CHAPTER;-4 Carbon and its compounds.

Content Analysis Carbon formed covalent compound only as if it take electro to form C 4- anion ,the 6
proton hold 10 electron which is difficult. If it lose electron to form C 4+ ion ,a large energy need to loss
which is difficult. Thus carbon form only covalent compound.
-Catenation-The properties of a matter which can joint themselves to give different compounds are called
as catenation .This properties along with tetravalency give a large compound of carbon.
-Carbon compound except carbon dioxide, monoxide, carbonate, bicarbonates are called organic
compounds.
-Compounds of carbon and hydrogen are called as Hydrocarbons.
-If an element can form more than one form then this properties is called Allotropy .The different forms
are called Allotropes. Carbon has 3 allotropes I) Graphite (ii) Diamond (iii) Flurence.
-oxygen is diatomic ,oxygen has [Link] 8 and k=2,L=6 .In order to get octet, oxygen share 2 electron each
with 2 oxygen atom .likewise Hydrogen nitrogen, chlorine is also diatomic.
-The series of hydrocarbons which differ by CH2 or 14 a mu are called Homologous series.
-Groups of Heteroatoms which responds whole the properties of matter is called functional group. Alcohol
possess -OH, Carboxylic acid have -COOH , Aldehyde has -CHO ,Ketone has -C=O, as function group. Ester
has -COOR functional groups.
-CNG contain methane (CH4) ,LPG contain Butane(C4H10)
Nature of flame :
---Saturated hydrocarbon gives a clean flame while unsaturated gives smoky flame. Coal and petroleum
contain Nitrogen and Sulphur which on burning gives oxide which is a major component of pollution. Any
fuel which can produce volatile component can produce flame.
---Coal is formed by anaerobic decomposition of organic matter under earth crust at high temperature and
[Link] and gases are formed by anaerobic decomposition of organic matter Called Zooplankton
under earth crust at high temperature and pressure. Thus both Coal and petroleum are called as fossil
fuel.
Test for saturated and unsaturated hydrocarbons:
Unsaturated hydrocarbon losses the colour of bromine water due to addition reaction. While saturated
hydrocarbon can not loss the colour of bromine water.
Saturated hydrocarbons are those hydrocarbons which have C-C bond. They are generally unreactive in
nature. They are generally called Alkane. They generally have CnH2n+2
-Unsaturated hydrocarbons-Those hydrocarbons which have C=C bond. They are generally unreactive in
nature. They are generally called Alkene. They generally have CnH2n. Those hydrocarbons which have C =
C bond. They are generally unreactive in nature. They are generally called Alkyne. They generally have
CnH2n-2.

-Rule for nomenclature.;-

[Link] saffix- ane for single, ene- for double ,yne for Triple bonds, for alcohol-ol, for carboxylic acid –oic
acid ,for ester –oate , for ketone –one, for aldehyde- al
2. Select the longest chain and count carbon in such a way that the functional group or branch should be in
least atoms.
[Link] giving the name of cyclic compound use –cylo – as prefix. For others substituent use the suffix after
parent carbon name along with the number where they attached with a suffix yl for alkyl.
[Link] there is more than one branch, arrange alphabetically the substituent and write the parent carbon
chain at last,
[Link] there is more than one functional group used any one as principal and count no of carbon based on
that, write the prefix of the other functional group with number while the principal functional group we
used suffix after parent carbon name.
Isomers and Isomerism and its Type:-
Isomers are the species which have same formula but different structure due to different arrangement of
constituent particle which result to give different products. This phenomenon of the substance is called as
Isomerism.

(i) Structural Isomers are those isomers Which have differ in structure of molecule.
Eg,-(i) CH3—CH2 ---CH2---CH2--- CH3 (ii) CH3—CH ---CH2 --- CH3

n-Pentane

CH3

Iso- pentane

CH3

(iii) CH3—C --- CH3

CH3

Neo- pentane

(ii)Position isomers:- They have different position of functional group or double bond/triple bond
positions. Eg,-(i) CH2=CH---CH2 ---CH2--- CH3 (ii) CH3—CH =CH ---CH2--- CH3 (iii) CH3—CH2 ---CH =CH-- CH3

(III) Geometrical isomers:

They have different geometry of the molecule.

