FACTORS ASSOCIATED WITH DRUG AND SUBSTANCE ABUSE AMONG YOUTHS

AGED EIGHTEEN TO THIRTYYEARS IN OBUNGA SLUM,

KISUMU COUNTY

BY

SHELAH AUMA OTIENO

DCHD/T/S-0005/KIS/22

A RESEARCH PROPOSAL SUBMITTED IN PARTIALFULFILMENT OF THE

REQUIREMENTS FOR THE AWARD OF DIPLOMA INCOMMUNITY
HEALTH AND DEVELOPMENT AT THIKA SCHOOL OFMEDICAL AND
HEALTH SCIENCES

NOVEMBER 2023

1
DECLARATION
I declare that this is my original work and it has never been presented in any learning institution
for an academic award.

Name: ……………………………………...

Sign: …………………………………………. Date: ……………………………

Supervision

This project has been submitted to Thika School of Medical and Health Sciences with the
approval of my supervisor(s).

Name: ……………………………………...

Sign: …………………………………………. Date: ……………………………

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DEDICATION
I wish to dedicate this project to my father, Mr. Joshua Otieno who has been my great source of
inspiration and encouragement to work. I also dedicate it to al the youths and drug addicts in
Obunga Slum.

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
It is my wish to thank every individual who have played a role to the success of this proposal. I
would like to thank my supervisor, Md. Sharon for her constant encouragement and guidance
throughout the project. I would also like to acknowledge my parents for their moral and financial
support. Above all, I thank the Almighty God.

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Contents
DECLARATION............................................................................................................................ i

DEDICATION................................................................................................................................ii

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ............................................................................................................ iii

LIST OF FIGURES ...................................................................................................................... vi

LIST OF TABLES ........................................................................................................................ vi

ABSTRACT ................................................................................................................................. viii

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ...................................................................................................... ix

CHAPTER ONE ........................................................................................................................... 1

1.0. Background ............................................................................................................................. 1

1.1. Problem Statement ................................................................................................................. 2

1.2. Objectives ................................................................................................................................ 2

1.2.1. General Objective ................................................................................................................ 2

1.2.2. Specific Objectives ............................................................................................................... 2

1.3. Research Questions ................................................................................................................ 3

1.4. Significance of the Study ........................................................................................................ 3

1.5. Limitation of the Study .......................................................................................................... 3

CHAPTER TWO .......................................................................................................................... 4

2.0. Introduction ............................................................................................................................ 4

2.1. Literature review .................................................................................................................... 4

2.1.1 Peer Pressure and Drug Abuse ............................................................................................ 4

2.1.2. Lack of Parental Guidance and Drug and Substance Abuse........................................... 5

2.1.3. Availability and Cost of Drugs and Drugs and Substances Abuse.................................. 5

iv
2.2. Conceptual Framework ......................................................................................................... 6

CHAPTER THREE ...................................................................................................................... 8

3.0. Introduction ............................................................................................................................ 8

3.1. Research Design ...................................................................................................................... 8

3.2. Target Population ................................................................................................................... 8

3.3. Location of the Study ............................................................................................................. 8

3.4. Sample Size.............................................................................................................................. 8

3.5. Data Collection........................................................................................................................ 9

3.5.1. Instrumentation ................................................................................................................... 9

3.6. Validity and Reliability .......................................................................................................... 9

3.6.1. Validity.................................................................................................................................. 9

3.6.2. Reliability.............................................................................................................................. 9

3.7. Data Analysis .......................................................................................................................... 9

3.8. Ethical Considerations ........................................................................................................... 9

REFERENCES ............................................................................................................................ 10

APPENDICES ............................................................................................................................. 12

Appendix I: Questionnaire ......................................................................................................... 14

Appendix II: Work Plan ............................................................................................................. 17

Appendix III: Budget ................................................................................................................... 16

v
 LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 1: Conceptual Framework ... 9

vi
 LIST OF TABLES
Table 1: Work Plan ... 16

Table 2: Budget ... 16

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OPERATIONAL DEFINITION
Drug- are substances that changes a person’s mental or physical state.

