Cycles of Matter and Energy

What are the three main

@ types of rocks and how do
they form?

Chapter Preview
0 Classifying Rocks
Discover How Do Rocks Compare?

8 Igneous Rocks
Discover How Do Igneous Rocks Form?
Analyzing Data Mineral Mixture
At-Home Activity The Rocks Around Us

8 Sedimentary Rocks
Discover How Does Pressure Affect Particles of Rock?
Try This Rock Absorber

0 Rocks From Reefs

Discover How Does a Rock React to Acid?

0 Metamorphic Rocks
Discover How Do Grain Patterns Compare?
Try This A Sequined Rock
At-Home Activity Rocks Around the Block
Skills Lab Mystery Rocks
\
0 The Rock Cycle
Discover Which Rock Came First?
Active Art Rock Cycle
Design Your Own Lab Testing Rock
Flooring

Rock climbers need to know the

characteristics of rock.

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 Rocks

IJ> Video Preview

Video Field Trip
Video Assessment

Collecting Rocks
Each rock, whether a small pebble or a mountain peak, tells a story. The
rocks in your own community tell part of the story of Earth's crust.
In this chapter, you will learn how three different types of rocks form.
You can apply what you learn about rocks to create your own rock
collection and explore the properties of your rocks.

Your Goal To make a collection of the rocks in your area

To complete this project, you must
• collect samples of rocks, keeping a record of where you found
each sample
• describe the characteristics of your rocks, including
their color, texture, and density
• classify each rock as igneous, sedimentary, or
metamorphic
• create a display for your rock collection
• follow the safety guidelines in Appendix A

Plan It! With your classmates and teacher,

brainstorm locations in your community where
rocks are likely to be found. Are there road cuts,
outcroppings of bedrock, riverbanks, or beaches
where you could safely and legally collect your
rocks? Plan your rock-hunting expeditions. Col-
lect your rocks, and then describe, test, and
classify your rock collection.
 Classifying Rocks
Reading Focus
Key Concepts
• What characteristics do How Do Rocks Compare?
geologists use to identify rocks? 1. Look at sampl·es of conglomerate and
• What are the three main groups marble with a hand lens.
of rocks? 2. Describe the two rocks. What is the color
and texture of each?
Key Terms
• rock-forming mineral • granite 3. Try scratching the surface of each rock with
• basalt • grains • texture the edge of a penny. Which rock seems
• igneous rock harder?
• sedimentary rock 4. Hold each rock in your hand. Allowing for
• metamorph ic rock the fact that the samples aren't exactly the Marble
same size, which rock seems denser?
Target Reading Skill Think It Over
Asking Questions Before you Observing Based on your observations, how would you
read, preview the red headings. In compare the physical properties of marble and conglomerate?
a graphic organizer like the one
below, ask a what or how question
for each heading. As you read,
write answers to your questions.
If you were a geologist, how would you examine a rock for the
first time? You might use a camera or notebook to record infor-
Question Answer mation about the setting where the rock was fo und. Then, you
What does a would use a chisel or the sharp end of a rock hammer to remove
rock's color tell
about the rock? ~ samples of the rock. Finally, you would break open the samples

-- -
with a hammer to examine their inside surfaces. You must look

- at the inside of a rock because the effects of ice, liquid water, and
weather can change the outer surface of a rock.
You can find interesting rocks almost anywhere. The rock of
Earth's crust forms mountains, hills, valleys, beaches, even the
ocean floor. When studying a rock sample, geologists observe
the rock's mineral composition, color, and texture.

fiGURE 1
Inspecting a Rock
This geologist is using a hand lens to
observe a piece of shale.
 Fe ldspar

Mica

Mineral Composition and Color FIGURE 2

Minerals in Granite
Rocks are made of mixtures of minerals and other materials. Granite is made up of quartz,
Some rocks contain only a single mineral. Others contain sev- feldspar, hornblende, and mica. It
eral minerals. For example, the granite in Figure 2 is made up may also contain other minerals.
Observing Which mineral seems
of the minerals quartz, feldspar, hornblende, and mica. About most abundant in the sample of
20 minerals make up most of the rocks of Earth's crust. These gran ite shown?
minerals are known as rock-forming minerals. Appendix Bat
the back of this book lists some of the most common rock-
forming minerals.
A -rock's color provides clues to the rock's mineral composi-
tion. For example, granite is generally a light-colored rock that
has high silica content. Basalt, shown in Figure 3, is a dark-col-
ored rock that is low in silica. But as with minerals, color alone
does not provide enough information to identify a rock.
Geologists observe the shape and color of crystals in a rock
to identify the minerals that the rock contains. In identifying
rocks, geologists also use some of the tests that are used to
identify minerals. For example, testing the surface of a
rock with acid determines whether the rock includes
minerals made of compounds called carbonates.
Reading·-~ } How would you define "rock-
Checkpo!!!!.,l forming mineral"?

