 5 une U4, p 70-71)THE SCIENTIFIC METHOD EMPLOYED ENSURES: 1. CO CES (2) 1) Note: 38% of papers in Nature and 25% of papers in BMJ contain one or MS Sridhar, ISRO. Research Methodoloay 1 Qualities of Good Research « Purpose/ objectives clearly defined in common concepts Procedure enumerated to keep continuity Carefully planned design leading to objective results Complete frankness; flaws reported and their effect estimated Adequate analysis of data with appropriate methods of analysis Carefully checked data for validity & reliability Conclusions confined to those justified by the data Confidence, competence/ reputation, experience, honesty & integrity of researcher more statistical errors; 4% of errors caused non-signilicant findings to be misrepresented as significant (The Economist, 5 June '04, p 70-71)Qualities of Good Research contd... . ie 1. SYSTEMATIC - Reject the use of guessing & intuition, but does not rule out creative thinking 2. CONTROLLED — Variables are identified & controlled, wherever possible 3. LOGICAL - Guided by rules of logical reasoning & logical process of induction & deduction EMPIRICAL- Provides a basis for external validity to results (validation) | 5. REPLICABLE - Verified by replicating the study | 6. SELF CORRECTING - Built in mechanism & open to public scrutiny by fellow professionals contd.. | Research Methodology 1NOOSWON 8. Research Process Selection & formulation of Reseafth Problem \ . Literature survey . Development of working hypotheses . Research design . Sampling strategy or sample design }. Pilot (quick & dirty) study . Data collection Processing & analysis of data 9. Testing hypotheses 10. Interpretation & generalisation 1 - Preparation of the report NOTE: 1. Above steps are not exhaustive, nor mutually exclusive, but a series of closely related, continuously overlapping and interdependent nonlinear steps/ actions 2. What lies ahead is hard work as well as pleasure of the hunt; some frustration, but more of satisfaction; periods of confusion, but confidence that, at the end, it will all come together S Sridhar, ISRO. t Research Methodology 1Significance of ReSearch f * To achieve credibility with the management: Executives want facts, not guesses. So, each employee should be able to do research and relate their findings to the organization’s objectives. * To define audiences and segment publics: Detailed information about the demographics, life styles, characteristics, and consumption patterns of audience help to ensure that messages of the companies reach the proper audiences.‘Significance f Research. Research inculcates scientific inductive thinking and it promotes the development of logical habits of thinking and organization. The role of research in several fields of applied q economics, whether related to business or to the economy as a whole, has greatly increased | in modern times. Research provides the basis for nearly all government policies in our system. Research has its special significance in solving various operational and planning problems of business & industry. Research is equally important for social scientists in studying social relationships and in seeking answers to various social problemSIGNIFICANCE OF RESEARCE According to Hudson Maxim Significance as, “All progress is born of inquiry. Doubt is often better than overconfidence, for it leads to inquiry and inquiry leads to investigation” > Research inculcates scientific and inductive thinking and it promotes the development of logical habits of thinking and organization. » The role of research in several fields of applied economics, whether felated to business or to the economy as a whole, has greatly increased in modern times, Research provides the basic for nearly all government policies in our economic system.Types of Research 1. DESCRIPTIVE/ SURVEY (EX- POST FACTO) + Surveys & fact-finding enquiries * State of affairs as it exists + No control over variables + Try to discover causes (l.e., ex- post facto) 2. APPLIED + Finding a solution for an immediate problem & not rigorous / flexible in ~ application of the conditions ANALYTICAL + Uses facts or information already} available and analyze to make a critical evaluation FUNDAMENTAL (BASIC OR PURE) | + Concerned with generalizations & | formulation of theory + Knowledge for knowledge’s sake (l.e., pure or basic research) contd.... MS Sridhar, ISRO Research Methodology 1 20 |Types of Research contd... 3. QUANTITATIVE QUALITATIVE + Measured & expressed in terms of + Involves quality or kind quantity + Helps in having insight into : Expression of a property or problems or cases quantity in numerical terms + Quantitative research helps: i. Precise measurement il. Knowing trends or changes overtime EMPIRICAL iii. Comparing trends or individual + Relies on experience or libraries / units | e..data | observation alone, based research Capable of being verified by | observation or experiment + Related to some abstract idea or Experimenter has control theory (for thinkers & over variables philosophers) | contd... Relies on literature | 4 CONCEPTUAL MS Sridhar, ISRO Research Methoddiogy 1 21Types of research From the perspective of Application | Ee Objectives | Inquiry mode Pure research Quantitative research Descriptive research Exploratory research Applied research Correlational research Qualitative research Explanatory research Action research Predictive researchNe 27 pS Basic Postulates of Scientific Method Relies on emptrical evidence (empiricism) Utilizes relevant concepts Committed to only objective considerations Presupposes ethical Neutrality Results into probabilistic predictions Methodology is made known to all for critical scrutiny and testing through replication Aims at formulating most general axioms or scientific theories Encourages rigorous, impersonal mode of procedure dictated by the demands of logic and objective procedureScientific Method The method of all logically trained minds The pursuit of truth as determined by logical considerations Classifies facts, sees their mutual relation through experimentation, observation, logical arguments from accepted postulates + Tenets of scientific faith . DETERMINISM. Events have causes that events are determined by other circumstances (i.e.. Causal links can eventually be uncovered and understood) . EMPIRICISM: Verifiable by observation and ‘evidence’ (data) - PRINCIPLES OF PARSIMONY: Phenomenon should be explained in the most economical way possible . GENERALITY: More problematic in social & behavioral science than natural science MS Sridhar. ISRO. Research Methodology 1 14MS Sridhar, ISRO Research Methodology 1 14 Scientific Method The method of all logically trained minds The pursuit of truth as determined by logical considerations Classifies facts, sees their mutual relation through experimentation, observation, logical arguments from accepted postulates Tenets of scientific faith - DETERMINISM. Events have causes that events are determined by other circumstances (i.e.. Causal links can eventually be uncovered and understood) . EMPIRICISM: Veritiable by observation and ‘evidence’ (data) . PRINCIPLES OF PARSIMONY: Phenomenon should be explained) in the most economical way possible . GENERALITY: More problematic in social & behavioral science) than natural sciencePN Peps N Basic Postulates gf Scientific Method Relies on empirical evidence (empiricism) Utilizes relevant concepts Committed to only objective considerations Presupposes ethical neutrality Results into probabilistic predictions Methodology is made known to all for critical scrutiny and testing through replication Aims at formulating most general axioms or scientific theories Encourages rigorous, impersonal mode of procedure dictated by the demands of logic and objective procedure } Research Methodology |