Drug abuse- refers to habitual and excessive use of drug in a manner that is harmful to the users
physical or mental health.

Adolescent- is the phase of life between childhood and adulthood.

World Health Organization (WHO) – an international agency of the United Nations

responsible for coordinating and directing international health efforts, setting global health
standards and providing resistance and guidance in public health services

Illicit Drug - an illicit drug is one that is illegal to possess.

Peer pressure – influence of members of one peer group.

Depression – is a common and serious mental health condition characterized by persistent

feelings of sadness, hopelessness and lack of interest or pleasure in activity.

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ABSTRACT
Drug abuse is a self-administration of drugs for non-medical reason in a quantitative frequency,
which may result in physical, social and emotional harm. Drug and substance abuse are
becoming an increasing problem in Kenya especially among the youths. Several studies carried
out in the country show that almost every Kenyan youth at one time or another has experimented
with drugs, especially alcohol and cigarette which impact negatively on the social, academic,
psychological and physical development among the abusers. The purpose of this study will be to
determine the factors associated with drugs and substance abuse among youths aged 18 to 30
years in Obunga slums, Kisumu County. The study will be guided with the following specific
objectives; to identify how peer pressure leads to drug and substance abuse among youths, to
identify whether lack of parental guidance leads to drugs and substance abuse among youths and
to assess the relationship between availability and cost of drugs and substance abuse among
youths in Obunga slum, Kisumu County. This study will adopt descriptive cross-sectional
research design. The target population will be 900 youth members of Obunga slum. A sample of
300 youths will be investigated. Questionnaires will be used to collect data. Data will be
analyzed using qualitative and quantitative methods and will be presented in form of tables and
charts.

The significance of this study will create continuous awareness programs and direct intervention
measures to address the challenges of drug and substance abuse.

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LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
HIV - Human Immunodeficiency Virus

Aids - Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome

NACADA - National Authority for the Campaign Against Alcohol and Drug
Abuse
KES - Kenyan Shillings

x
CHAPTER ONE
This chapter covers the background of the study, statement of the problem, objectives of the
study, research questions, significance of the study and limitation of the study.

1.0. Background
Drug abuse is defined as self-administration of drugs for non-medical reasons in quantities and
frequencies which may impact inability to function effectively and which may result in physical,
social and emotional harm (WHO 2018).

According to Syed (2016), drug abuse poses serious risks to human health and it is leading cause
of infectious diseases such as HIV and hepatitis C. global burden of diseases reveals drug
dependency alone is responsible for almost 3.6 million years of life lost due to drug abuse.

According to Dehenhardt, Charlson, Ferrari et al, 2018, 3.7% of the global burden of diseases is
attributed to tobacco use. Disorders due to psychoactive substance use including alcohol, drugs
and tobacco dependence are the main underlying conditions ultimately responsible for the largest
proportion of the global burden of diseases attributed to substance abuse.

In sub-Saharan Africa, substance use among youths has continued to be a major public health
concern. The study by Januier (2018) focused on trends of social factors influencing youths in
Nigeria, the most populous country in Africa, has reported relatively high levels of alcohol
misuse yet limited resources to guide effective population-wide response. Recent reports have
shown increased and daily alarming consumption of alcohol among adolescents and young adults
(Davies, Adebanke, Mary T. et al. 2019).

In Tanzania, even though its existing laws provide stern punitive measures against narcotics
seems to be difficult as Tanzania continues to be a transit route of illicit drugs.

It is very unfortunate that young people are easily pulled into drugs because of persuasive deals
from drug barons who commission them to sell drugs on their behalf as petty dealers,(Kambuga.
ION 2016).