FIGURE 3
Basalt
Basalt is a dark-colored rock that has low
silica content. Unlike granite, basalt has
mineral crystals that are too small to be
seen without a hand lens.
 Texture
As with minerals, color alone does not provide enough infor-
mation to identify a rock. But a rock's texture is very useful in
identifying a rock. Most rocks are made up of particles of min-
erals or other rocks, which geologists call grains. Grains give
FIGURE 4 the rock its texture. To a geologist, a rock's texture is the look
Rock Textures and feel of the rock's surface. Some rocks are smooth and
Texture helps classify rocks.
Comparing and Contrasting How
glassy. Others are rough or chalky. To describe a rock's texture,
would you compare the texture of geologists use terms based on the size, shape, and pattern of the
diorite with the texture of gneiss? grams.

Grain Size Often, the grains in a rock

Grain Size are large and easy to see. Such rocks are
Fine grain Coarse grain No visible grain said to be coarse-grained. In other
•• rocks, the grains are so small that they
can only be seen with a microscope.
These rocks are said to be fine-grained.
Notice the difference in texture between
the fine-grained slate and the coarse-
grained diorite in Figure 4 at left. Some
rocks have no visible grain even when
they are examined under a microscope.

Grain Shape Grain Shape The grains in a rock vary

widely in shape. Some grains look like
tiny particles of sand. Others look like
small seeds or exploding stars. In some
rocks, such as granite, the grain results
from the shapes of the crystals that form
the rock. In other rocks, the grain shape
results from fragments of several rocks.
These fragments can be smooth and
Conglomerate Breccia
rounded or they can be jagged.

Grain Pattern Grain Pattern The grains in a rock

Nonbanded Banded often form patterns. Some grains lie in
flat layers that look like a stack of pan-
cakes. Other grains form swirling pat-
terns. Some rocks have grains of different
colors in bands, like the gneiss (NYS) in
Figure 4. In other rocks, the grains occur
randomly throughout.
Quartzite Gneiss Reading ) What does it mean to say
Checkpoint that a rock is coarse-grained?

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Igneous Rock forms w hen Sedimentary Rock fo rms Metamorphic Rock fo rms from
magma or lava cool s an d hardens. wh e n pieces of rock are pressed other rocks that a re changed by
and cemented togethe r. heat and pressure.

How Rocks Form

FIGURE 5
Using color, texture, ana m ineral composition, geologists can
Kinds of Rocks
classify a rock according to its origin. A rock's origin is how the Rocks can be igneous, sed imenta ry,
rock formed. Geologists classify rocks into three major groups: or metamorphic, depending on
igneous rock, sedimentary rock, and metamorphic rock. how the rock formed .
Each of these groups of rocks forms in a different way.
Igneous rock (IG nee us) forms from the cooling of magma or
lava. Most se3imentary rock (seduh MEN turee) forms when
particles of other rocks or the remains of plants and animals
are pressed and cemented together. Sedimentary rock forms in
layers that are buried below the surface. Metamorphic rock For: More on rock identificati on
Visit: [Link]
(metuh MAWR fik) forms when an existing rock is changed by Web Code: cfd-1051
heat, pressure, or chemical reactions. Most metamorphic rock
forms deep underground.

section ,' 1 Assessment

Target Reading Skill Asking Questions Work with a
partner to ch eck the answers in your graphic organ izer
abo ut the section h eadin gs.
Wanted Poster Write a paragraph
Reviewing Key Concepts for a wanted poster in which you
1. a. Naming What three characteristics do geologists use to describe the characteristics of
identify rocks? granite. In your wanted poster, be
b. Defining What are the grains of a rock? sure to describe granite's mineral
c. Comparing and Contrasting In your own words, composition, color, and texture.
compare the grain size, sh ape, and pattern of the Also mention the group of rocks to
conglomerate and breccia in Figure 4. which granite belongs.
2. a. Reviewing What are th e three m ain groups of rocks?
b. Explaining How do igneous rocks form?
c. Classifying Gneiss is a kin d of rock th at form s wh en
heat and pressure in side Earth ch ange granite. To wh at
group of rocks does gneiss belon g?

