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Set Theory Exercises and Solutions

This document is a tutorial sheet for MA110 - Mathematical Methods at The Copperbelt University, detailing various mathematical problems and proofs related to set theory, including De Morgan's Laws, simplifications of set operations, and properties of real numbers. It includes exercises on intersections, unions, complements, and irrational numbers, as well as absolute value evaluations and inequalities. The tutorial is structured to guide students through a range of mathematical concepts and applications.

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80 views2 pages

Set Theory Exercises and Solutions

This document is a tutorial sheet for MA110 - Mathematical Methods at The Copperbelt University, detailing various mathematical problems and proofs related to set theory, including De Morgan's Laws, simplifications of set operations, and properties of real numbers. It includes exercises on intersections, unions, complements, and irrational numbers, as well as absolute value evaluations and inequalities. The tutorial is structured to guide students through a range of mathematical concepts and applications.

Uploaded by

mwansam6020
Copyright
© All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

THE COPPERBELT UNIVERSITY

SCHOOL OF MATHEMATICS AND NATURAL SCIENCES


DEPARTMENT OF MATHEMATICS

TUTORIAL SHEET 1: MA110 - Mathematical Methods 2024

1. i) Prove the De Morgan’s Laws: a) (𝐵 ∩ 𝐶)′ = 𝐵 ′ ∪ 𝐶 ′


b) (𝐵 ∪ 𝐶)′ = 𝐵 ′ ∩ 𝐶 ′
ii) Prove that (𝐴′ )′ = 𝐴
iii) Verify or show the De Morgan’s Laws a) (𝐵 ∩ 𝐶)′ = 𝐵 ′ ∪ 𝐶 ′ b) (𝐵 ∪ 𝐶)′ = 𝐵 ′ ∩ 𝐶 ′

2. If 𝐶 ⊂ 𝐷 , then simplify if possible


i) 𝐶 ∩ 𝐷 ii) 𝐶 ′ ∪ 𝐷′ iii) 𝐶 ∪ 𝐷′ iv) 𝐶 ′ ∩ (𝐶 ∪ 𝐷)

3. If 𝐶 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐷 are disjoint, simplify if possible


i)𝐶 ′ ∩ 𝐷′ ii) 𝐶 ′ ∪ 𝐷′ iii) (𝐶 ∩ 𝐷)′ iv) (𝐶 ⊎ 𝐷)′

4. Using the associative and distributive properties of union and intersection of sets .Show that
i) 𝐴 = (𝐴 ∩ 𝐵) ∪ (𝐴 ∩ 𝐵 ′ ) ii) 𝐴 ∪ 𝐵 = (𝐴 ∩ 𝐵) ∪ (𝐴 ∩ 𝐵 ′ ) ∪ (𝐴′ ∩ 𝐵)
iii) 𝐴 ∪ (𝐴′ ∩ 𝐵) = 𝐴 ∪ 𝐵

5. a)Given that X, Y and Z are sets, simplify the following if possible


i) [𝑋 ′ ∪ (𝑌 ∩ 𝑍)]′ ii) 𝑌 ′ ∩ (𝑋 ∪ 𝑌) iii) (𝑋 ∩ 𝑌) ∪ (𝑋 ∩ 𝑌 ′ ) iv) (𝑋 ∪ 𝑌) ∩ (𝑋 ∪ 𝑌 ′ )

v) [𝑋 ′ ∪ (𝑋 − 𝑍)]
b) Given that X and Y are subsets of some universal set U, simplify the following:
(i) X  (X  Y) .
(ii) [( X  Y )   X   Y ] .

6. a) Using the symbol " ⊂ ′′ put the set of numbers in ascending order given

ℂ, ℕ, ℝ, ℤ 𝑎𝑛𝑑 ℚ
b) Give the definition of the following sets ℚ∗ , ℝ∗ , ℂ∗ and ℤ∗

7. .a) Let 𝐴 = {𝑥 ∈ ℝ: − 4 ≤ 𝑥 < 2} and = {𝑥 ∈ ℝ: 𝑥 ≥ −1} .


Find i) 𝐴 ∩ 𝐵 ii) 𝐴′
b) Let 𝑈 = (−6,9] be the universal set, = [−2,4], 𝐵 = (−1,5) 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐶 = (−6,9] .
Find the following sets:
i) 𝐴 ∩ 𝐵 ii) 𝑈 − 𝐶 iii) 𝐵 ′ 𝑈𝐴 iv) (𝐴 ∪ 𝐶)′
c) Given that ℝ , the set of real numbers is the universal set, 𝐴 = (−4,7] 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐵 = [ 4, ∞),
Find
i)𝐴′ ii)𝐵 ′ iii)𝐴 − 𝐵 iv) 𝐵 − 𝐴
d) Let 𝐴 = (−9,9) be the universal set and 𝑋 = (−1,5], 𝑌 = [−5,3] 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑍 = [−1,7).
Find each of the following sets and display it on the number line:
i)𝑋 ′ ii) 𝐴 − 𝑋 iii) (𝑋 ∩ 𝑍)′ iv) (𝑌 − 𝑋) ∩ 𝑍
e) Let A = {1,2, 3, 4,5,6,7,8,9} ; B = [1, 5) and C= (3,8). The universal set

is a set of real numbers . If necessary use the real number line and find:

( i). (A ∩ B) ∪(A ∩ C) (ii). B∩C (iii). ( B ∪ C)’