The increasing trend of drugs and substance abuse by different age groups and gender in parts of
Kenya is not only a socio-economic problem but a public health concern in the country. Several
1
studies have highlighted the serious nature of drugs and substance use. The drugs mainly abused
in Kenya are either illicit (illegal), such as cocaine, heroin, local brews (chang’aa), bang’, Kuber
and mandrax or licit (legal) such as alcohol (beer, wines and spirits), tobacco and khat (miraa).
The burden of drug and substance abuse is increasing in Kenya with the current statistics
indicating that adolescents and young people account for more than 50% of drugs users, (Collins,
Elizabeth, Vincent et al. 2022).

Half of drugs abusers in Kenya are aged between 16 to 28 years with over 60% residing in urban
areas and 21% in rural areas. Among the many factors influencing drugs and substance abuse
among university students is weak awareness creation on the consequences of abusing drugs and
other substances presumably would help to reduce these incidences, (Ann, Kirui 2018). The slum
areas are home to over two million youths, according to NACADA; whose mandate is to

2
spearhead the fight against drug and substance abuse in Kenya. Drug abuse is most prevalent in
slum dwellings due to various factors such as peer pressure, low income, easy access to drugs,
low parental guidance, education among other factors.

In Kisumu City, there is higher level of abuse in low class areas. It is suggested that although
measures should target all these areas of the city which seems to have characteristics that
encourage drug abuse. Most students have abused drugs for enjoyment and those from low
income areas are at more risk. This is according to Andrew Otieno, 2009.

1.1. Problem Statement

Drugs and substance abuse are a global challenge, efforts that have been employed at
international, regional and national level have not effectively deterred the production, trafficking
and consumption of illicit drugs and substances in Kenya even though there are measures such as
legal restrictions and awareness creation on the dangers of drugs and substance abuse, this
problem is widespread in the society at large, Kaguthi (2019). Socio- economic factors such as
parental level of income among others significantly contribute to the family unit where key
determinants of the prevalence of drugs abuse among the youth. About 25.4% of Kenyan
adolescents and young adults who experiment with drugs become regular abusers. The problem
of drugs and substance abuse constitutes to serious educational problems that requires urgent
attention, this is because the habit affects about 60% of youths in Kenya of whom a significant
portion are students from high school drop- outs. Also, the use of drugs has negative effects on
the individual and the society at large since it results to contraction of HIV/Aids and other blood-
borne diseases such as Hepatitis B, anti-social behaviour, rise in mass indiscipline in schools, in
their health. It is also the possible cause of school unrests, absenteeism and irresponsible
behaviours among youths. Drug and substance abuse among youths have led to deaths through
overdose, accidents and drug related diseases such as mental illness, cancer and even suicide.

1.2. Objectives

1.2.1. General Objective

To determine the factors associated with drugs and substance abuse among youths in Obunga
slum in Kisumu County.
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1.2.2. Specific Objectives
1. To determine how peer pressure leads to drugs and abuse among youths in
ObungaSlum aged 18-30 in Kisumu County.
2. To identify whether lack of parental guidance leads to drugs and substance
abuseamong youths in Obunga slum aged 18-30in Kisumu County.
3. To assess the relationship between availability and cost of drugs and drugs
and substances abuse among youths aged 18-30 in Obunga slum in Kisumu
County.

1.3. Research Questions

1. How does peer pressure lead to drugs and substances abuse among
youths inObunga slum aged 18-30 in Kisumu County?
2. How does lack of parental guidance lead to drugs and substances abuse
amongyouths in Obunga slum aged 18-30 in Kisumu County?
3. How does availability and cost of drugs lead to drugs and substances abuse
amongyouths in Obunga slum aged 18-30 in Kisumu County?

1.4. Significance of the Study

The contribution of the youths in the society cannot be underestimated because the youths are the
most energetic group and are the future leaders. Therefore, they form the main source of labour
in the economy. It is therefore necessary to study the problem affecting them since it is a critical
stage in human development. Drugs use and abuse has been a major problem to the youths
because of the many negative effects it has on their lives; be it social, academic or otherwise.
This study will contribute to generating and documenting information about drugs and substance
abuse among youths in Kenya particularly by identifying the various drugs and substances used
by these youths.