Cl Cl Cl H

C==C C==C

H H H Cl

Cis- isomer Trans- isomer

CnH2n+[Link] first member methanol has CH3OH and 2nd member has C2H5OH ethanol.
Ethanol is liquid at room temperature, and use as ingredient in almost all alcoholic beverage.
It also used in medicine ,solvent , fuel. Intake of methanol in small amount causes death as it
convert to methanal in liver which causes coagulation of cell protoplasm . Uses of ethanol
causes addiction which causes liver damage, Loss of central nervous system, loss of judgment.
Ethanol is prepared by fermentation of sugar by enzyme yeast. To prevent misused of
ethanol it is mixed with methanol and the mixture is called denatured alcohol. A mixture of
alcohol and iodine is used as tincture of iodine as antiseptics. A mixture of alcohol and water
is used as antifreeze mixture and called as antifreeze mixture in radiator. A mixture of
alcohol can be used as a source of energy and called as power alcohol
-Alcohol undergo oxidation in presence of alkaline KMnO4/acidified K2Cr2O7 to give carboxylic
acids.
 C2H5OH acidifiedK2Cr2O7
CH3COOH
alkaline KMnO4

-Alcohol can react with metal like sodium to give sodium ethoxide and hydrogen which show
that alcohol is acidic in nature.
C2H5OH + Na ----------→ C2H5ONa
Addition reactions: unsaturated hydrocarbons add hydrogen in presence of catalyst like
pd/Ni to give saturated hydrocarbon. This reaction is called Hydrogenation. Vegetable oil
have long chain unsaturated hydrocarbon .Animal fat have saturated hydrocarbons which are
harmfull to health.
CH3 CH3 H H
C==C H2
Ni/Pd CH3------ C-----C------CH3
H H
H H
Substitution reactions:- Saturated hydrocarbons undergo substitution reactions in
presence of sunlight with halogens.
CH4 + Cl2 -HCl CH3Cl Cl2 CH2Cl2 Cl2 CHCl3 Cl2 CCl 4
-HCl -HCl -HCl
Carboxylic Acids:- Ethanoic acids is commonly known as acetic acid.5-8% solution of acetic
acid in water are called vinegar and used as preservative. The melting point is 297K and it
often freezes during cold winter and thus called glacial acetic acid. It has functional group –
COOH. It is of weak acids.
Esterification reactions:- Esters are mostly formed by the reaction of an acid and
alcohol. Ethanoic acid react with ethanol in presence of an acid catalyst give an ester.
CH3COOH + CH3CH2OH acids CH3—C-O-CH2-CH3
O
Ester are sweat Smelling substances and thus used in making perfume, flavouring
agents.
Saponification reaction:- Ester on treating with sodium hydroxide, it is converted back
to alcohol and sodium salt of carboxylic acid . This reaction is generally used in making
soap and called as Saponification reaction.
CH3—C-O-CH2-CH3 + NaOH CH3CH2OH + CH3COONa
O
Reaction with hydrogen carbonate and carbonate:-
With hydrogen carbonate and carbonate ,carboxylic acid gives carbon dioxide , water
and sodium salt of acid.
2CH3COOH + Na2CO3 2CH3COONa + H2O + CO2
CH3COOH + NaHCO3 CH3COONa + H2O + CO2
Oxidising agent:- Those substance which added oxygen to other are called oxidising
agent. Eg, potassium per manganate,
Soap and Detergents:-
The molecule of soap are sodium or potassium salt of long chain carboxylic acid . The
carboxylate part (ionic end) dissolve in water while the hydrocarbon part dissolve in
oil.
The carboxylate part (ionic end) are called head and dissolve in water while the
hydrocarbon part (tail) dissolve in oil . When soap molecule are in water the tail part
will not soluble in water and the soap will align along the surface of water with the
head where the tail protruding out of water. Inside water, These molecule have
orientation that keep the tail out of water which help to form a cluster of molecule in
which tail are in the interior and head are in outer surface . This cluster of molecule
are called micelle .
Soap molecule in the form of micelle is able to clean since the oil dirt will be collected
in the center . The micelle stay in solution as colloid and will not come together to
precipated because of ion –ion repulsion . The dirt suspended in micelle is also rinsed
away . A soap solution is cloudy. A soap molecule can react with the component of hard
water (Calcium and magnesium salt of chloride , sulphate , carbonate)to form scum.
Detergent are generally ammonium or sulphonate salt of long chain carboxylic acid. It
cannot react with hard water .Thus they are effective in washing purpose. Soap
containing potassium can increase the growth of algae which can reduce the oxygen
carrying capacity of water and thus causes water pollution.
Soap molecule are generally basic in nature which can change red litmus solution to
blue. Yellow turmeric to reddish brown colour.