Chapter 5 F + 147
 Igneous Rocks

Reading Focus
Key Concepts
• What characteristics are used to How Do Igneous Rocks Form?
classify igneous rocks? 1. Use a hand lens to examine samples of
• How are igneous rocks used? granite and obsidian.
Key Terms 2. Describe the texture of both rocks using the Obsidian
terms coarse, fine, or glassy.
• extrusive rock • intrusive rock
3. Which rock has coarse-grained crystals?
Which rock has no crystals or grains?
Target Reading Skill
Identifying Main Ideas As you Think It Over
read Classifying Igneous Rocks, Inferring Granite and obsidian are igneous
write the main idea in a graphic rocks . From your observations, what can you
organizer like the one below. Then infer about how each type of rock formed?
Granite
write three supporting details that
further explain the main idea.

Main Idea The time is 4.6 billion years ago. You are in a spacecraft orbit-
Igneous rocks are classified by ing Earth. Do you see the blue and green globe of Earth that
origin, texture, and composition . astronauts today see from space? No-instead, Earth looks like
Detail Detail Detail a charred and bubbling marshmallow heated over hot coals.

DOD Soon after Earth formed, the planet's interior became so

hot that magma formed. Lava repeatedly flowed over the sur-
face. The lava quickly hardened, forming a rocky crust. Because
this early crust was denser than the material beneath it, chunks
of crust -sank into Earth's interior. This allowed more lava to
erupt over the surface and harden to form rock.
)

Classifying Igneous Rocks

The first rocks to form on Earth probably looked like the igne-
ous rocks that can be seen today. Igneous rock is any rock that
forms from magma or lava. The name igneous comes from the
Latin word ignis, meaning "fire." Igneous rocks are classified
according to their origin, texture, and mineral composition.
nline Origin Igneous rock may form on or beneath Earth's surface.
scz·INKS,.
c:illC::>
Extrusive rock is igneous rock formed from lava that erupted
For: Links on igneous rocks onto Earth's surface. Basalt is the most common extrusive rock.
Visit: [Link]
Web Code: scn-1 052
Basalt forms much of the crust, including the oceanic crust,
shield volcanoes, and lava plateaus.

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 Igneous rock that formed when magma hardened beneath
Earth's surface is called intrusive rock. The most abundant ueru
intrusive rock in continental crust is granite. Batholiths made
of granite form the core of many mountain ranges. 00[
Texture The texture of an igneous rock depends on the size
Rocks
and shape of its mineral crystals. The only exceptions to this
rule are the different types of volcanic glass-igneous rock that Video Preview
lacks a crystal structure. IJ> Video Field Trip
Igneous rocks may be similar in mineral composition and yet Video Assessment
have very different textures. Rapidly cooling lava forms fine-
grained igneous rocks with small crystals. Slowly cooling magma
forms coarse-grained rocks with large crystals. Therefore, intru-
sive and extrusive rocks usually have different textures.
Intrusive rocks have larger crystals than extrusive rocks. If
you examine a coarse-grained rock such as granite, you can
easily see that the crystals vary in size and color. Some intrusive
rocks, like the porphyry in Figure 6, have a texture that looks
like a gelatin dessert with chopped-up fruit mixed in.
Extrusive rocks have a fine-grained or glassy texture. Basalt
is a fine-grained extrusive rock. It consists of crystals too small
FIGURE 6
to be seen without a microscope. Obsidian is an extrusive rock
Igneous Rock Textures
that cooled very rapidly without forming crystals. As a result, Igneous rocks such as rhyolite,
obsidian has the smooth, shiny texture of a thick piece of glass. pegmatite, and porphyry can vary
greatly in texture depending on
whether they are intrusive or
extrusive.
Relating Cause and Effect What
conditions caused rhyolite to have
a fine-grained texture?
Rhyolite
A fine-grained,
extrusive igneous rock with a
mineral composition similar to granite

Porphyry
An intrusive igneous rock with
large crystals surrounded by small
crystals; forms when magma cools
Pegmatite slowly at first, then rapidly
A very coarse-grained,
intrusive igneous rock

F + 149
Granite is a mixture of light-colored minerals
such as feldspar and quartz and dark-colored
minerals including hornblende and mica . But,
granite can vary in mineral composition,
affecting its color and texture.
Study the circle graph and then answer the
questions.
1. Reading Graphs What mineral is most
abundant in granite?
2. Reading Graphs About what percentage Dark minerals
of granite is made up of dark minerals? (mica, hornblende)
3. Calculating If the amount of quartz
increases to 35 percent and the amount of
dark-colored minerals stays the same, what 4. Predicting How would the color of the
percentage of the granite will be made up granite change if it contained less feldspar
of feldspar? and more mica and hornblende?