It will also be very helpful to the curriculum developers since they will be able to identify the
gaps in the curriculum as far as drugs abuse is concerned. The findings may be used to advocate
for campaigns against substances use with special focus on the adverse consequences of the
substances use.

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The findings will be helpful to the families affected by drugs and substance abuser because it
highlights the challenges facing them and acts as an avenue for raising awareness on the plight of
girls in Obunga slum. The findings of this research will be of great benefits to the parents,
teachers and society at large that they will be in a better position to understand the youths and be
aware of factors that lead to the use of drugs and other substances among youths.

1.5. Limitation of the Study

Drugs and substance abuse may involve powerful people in the society and as such, respondents
might be afraid to give information for fear of being victimized.

Also, the weather patterns will also make the researcher to schedule the time of the study
especially during heavy rains which will make it difficult for the researcher to go collect data.

Lack of enough funds is also a problem since the researcher will require a lot of funds for it to be
successful.

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CHAPTER TWO

2.0. Introduction
This chapter is going to entail literature review and conceptual framework.

2.1. Literature review

2.1.1 Peer Pressure and Drug Abuse

Peer pressure is one of the most proximal risk for youths’ substance use. Starting to abuse a drug
may lead to affiliation with more drug-abusing peers which in turn exposes the individual to
other drugs. Association with drugs abusing peers is often the most immediate risk for exposing
adolescents and youths to drug abuse and delinquent behaviours.

Youths have the urge to belong, to be loved and liked those close to them. This can lead to one
doing things he or she could not have done to gain group approvals and identify with it. The
insecure youth finds comfort and approval by conforming to the standards of a peer group. There
is good correlation between the level of alcohol and other drugs use among young adults and the
number of peers who use those drugs. Willis E., Adams R., Keene et al. (2019) in a study carried
out in Italy shows that as youths grow, their social network exposes them to more opportunities
and increased temptation. Kort (2019), asserts that young people are curious and like making
fun, therefore, some take drugs as a discovery of their effects.

In Nigeria, Adelekan (2018) carried out a cross-sectional study among university undergraduate
students. The results showed that peer influence is a correlate for the use of alcohol, tobacco and
cannabis.

A research done in Ethiopia shows that youths are in a very important stage of their lives and
they are faced with psychological development. They are also vulnerable to the environmental
pressure from peers and role models (Liranso, Eliyas, Israel et al., 2017).

In Kenya, abuse of drugs among the youths not only drains the economy but also leaves a blow
in the country as its youths become less productive. The social environment plays a major role in
drug and substance abuse. Individuals develop relations with social networks where peer
pressure plays a critical role in influencing group behaviour, (Morajele, Brook, 2016)
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Youths obtain drugs and substances mostly from fellow youths who bring it to them especially in
school. The top four substances that students and friends use are alcohol, miraa, cigarettes,
tobacco, shisha, kuber and sniffed tobacco Chavis (NACADA, 2010).

Drugs and substance abusers like other non-users will always want to seek approval from their
peers. Peer pressure accounts for 21% to 42% of influence in all types of influence in all types of
drugs and substances consumed. The peer sub-culture also facilitates the behaviour by making
the substances available and providing an appropriate instruction (NACADA, 2010).

Peer pressure is a strong influencing factor among youths to use substance under the false
impression that some drugs stimulate appetite for food and give a wisdom and increase strength
(Maithya, 2015).

In Kisumu, research finds it to be a city that leads in the prevalence of substance abuse. The
study established that one of the major factors that promotes drugs and substances abuse among
youths is peer pressure, (Enase, Samson, Stella, et al., 2016).