Evaluations:
1. The bond between two identical non metallic atom has a pair of electron ?
i) un equally shared between two atoms.
ii) Transferred completely from one atom to another.
iii) With identical spins
iv) Unequally shared between them.
2. Covalent compounds are generally
i) Soluble in water (ii)Insoluble in water(iii)Ionize in water(iv)Hydrolyse in water
3. Propane with the molecular formula C3H8 has
i) 7covalent bonds (ii) 8 covalent bonds (iii) 9 covalent bonds(iv)10 Covalent bonds.
4. A hydrocarbon reacts with ammonical cuprous chloride solution to form a red precipitate
.The hydrocarbon is i)ethane (ii)methene iii)butane iv)1-propyne
5. Which of the following substance is added to denature Ethanol ?
i)methanol ii)pyridine (iii)copper sulphate iv)all of them

6. Which of the following is not an allotropic form of carbon

i)fluorine ii)fullerene (iii)diamond (iv)graphite

7. Which of the following represents the correct decreasing order of

hydrogen atoms ?

i)alkanes , alkenes , alkynes ii)alkanes , alkaynes , alkenes

 iii)alkenes , alkynes , alkanes iv)alkynes , alkanes , alkenes
8. Detergents are sodium or potassium salts of long chain of ;-
i)aldehydes ii)ketones iii)carboxylic acid iv)sulphonic acid
9. Which of the following represents the structure of N2 Mmolecule ?
i) N≡ N (ii)N = N (iii)N – N (iv)None of the above
10. In double covalent bond there is sharing of
i) 2 electrons (ii)4 electrons (iii)6 electrons (iv)3 electrons
11. Cation is formed when
i) atom gains electrons (ii)atom loses electrons(iii)proton is lost by the atom
(iv)atom shared by electrons
12. The total no. of electrons that take part in forming a bond in N2 is
i) 2 (ii) 4 (iii) 6 (iv)10
13. Which of the following has the weakest carbon-carbon strength?

i)C2H2 (ii) C2H4 (iii)C2H6(iv)all have the same bond strength

14. Catenation is the ability of an atom to form bonds with other atoms of the same element. It
is exhibited by both carbon and silicon. Compare the ability of catenation of the two
elements. Give reasons.
[Link] hydrocarbons contain multiple bonds between the two C-atoms and show
addition reactions. Give the test to distinguish ethane from ethene.
[Link] the structural formulae of all the isomers of hexane

Short answer type questions;

1. A salt X is formed and a gas is evolved when ethanoic acid reacts with sodium
hydrogencarbonate. Name the salt X and the gas evolved. Describe an activity
and draw the diagram of the apparatus to prove that the evolved gas is the one
which you have named. Also, write chemical equation of the reaction involved.
2. What are hydrocarbons? Give examples.
3. Give the structural differences between saturated and unsaturated
hydrocarbons with two examples each.
4. What is a functional group? Give examples of four different functional groups.
5. Name the reaction which is commonly used in the conversion of vegetable
oils to fats. Explain the reaction involved in detail.
6. Write the formula and draw electron dot structure of carbon tetrachloride.
[Link] is saponification? Write the reaction involved in this process.
1. 8, A salt X is formed and a gas is evolved when ethanoic acid reacts with sodium
hydrogencarbonate. Name the salt X and the gas evolved. Describe an activity
and draw the diagram of the apparatus to prove that the evolved gas is the one
which you have named. Also, write chemical equation of the reaction involved.
2. What are hydrocarbons? Give examples.
3. Give the structural differences between saturated and unsaturated
hydrocarbons with two examples each.
4. What is a functional group? Give examples of four different functional groups.
5. Name the reaction which is commonly used in the conversion of vegetable
oils to fats. Explain the reaction involved in detail.
6. Write the formula and draw electron dot structure of carbon tetrachloride.
7. What is saponification? Write the reaction involved in this process.
8. Esters are sweet-smelling substances and are used in making perfumes. Suggest
some activity and the reaction involved for the preparation of an ester with
well labeled diagram.