Mineral Composition You may recall that the silica con-

tent of magma and lava can vary. Lava that is low in silica usu-
ally forms dark-colored rocks such as basalt. Basalt contains
feldspar as well as cert-ain dark-colored minerals, but does not
contain quartz.
Magma that is high in silica usually forms light-colored
rocks, such as granite. Granite's mineral composition deter-
mines its color-light gray, red, pink, or nearly black. Granite
that is rich in reddish feldspar is a speckled pink. But granite
rich in hornblende and dark mica is light gray with dark specks.
Quartz crystals in granite add light gray or smoky specks.
Geologists can make thin slices of a rock, such as the gabbro
in Figure 7. They study the rock's crystals under a microscope
to determine the rock's mineral composition.

~~~~~~int) How can mineral composition affect a rock's color?

FIGURE 7
Thin Section of a Rock
This thin slice of gabbro, viewed under a
microscope, contains olivine, feldspar, and
other minerals.
Uses of Igneous Rocks
Many igneous rocks are hard, dense, and durable. People
throughout history have used igneous rock for tools and
building materials.

Building Materials Granite has a long history as a building

material. More than 3,500 years ago, the ancient Egyptians
used granite for statues like the ones shown in Figure 8. About
600 years ago, the Incas of Peru carefully fitted together great
blocks of granite and other igneous rocks to build a fortress
near Cuzco, their capital city. In the United States during the
1800s and early 1900s, granite was widely used to build bridges
and public buildings and for paving streets with cobblestones.
Today, thin, polished sheets of granite are used in curbstones,
floors, and kitchen counters. Basalt is crushed to make gravel
that is used in construction.

Other Uses Igneous rocks such as pumice and obsidian also

have important uses. The rough surface of pumice makes it a
good abrasive for cleaning and polishing. Ancient native Amer- FIGURE 8
icans used obsidian to make sharp tools for cutting and scrap- Durable Granite
ing. Perlite, formed from the heating of obsidian, is often The ancient Egyptians va lued
granite for its durab ility. These
mixed with soil for starting vegetable seeds. statues from a t emple in Luxor,
Reading ) What igneous rock is most often used as a building Egypt, were ca rved in gran ite.
Checkpoint material?

section 2 Assessment
Target Reading Skill Identifying Main Ideas Use your
graphic organizer about the characteristics of igneous rock
to help you answer Question 1 below.
The Rocks Around Us Many
Reviewing Key Concepts common household products
1. a. Explaining How are igneous rocks classified? contain minerals found in igneous
b. Defining What are extrusive rocks and intrusive rock. For exampl e, glass conta ins
rocks? quartz, which is found in granite.
c. Comparing and Contrasting Compare granite and Research one of the following
basalt in terms of their origin and texture. Which is materials and the products in
extrusive? Which is intrusive? which it is used : garnet, granite,
2. a. Summarizing What are two com mon uses of igneous perlite, pumice, or vermiculite.
rocks? Explain to family members how the
b. Reviewing What characteristics make igneous rocks rock or mineral formed and how it
useful? is used.
c. Making Judgments Would pum ice be a good
material to use to m ake a floor? Explain.

Chapter 5 F + 151
 Sedimentary Rocks

Reading Focus Discover Activity

Key Concepts
• How do sedimentary rocks form?
How Does Pressure Affect Particles of Rock?
• What are the three major types 1. Place a sheet of paper over a slice of soft bread.
of sedimentary rocks? 2. Put a stack of several heavy books on top of the paper. After
• How are sedimentary rocks used? 10 minutes, remove the books. Observe what happened to
the bread.
Key Terms 3. Slice the bread so you can observe its cross section.
• sediment • erosion
4. Carefully slice a piece of fresh bread and compare its cross
- • deposition • compaction
section to that of the pressed bread.
• cementation • clastic rock
• organic rock • chemical rock Think It Over
Observing How did the bread change after you removed the
Target Reading Skill books? Describe the texture of the bread. How does the bread
feel? What can you predict about how pressure affects the
Outlining As you read, make an
particles that make up sedimentary rocks?
outline about sedimentary rocks .
Use the red section headings for
the main topics and the blue
headings for the subtopics. Visitors to Badlands National Park in South Dakota see some
of the strangest scenery on Earth. The park contains jagged
Sedimentary Rocks peaks, steep cliffs, and deep canyons sculpted in colorful rock
I. From sediment to rock that is layered like a birthday cake. The layers of this cake are
A. Erosion red, orange, pink, yellow, or tan. These rocks formed over mil-
B. lions of years as particles of mud, sand, and volcanic ash were
