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Inner Product and Orthogonality Concepts

The document provides an overview of inner product spaces, including definitions, properties, and examples such as Euclidean n-space and function spaces. It covers concepts like the norm of a vector, angles between vectors, orthogonal and orthonormal sets, and the Gram Schmidt process for generating orthonormal sets. Key axioms of inner products and methods for normalizing vectors are also discussed.

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Tulsi Sutariya
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19 views13 pages

Inner Product and Orthogonality Concepts

The document provides an overview of inner product spaces, including definitions, properties, and examples such as Euclidean n-space and function spaces. It covers concepts like the norm of a vector, angles between vectors, orthogonal and orthonormal sets, and the Gram Schmidt process for generating orthonormal sets. Key axioms of inner products and methods for normalizing vectors are also discussed.

Uploaded by

Tulsi Sutariya
Copyright
© All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

Inner Product &

Orthogonality
CHAPTER OUTLINE
 Introduction
 Norm of the Vector, ui
 Examples of Inner Product Space
- Euclidean n-space R
n

- Function Space Ca, b , Polynomial Space P(t )


 Angle between Vectors
 Orthogonal & Orthonormal Set
 Normalizing Vector
 Gram Schmidt Process
INNER PRODUCT SPACE
 Is a vector space, V with an inner product
, : V V  F
 Satisfy the following 3 axioms, for all vectors
x, y, z V , all scalars a  F
1) Conjugate symmetry: x, y  x, y
2) Linearity in the first argument:
ax, y  a x, y
x  y , z  x, z  y , z
3) Positive definiteness: x, y  0 with
equality only for x=0.
NORM OF THE VECTOR ( ui )
• Norm of the vector or length:
ui  x12  ...  x12
 v1 
• The norm of the vector v  v  in ,
R 2

denoted by v ;  2

v  v12  v12

• Eg:
2
If v   
 5
EUCLIDEAN N-SPACE( R ) n

• Consider the vector space R n . The dot product


or scalar product in R is defined by:
n

x, y  x1 y1  x2 y2  ...  xn yn
• This function defines an inner product on R n.
• Eg:
Find the Euclidean inner product u, v
a) u  (4,8,2) v  (0,1,3)
FUNCTION SPACE Ca, b
POLYNOMIAL SPACE P(t )
• The notation Ca, b - used to denote the vector
space of all continuous functions on the closed
interval a, b , where a  t  b .
• Let f (t ) and g (t ) are functions in Ca, b , an
inner product on Ca, b :
b
f , g   f (t ) g (t )dt
a

• Eg: Consider f (t )  3t  5 and g (t )  t 2 in the


polynomial space P(t ) with inner product
1
f , g   f (t ) g (t )dt
0
a) Find f , g

b) Find f and g
ANGLE BETWEEN VECTORS
 For any nonzero vectors u and v in an
inner product space, V, the angle between
u and v is defined to be the angle θ such
that 0     and
u, v
cos  
u v

 Eg: Consider the vector


u  (2,3,5) and v  (1,4,3) in R3
Find the angle θ between u and v .
ORTHOGONAL SET
 Let V be an inner product space. The vectors
ui ,u j V is said to be orthogonal if
ui , u j  ui  u j  0 when i  j

 Eg: Determine whether the given vectors are


orthogonal
u  (1,1,1) , v  (1,2,3) , w  (1,4,3)
ORTHONORMAL SET
 The set is said to be orthonormal if it is
orthogonal and each of its vectors has norm 1,
that is ui  1 for all i.

ui  x12  ...  xn2  1 and ui  u j  0


 Eg:
Let S  u1 , u2 , u3   (1,0,0), (0,1,0), (0,0,1)  R3
Determine whether S is an orthonormal set.
NORMALIZING VECTOR
 If u  1 or equivalently u, u  1 , then u
is called a unit vector and is said to be
normalized.
 To obtain a unit vector, every nonzero
vector v in V, can be multiplied by the
reciprocal of its length
1
v v
v
 Eg:
Let u  (1,3,4,2), v  (4,2,2,1) in R 4

Normalize u and v.
GRAM SCHMIDT PROCESS
GRAM SCHMIDT PROCESS

Eg:
Use Gram Schmidt Process to find an
orthonormal set from the set

S  (1,1,0), (1,1,1), (1,2,4)  R3

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