2.1.2. Lack of Parental Guidance and Drug and Substance Abuse

Youths use of illicit drugs and substances abuse impose an enormous burden on individual
families and communities. In United States, recent reports show that African-American children
are more likely to have a parent in prison. The findings show that most of the youths whose
parents are incarcerated are associated with arrays of adverse life circumstances like drug abuse,
criminal justice and depression., (Albert, Dorothy, 2016). Also, a study done in US shows that
abuse during childhood by the parents has been associated with development of illicit drug
abuse. In UK, a study conducted by Patrick & Martin (2016), shows that substance use was least
common among youths whose parents discouraged drinking and those who claimed to have
received parental guidance. The heaviest substance users were youths from families with more
favourite and tolerant attitudes to alcohol and intoxication among youths who failed to answer
questions about parental guidance. In South Africa, according to Muzi & Oluwaloyin (2012),
substance abuse among young adults are mostly cigarettes, marijuana and alcohol. Youths
involvement in these substances is linked to challenges from homes, inadequate care or neglect
from parents and teaches as well as those living with single parents.

7
In South Sudan, most of the youths are exposed to living arrangement deprived of parental
supervision and support that makes them to be involved in drugs and substance abuse. Family
disruption and mistreatment at home are some of the factors leading to drugs and substance
abuse in South Sudan and some even end up in the streets, (Belay, 2015).

In Kenya, lack of parental supervision and involvement are among the top 10 causes of substance
abuse among young people. Youths do not have close parental relationship are at a higher risk of
engaging in drugs and substance abuse. Absence of one or both parents, unrealistic expectations
from parents, several punishment and family conflicts are some of the factors that can lead to
drugs and substance abuse. A parent absence can lead to lack of some basic needs among youths
and this enables them to engage in activities such as drug abuse to get money to fulfil their
needs, (Dosser, 2017). Family conflict can lead to divorce and separation hence affecting the
family and children stability. This therefore, may encourage substance abuse and drug use
among the children because of frustration and desperation, (Masivai, 2018).

In Kisumu according to Orende, Onguru, David et al., (2020), lack of parental or guardian
supervision and monitoring of youths’ movements, poor parent-child attachment due to
inadequate family time, no communication on the dangers of drugs and substance abuse to
students by the parents and high academic expectations by parents from their children are major
contributions of drugs and substance abuse among youths.

2.1.3. Availability and Cost of Drugs and Drugs and Substances Abuse
Alcohol and drugs use peaks during young adulthood and can interfere with critical development
tasks and sets the stage for chronic substance misuse and associated social and health related
outcomes. The decisions to use drugs and alcohol are related to the relative availability and price
of both alcohol and substance-free alternative activities, (James & Ashley, 2016). According to
Katherine, Magdelena, Joanne et al., (2014), non-medical prescription drug misuse remains a
growing public problem in United States with large rural populations such as Kentucky, West
Virginia and Oklahoma. The findings show that creating availability from which illegal markets
can arise was one of the factors influencing drugs and substance abuse.

According to Tomidayo (2019), drugs abuse and misuse remain serious challenge in the West
Africa especially Nigeria with post countries bearing the burden of the problem. Cannabis,
cocaine and other unconventional substance as well as prescription medicines are among the
8
drugs most commonly abused in the sub-region. Availability of drugs and cost of the drugs,
family influence and peer pressure were found to be critical risk factors to drugs and substance
abuse.

In Tanzania, the most commonly use proactive substance among students and young adults are
marijuana (cannabis), cigarettes and alcohol. The availability of the substances in students’
localities are some of the factors that influences students to use proactive substances, (Juma,
2022).

In Kenya, alcohol and drug abuse has been identifies as a hindrance to education, development
and by extension, to national development. In coastal region, the problem of alcohol and
substance among undergraduate students s a reality. The commonly abused substances are miraa
(khat), marijuana (cannabis) and cigarettes. Some of the predisposing factors to students abuse of
drugs are easy accessibility to drugs, availability of funds and poor parenting, (Mbuthia,
Wanzala, Ngugi et al., 2020).

