CRYSTALLISATION:

 Process by which solids form, where the atoms or molecules are highly organized
into a structure known as a crystal.
 Refers to transforming from a disordered, amorphous state to a well-defined,
ordered crystalline structure.

CRYSTALS:
 It is a solid material with a definite pattern of atoms or molecules and a regular
surface shape.
 They exhibit unique geometric shapes and possess distinct physical and chemical
properties, making them essential in various scientific and industrial applications.

Procedure
1. Dissolve 93 Salt and 200 ml warm water into a clear container. If you can’t measure the powder or
water, stir in enough Salt that it stops dissolving in the warm water, making a saturated solution.
2. Now, you can simply wait for crystals to grow .
3. To get a seed crystal, pour a few drops of your solution onto a plate or saucer. Allow this liquid to
evaporate to form seed crystals. Select the best crystal and place it in a clean container with the rest
of the solution.
4. Cover the container with a paper towel or coffee filter to keep it clean, but permit evaporation.
5. Leave your solution undisturbed, but check on it daily to observe crystal growth.
6. Once the crystals have reached the desired size (a week or two), remove the crystal and allow it to
dry on a paper towel.
7. Store your crystal wrapped in a piece of tissue.

Applications
 Production of high-purity chemicals through crystallization for different industrial applications
 Separation and purification processes to isolate specific compounds from complex mixtures
 Refining of sugar and salt through crystallization processes to meet quality and purity standards
 Drug crystallization for formulation, ensuring the production of pharmaceuticals with consistent
quality and efficacy.
 Semiconductor manufacturing, where controlled crystallization is essential for the fabrication of
electronic components.
  Crystal growth for optoelectronics influences the development of materials for devices like lasers
and solar cells.
 Removal of impurities from water through crystallization contributes to producing high-quality
drinking water.
 Crystallization-based methods for the recovery of valuable minerals from industrial wastewater
 Controlled crystallization synthesizes nanomaterials for various applications, including catalysis and
drug delivery.
 Used in dyeing and finishing textiles for improved color fastness and fabric properties.

POTASSIUM FERRICYANIDE:
1. It is a coordination compound whose chemical formula is K3[Fe(CN)6]. This
chemical compound exists as a bright red salt under standard conditions for
temperature and pressure (usually abbreviated to STP).
2. Each potassium ferricyanide molecule consists of three positively charged
potassium cations and one ferricyanide anion.
3. Coordination structure of the ferricyanide anion is octahedral.
4. Potassium ferricyanide is known to have an extremely complicated polymeric
structure (as is usually the case with most metal cyanides)

Uses of Potassium Ferricyanide

 Used in Cyanotype process, where it is employed in the printing processes that yield
cyan-blue prints.
 Many photographic print toning processes are known to employ potassium
ferricyanide.
 Employed as an oxidising agent for the removal of silver from certain colour
negatives and colour positives.
 Used during the hardening of iron and the hardening of steel.
 The process of electroplating is often done using this compound as one of the raw
materials.
 Used in the dyeing of wool
 Used as a laboratory reagent.
 Many organic reactions are conducted employing this compound as a mild oxidising
agent.
 Used as an electron transfer agent in many types of amperometric biosensors.

Properties of Potassium Ferricyanide

 The chemical formula : K3[Fe(CN)6].
 The molar mass : 329.24 grams per mole.
 Under STP ,it is known to exist in the form of deep red crystals.
 It is not uncommon for this coordination compound to exist in the form of pellets or
a powder which is either dark red or orange.
 The density : 1.89 grams per cubic centimetre under STP (when it exists in the solid
phase).
 The melting point: 573 Kelvin. Therefore, this compound melts at a temperature of
300 degrees celsius.
 Does not have any boiling point since it undergoes decomposition before reaching
any specific boiling point.
 It is highly soluble in water.
 At a temperature of 20 degrees celsius, the solubility of potassium ferricyanide in
water is known to be approximately equal to 464 grams per litre. Finally, the
solubility of this compound in hot water can be as high as 775 grams per litre.
 It is slightly soluble in alcohol and is also soluble in certain acids.
 The crystal structure of this coordination compound is known to be monoclinic.