(iv). (B’ ∪ C’) ∩ A

f) Let R, the set of real numbers be the universal set. If


A   7 , 8  11 ,  and B  0 , 20, find the following sets and display
them on the number line:
(i) A .
(ii) A B.
(iii) ( A  B ) .
g) . Let X   10 , 10 be the universal set and A  (2 ,6], B  [5 , 3] and C  [1 , 8) .
Find each of the following sets and display it on the number line:
(i) A (ii) X A (iii) ( A  C ) (iv) ( B  A)  C
h) Given that R, the set of real numbers is the universal set, A  (8 , 6] and B  [5 , ) ,
find
(i) A (ii) B (iii) A B (iv) B A
𝑎
8. a) Express the following in the form of 𝑏 where 𝑎 and 𝑏 are intergers, 𝑏 ≠ 0.
i) ̅̅̅̅
0.33 ̅̅̅̅
ii) 0.16 iii) 2. ̅̅̅̅̅
143 iv) 3.7̅ ̅̅̅̅
v)1.171717……. vi) 2.590

b) Prove that i) √3 is an irrational number.


ii) √2 is an irrational number
c) Given that √3 and √5 are irrational, show that the following are not rational numbers
i) √3 +5 is an irrational number.
ii) √5 − 1 is an irrational number iii) 1 − √3 is an irrational number
a
9. Express 3.1212 in the form where a and b are integers and b  0 .
b
10. Evaluate each of the following using the definition of Absolute value.
3 2 3
a) |𝑥 − 2| = 6 b) |2𝑛 + 1| = 11 c) |𝑘−1|=4 d) |𝑥 − 3| = 4 e) |−4| f) |4|
g) |2𝑥 − 3| ≤ 5 h) |5𝑥 − 4| ≤ 8

11. a) Solve |𝑥 − 1| > |𝑥 + 1| b) Solve the inequality x  2  3 .

Common questions

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When sets C and D are disjoint, their intersection is empty, thus (C∩D)′, the complement of an empty set, would cover the entire universal set. For their complements, C′ and D′, the intersection C′ ∩ D′ includes all elements not in either C or D, effectively forming the entire universal set less the union of C and D. The union C′ ∪ D′ includes all elements not in C or D plus those in D, since individually C and D include no common elements .

The associative property implies that the way in which sets are grouped during union or intersection does not change the result, allowing flexibility in computation. For example, A∪(B∪C) is equivalent to (A∪B)∪C. The distributive property bridges union and intersection, such as A∩(B∪C) = (A∩B) ∪ (A∩C), which can simplify complex expressions by breaking down operations into more manageable parts, improving clarity and facilitating proofs in set theory .

Irrational numbers, such as √3 and √5, expand the number system beyond rational limitations, allowing a complete real number continuum. They are pivotal in proofs that require demonstrating limits or boundary conditions not expressible by fractions. In geometry or calculus, they frequently appear in critical lengths or solutions to equations, showcasing the need for comprehensive methods in mathematical analysis and expressions .

The operation A - B yields elements exclusive to set A, without those shared by B. This highlights the unique contributions or distinct parts of A relative to another set. It provides insight into mutual exclusivity or intersection properties by delineating overlap areas visually and practically, facilitating discussions of set-driven partitions or distinctions in larger systems or datasets, specifically under a universal set .

To solve |x−1| > |x+1|, the absolute value definition, which divides into piecewise scenarios, transforms this into conditions: (x−1 > x+1) or (−(x−1) > x+1) and their negations. Evaluating these conditions, by solving linear inequalities, reveals meaningful intervals satisfying the inequality. This essentially compares distances from zero, separating conditions positively or negatively, drawing deeper understanding beyond mere arithmetic expressions .

Proofs of irrationality, such as √2, involve showing no possible expression as a ratio of integers exists. Extending this to more complex expressions like √3 + 5 involves considering any sum involving a known irrational (e.g., √3) and rational numbers. This can be achieved by examining the conditions of rational closure properties: adding or multiplying a rational with an irrational results in an irrational outcome, hence √3 + 5 is irrational too if √3 is already verified as irrational .

The universal set serves as the reference for defining complements in set theory. A complement of a set A, denoted as A′, includes all elements not in A but present in the universal set. This positioning underscores the dependence of set complements on the universal set's scope, influencing the results of operations like union and intersection involving complements. They highlight complimentary relationships and boundaries intrinsic to a problem domain .

De Morgan's Laws are crucial for simplifying the complements of unions and intersections in set operations. According to these laws: (B∩C)′ = B′ ∪ C′ and (B∪C)′ = B′ ∩ C′ . For instance, when finding the complement of a union, it can be converted into the intersection of the complements, making calculations more straightforward, especially in complex set operations.

The expression X′ ∪ Y∩Z represents the union of the complement of set X and the intersection of sets Y and Z. By applying De Morgan's Laws and set theory operations, the expression remains unalterable under simplification directly without additional conditions. This operation highlights that elements not in X are united with those simultaneously in Y and Z, creating a comprehensive set which may overlap depending on the given universal set configuration .

To convert a repeating decimal like 0.33̅ to a fraction, multiply the equation x = 0.333… by a power of ten that aligns the repeating digits: 10x = 3.333…. Subtract the former from the latter: 10x - x = 3.333… - 0.333…, yielding 9x = 3, hence x = 3/9, simplified to 1/3. This approach efficiently captures the repeating pattern, isolating its fractional form logically from its infinite decimal expression .

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