According to Atemi & Ondieki (2017), international drug peddlers have invaded Kenya so that
all sorts of drugs in are in the country. Cannabis sativa which is commonly abused, is locally
available in Kenya, it is grown on slopes of Mount Kenya and comes from Uganda through Lake
Victoria and Tanzania through Namanga borders. It is cheap and therefore most of the youths
can afford. Miraa is also accessible and affordable as it is grown in Meru in Kenya. Its open use
and the powerful drug culture where drugs use is considered normal by communities. Most
parents give their children a lot of money (pocket money) which enables them to buy drugs.
Those not given involve themselves in criminal acts like robbery and prostitution to get money.
Injectors describes a dynamic market in which the availability of drugs and proliferation of
injection drugs use have taken on growing importance in Kisumu. There is widespread
perception of cocaine availability and injection in Kisumu, (Jennifer, Spala, Kowango et al.,
2016). In Kisumu, there are homes where bang as well as local brew is sold at affordable cost
especially in low class areas like Obunga, (Marceline, Daniel, Marrion et al., 2021).

2.2. Conceptual Framework

The conceptual framework shows the relationship between the independent variables and the
dependent variables showing the output of the process.

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Independent variable Dependent variable
Factors Drug and substance abuse
Peer – pressure
Parental guidance
Availability and cost of drugs

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CHAPTER THREE

3.0. Introduction
This chapter will entail research design, target population, location of the study, sample size,
datacollection, validity and reliability, data analysis and ethical considerations.

3.1. Research Design

The research design that will be used is descriptive cross-sectional research design. The
descriptive cross-sectional design will be used because it is simple and the prevalence of a
healthy outcome over a defined period. Descriptive design is used to allow researchers gather
information for clarification. The research design will guide in examining different causes of
drugs and substances abuse. It will also be used because it is the simplest and allows the
researcher to study and describe the distribution of one or more variables.

3.2. Target Population

A target population is a group of individuals, objects or items from which samples are taken for
measurements, (Kombo & Tromp, 2016). In this study, the youths between eighteen and thirty
years at Obunga slum in Kisumu County are targeted. It will consist of eight hundred youths
both male and female at Obunga slum in Kisumu County.

3.3. Location of the Study

Location is a place where a point or object exists. The study will be conducted at Obunga slum in
Kisumu County. Obunga is an established slum suburb of Kenya’s third largest city, Kisumu. It
is also an electoral ward in the Kisumu Town East constituency. It is located approximately two
kilometers to the South East of Kisumu City Centre.

3.4. Sample Size

A sample size is the number of individuals selected to represent the whole population. The
sample size will be calculated using the Slovene’s formula, that is: -

𝑛 – sample size

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 𝑁- target population

e- margin of error

𝑁
n= 2
1+𝑁 (𝑒 )

900
𝑛
=
900
1+900
𝑛= 𝑛 =300 youths
(0.05^2)

𝑛
3
= 900

1+2

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3.5. Data Collection

3.5.1. Instrumentation
The data collection instruments are tools used to collect information from the intended target
population. The data collection instrument that is used in this study is the questionnaire. A
questionnaire is a list of written questions that can be completed in the presence or absence of a
researcher. The questionnaires will have closed-ended questions. The questionnaires in this case
will enable the researcher to collect data within a shorter time since most of the information is
easily described. The questionnaire is used because it is deemed to be the method that collects a
lot of information over a short period.

3.6. Validity and Reliability

3.6.1. Validity
Validity means whether the research truly measures that which it was intended to measure or
how truthfully the research results are, (Mugenda, 2018). I will ensure validity in the research
tools by asking series of questions using questionnaires and look for answers in the research and
find out whether information given is consistent with the information expected.

3.6.2. Reliability
Reliability is a measure of the degree to which the instruments yields consistent data after
repeated trials. Reliability of a questionnaire is concerned with the consistency of responses to
the research questions and it can also be achieved through test and retest.