FERROUS AMMONIUM SULPHATE:

 1. Ammonium Ferrous Sulphate, also known as Ferrous
Ammonium Sulfate or Mohr's salt, is a chemical compound with
the formula (NH4)2Fe(SO4)2·6H2O.
2. Ferrous ions of Mohr’s salt go through the hydrolysis in aqueous solution.
3. To prevent the hydrolysis concentration, H2SO4 requires to be supplemented
to the Mohr’s salt crystals when preparing its standard solution.
4. The primary hazard is the threat to the environment.
5. Immediate steps should be taken to limit its spread to the environment.
6. It is used in medicine, chemical analysis and metallurgy.
7. Mohr’s Salt is named after the German chemist Karl Friedrich Mohr, who
synthesized it in 1855. In analytical chemistry, Mohr’s salt is frequently used
as a primary standard to standardize solutions of other substances, especially
when titrating permanganate solutions.
8. Note: Mohr’s salt is commonly utilized as a laboratory reagent due to its easy
crystallization and the production of crystals that exhibit high resistance to
oxidation when exposed to air.
9. Chemical Reaction
FeSO4 + (NH4)2SO4 + 6H₂O → Fe(NH4)2(SO4)2.6H2O

Properties of Mohr’s Salt

 Ferrous ammonium sulfate hexahydrate, also known as Mohr’s salt .
 The chemical structure shows that it contains two ammonium ions (NH4⁺), one
iron(II) ion (Fe²⁺), two sulfate ions (SO4²⁻), and six water molecules (H2O) in its
hydrated form.
 It is a double salt( salt that contains two or more different cations or anions).
 The molar mass of Mohr’s salt (in its anhydrous state): 284.05 grams per mole.
While the hexahydrate of Mohr’s salt is known to have a molar mass of 392.13
grams per mole.

The physical properties of

Mohr’s Salt can be
(NH4)2Fe(SO4)2·6H2O
understood by the table
below: Chemical Formula

Ferrous ammonium sulfate

Chemical Name
hexahydrate
 Physical State Crystalline solid

Crystal Structure Monoclinic

Color Light Green

Soluble (increases with

Solubility in Water
temperature)

Exhibits magnetic properties

Magnetic Properties
due to iron(II) ions

Color Change upon May change from green to

Oxidation brown upon exposure to air

 Mohr’s salt reacts with alkalis to form insoluble hydroxides.

 Formation of Ferric Salt: Mohr’s salt can be oxidized to form ferric sulfate in the
presence of oxidizing agents.(NH4)2Fe(SO4)2.6H2O + Br2 → Fe2(SO4)3 + 2NH4Br +
6H2O
 Decomposition upon Heating: Mohr’s salt undergoes thermal decomposition upon
heating, releasing ammonia, sulfur dioxide, and water vapor.
(NH4)2Fe(SO4)2.6H2O→FeSO4 + (NH4)4SO4 + 6H2O
 Oxidation by Air: In the presence of air, the iron(II) ions in Mohr’s salt can oxidize to
iron(III) ions (Fe³⁺). This oxidation is often observable as a color change from green to
brown.

Uses of Mohr’s Salt

 Mohr’s salt is used as a reducing agent in various redox reactions.
 Mohr’s salt finds applications in laboratories as a versatile reagent.
 In some chemical reactions, Mohr’s salt can act as a catalyst .
 Mohr’s salt reacts with alkalis to form insoluble hydroxides.
 used in common labs for performing a qualitative chemical analysis which is used to
identify the unknown concentration of a solution.
  Mohr’s salt is used in analytical chemistry for standardization, as a reducing agent in
redox reactions
.

COPPER SULPHATE:
 Copper(II) sulfate is an inorganic compound with the chemical formula CuSO4.
 It forms hydrates CuSO4·nH2O, where n can range from 1 to 7.
 The pentahydrate (n = 5), a bright blue crystal, is the most commonly encountered hydrate of
copper(II) sulfate,[10] while its anhydrous form is white.[11]
 Older names for the pentahydrate include blue vitriol, bluestone,[12] vitriol of copper,
[13]
and Roman vitriol.[14]
 It exothermically dissolves in water to give the aquo complex [Cu(H2O)6]2+, which
has octahedral molecular geometry.
 The structure of the solid pentahydrate reveals a polymeric structure wherein copper is again
octahedral but bound to four water ligands.
 The Cu(II)(H2O)4 centers are interconnected by sulfate anions to form chains.[15]

Properties

 Chemica CuSO4 (anhydrous)

l CuSO4·5H2O (pentahydrate)
formula

 Molar 159.60 g/mol (anhydrous)[2]

mass 249.685 g/mol (pentahydrate)
[2]

 Appeara gray-white (anhydrous)

nce blue (pentahydrate)

 Density 3.60 g/cm3 (anhydrous)[2]

2.286 g/cm3 (pentahydrate)[2]

 Melting 110 °C (230 °F;

point 383 K) decomposes
560 °C decomposes[2]
(pentahydrate)
Fully decomposes at 590 °C
(anhydrous)

 Boiling decomposes to cupric oxide at

 point 650 °C

Uses of Copper Sulphate:

 As a fungicide and herbicide
 Analytical reagent
 Used as a coloring ingredient in artworks, especially glasses and potteries.
 Used as a molluscicide to treat bilharzia in tropical countries.
 It is used in Fehling's solution and Benedict's solution to test for reducing sugars, which
reduce the soluble blue copper(II) sulfate to insoluble red copper(I) oxide.
 Also used in the Biuret reagent to test for proteins.
 Used to test blood for anemia