3.7. Data Analysis

Based on the data collection instruments, data were analyzed quantitatively. The data from the
tools will be coded and entered to the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 22.
This computer-aided software for research will assist the researcher to present the data. Close-
ended questions are analyzed through reporting themes and quotas emerging. The data are
analyzed using descriptive statistics. Descriptive statistics use frequency tables and graphs to
present the findings of the study.

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3.8. Ethical Considerations
Ethics refers to the moral practices or values that govern an individual’s mode of conduct. The
findings will be reported with the utmost honesty and the researcher’s opinions will not be
featured.

The responses will be covered and represented with confidentiality to protect the respondents’
privacy.

The findings will be accurately reported and refrained from bias.

14
 REFERENCES
Syed Imran sardar. Institute of Religion Studies, Islamabad, 3 2016. Drug Abuse! Global
Vs South Asians trends with special reference to India and Pakistan.
Kambuga Yusuph, Ian Negret Advancas in Research 7 (2), 1 – 10, 2016. Adolescents and Drug
Abuse in Tanzania: History of Evolution.

Louisa Degenhardt, Fiona Charlson, Alice Ferrari, Damian Santomaura, Holly Erskine the
Lancet Psychiatry 5 (12), 987 – 1012, 2018.

Angela K. Hennenberger, Dawnsha R. Mushanga, Alison M. Preston – Adolescents

Research review 6, 57 – 73. Peer Influence and Adolescent Substance Use.
Ann Kiriru, African Research Journal of Education and Social Sciences 5 (2), 2018. Effect
of Awareness on Substance Abuse among University students in Kenya.
Erin Willis, Robyn Adams, Justin Keene – Substance use and Misuse 54 (11), 1886 – 1893, 2019
College Students’ Development of Attitudes towards Poly-substance use.

Liranzo G. Selamu, Sliyas K. Abreha, Sirael F. Feyissa, J. Subst Abuso 5 (2), 1056, 2017. Drug
and Substance abuse knowledge and attitudes among youth in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.

Misango Nathan Chapia. Factors Influencing Drug and Substance Abuse among secondary
School students in Kingo sub-county, Kwale County, Kenya.

Mondester N. Onwae, University of Nairobi, 2016. Causes and Effects of Drug and
substance abuse among students in Starehe sub-county, Nairobi County.
Turid Wangenskeen, Torgan Gustav, Bramness, Astrid Halsa Child and Family Social
Work 24 (2), 201, 2019. Growing up with Parental use disorder.
Albert M. Kopak, Dorothy Smith-Ruiz, Race and Justice 6 (2), 89 – 116, 2016. Criminal Justice
Involvement, Drug use, and depression among African American Children of Incarcerated
Parents.

Vincent C. Smith, Celestine R. Wilson. Sheryl A. Ryan, Pamela K. Gonzalez, Stephen W.

Patrick. Paediatrics 135 (2), 2016. Families Affected by Substance Use.
Belay Tefera, Eastern Africa Social Science Research Review 31 (1), 68 – 87, 2015.

Patrick Miller, Martin Plant Journal of Adolescence 33 (1), 55 – 68, 2010.

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Muzi Vitalis Nzoma, Oluwatoyin, A. Yodele Ajani. African Journal of Development
Studies (formerly AFFRIKA Journal of Politics, Economics and Society) 2021
(Si1), 219 – 242, 2021.

James g. Murphy, Ashely A. Dennhardt, Preventive Medicine 92, 24 – 30, 2016. The
Behavioural Economics of young Adult Substance Abuse.
Juma Ochieng, East Africa Journal of Education and Social Sciences 3 (4), 185 – 196, 2022.
Orende Marceline Awino, Onguru Daniel, Odongo David Otieno, Muranda, International
Journal of Innovative Research and Development 9 (11), 2020.

Temidayo O. Olurishe, West Afr Pharm 30 (21) 1 – 12, 2019, Drug and Substance Abuse
in Anglophone West Africa.
G. Mbuthia, P. Wanzala, C. W. Ngugi, Hon. Nyamboga African Journal of health Sciences
33 (1), 38 – 48, 2020.
Jennifer L. Syvertsen, Spala Ohaga, Kawango Agol, Margarita, Dr. Omoya and Guise, Tim,
International Journal of Drug Policy 30, 82 – 90, 2016.
Marceline A. Orende, Daniel O. Onguru, David O. Odongo, Marion A. Muranda Global
Journal of health Science 13 (2), 104, 2021.

16
 APPENDICES

Appendix I: Ethical Letter

Thika School of Medical Sciences,

P.O. Box 4298,

Thika, Kenya.
Telephone: 0741889874

17th November, 2023

To: Whom It May Concern,

RE: Approval for ethical clearance for a study title; factors associated with drug and
substance abuse among youths aged 18 – 30 in Obunga Slum, Kisumu County.
I am pleased to inform you that the Principal on behalf of the institution approve the ethical
clearance of the above-mentioned study based on the recommendation of the institution.

The reliability of this ethical clearance is three months effective from 1st September to 1st
December 2023. I will be required to apply for renewal of ethical clearance on a three months
basis if the study is completed. At the end of the clearance, I will be expected to provide a
report upon completion of the study.

17
Appendix II: Consent Form
Parent/Guardian Consent Form

A study on factors associated with drugs and substance abuse among youths aged 18 – 20 in
Obunga Slum, Kisumu County.

Principal Investigator: Shelah Auma Otieno

This study has been explained to me by:
Mr/Mrs ……………………………………………………

1. I confirm that I have read and understood all the information about the study on the
information sheet and I was given an opportunity to ask questions about the study.
2. I understand that my child’s participation in this study is voluntary and she/he can
decide to withdraw from it any time.
3. I understand that my child may be required to fill some forms which may be having
some critical questions.
4. I agree for my child to engage in the above study.

Name of the parent/guardian: ……………………………………………………

Signature: ……………………………………………………

Date: ……………………………………………………

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Appendix III: Questionnaire
Dear Respondent,

The current study is being conducted for the award of Diploma in Community health and
Development at Thika School of Medical and health sciences. The purpose of the study is to find
out and examine the factors associated with drug and substance abuse among youths aged 18 –
30 in Obunga Slum in Kisumu County. Please assist the student to access the necessary data
towards the completion of the project. Any response provided will be of outmost confidentiality.
Your cooperation will be highly appreciated.

Please tick in the brackets as it may be appropriate.

SECTION A: Cost of Drugs

1. Have you ever abused any drug?

Yes No
2. Has any member of your family been a drug user?
Yes No
3. Which drug is mostly abused?

Alcohol Bhang Beer

4. Suggest on the cost of drug.

Expensive cheap
5. Which gender commonly abuse drug?
Male Female

SECTION B: Parental guidance

1. Child gender

Male Female

2. Parental occupation

Peasant farmer business man/woman pensionable

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3. parental education background

primary secondary college university

4. do you have any concern about your child’s development or well-being.

Yes No

5. Is there anything you want to share about your parental journey?

Yes No
SECTION C: Peer pressure

1. have you ever felt peer pressure in your life?

Yes No
[Link] do you live?

Urban suburban rural area

3. Who do you believe exerts the most peer pressure on you?

Friends
Family
Classmate
Social media
4. Are you school going age
Yes No
5. How do you usually respond peer pressure?
Give in to it
Resist it

Seek advice from a friend/trusted person

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Appendix IV: Budget

No Items Amount in KES

1 Transportation 200

2 Binding 100

3 Photocopy 350

4 Printing 600

5 Pens 50

Total 1,300

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 Appendix V: Work Plan
Work plan, September, October, November and December
Topic identification
Proposal writing
Submission and presentation
Table 1: Work Plan

Activities Sep Oct Nov Dec

Choosing topic

Proposal writing

Presentation

Submission of proposal

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