II. deposited in thick layers. The mud and sand slowly changed to
sedimentary rock. Then, uplift of the land exposed the rocks to
the forces that wear away Earth's surface.

From Sediment to Rock

If you have ever walked along a stream or beach you
may have noticed tiny sand grains, mud, and peb-
bles. These are particles of sediment. Sediment is
small, solid pieces of material that come from rocks
or living things. In addition to particles of rock,
sediment may include shells, bones, leaves, stems,
and other remains of living things. Sedimentary
rocks form when sediment is deposited by water
and wind. Most sedimentary rocks are formed
through a series of processes: erosion, deposi-
tion, compaction, and cementation. Figure 9
Badlands National Park • shows how sedimentary rocks form.

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 Erosion
Particles carried away
from their source
by water or wind

Cementation
Particles glued
together as mineral
solutions harden

FIGURE 9
How Sedimentary Rocks Form
Sedimentary rocks form through
Erosion Destructive forces are constantly breaking up and the deposition, compaction, and
wearing away, or weathering, all the rocks on Earth's surface. cementation of sediments over
These forces include heat and cold, rain, waves, and grinding millions of years.
Relating Cause and Effect What
ice. The forces of erosion form sediment. In erosion, running
conditions are necessary for
water, wind, or ice loosen and carry away fragments of rock. sedimentary rocks to form?

Deposition Eventually, the moving water, wind, or ice slows

and deposits the sediment in layers. If water is carrying the sed-
iment, rock fragments and other materials sink to the bottom
of a lake or ocean. Deposition is the process by which sedi-
ment settles out of the water or wind carrying it.

Compaction The process that presses sediments together is

compaction. Thick layers of sediment build up gradually over
millions of years. These heavy layers press down on the layers
beneath them. The weight of new layers further compacts the
sediments, squeezing them tightly together. The layers often
remain visible in [Link] rock.

Cementation While compaction is taking place, the miner-

als in the rock slowly dissolve in the water. Cementation is the nline
process in which dissolved minerals crystallize and glue parti- scjINKS,.
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cles of sediment together. In cementation, dissolved minerals
For: Links on sedimentary rocks
seep into the ~.paces between particles and then harden.
Visit: [Link]
Reading ) Wh . d . . Web Code: scn-1 053
Checkpoint at IS epos1t1on.7

Chapter 5 F + 153
 Clastic
Shale
Fossils are often found
in shale, which splits Sandstone Conglomerate
easily into flat pieces. Many small holes Rock fragments with
between sand grains rounded edges make
allow sandstone to up conglomerate.
absorb water.

fiGURE 10
Clastic Rocks
Clastic rocks such as shale,
Types of Sedimentary Rock
sandstone, conglomerate, and Geologists classify sedimentary rocks according to the type of
breccia are sedimentary rocks that sediments that make up the rock. There are three major
form from particles of other rocks. groups of sedimentary rocks: clastic rocks, organic rocks,
and chemical rocks. Different processes form each of these
types of sedimentary rocks.

Clastic Rocks Most sedimentary rocks are made up of bro-

ken pieces of other rocks. A clastic rock is a sedimentary rock
Rock Absorber that forms when rock fragments are squeezed together. These
Here's how to find out if
fragments can range in size from clay particles that are too
water can soak into rock.
small to be seen without a microscope to large boulders that
1. Using a hand lens,
are too heavy for you to lift. Clastic rocks are grouped by the
compare samples of
size of the rock fragments, or particles, of which they are made.
sandstone and shale.
Common clastic rocks include shale, sandstone, conglomerate,
2. Use a balance to measure
the mass of each rock. and breccia (BRECH ee uh), shown in Figure 10.
3. Place the rocks in a pan of Shale forms from tiny particles of clay. Water must deposit
water and watch closely. the clay particles in thin, flat layers. Sandstone forms from the
Which sample has bubbles sand on beaches, the ocean floor, riverbeds, and sand dunes.
escaping? Predict which Most sand particles consist of quartz.
sample will gain mass. Some sedimentary rocks contain a mixture of rock fragments
4. Leave the rocks submerged of different sizes. If the fragments have rounded edges, they form
in the pan overnight.
a clastic rock called conglomerate. A rock made up of large frag-
5. The next day, remove the
ments with sharp edges is called breccia.
rocks from the pan and
find the mass of each rock.
Organic Rocks Not all sedimentary rocks are made from
Drawing Conclusions How
particles of other rocks. Organic rock forms where the remains
did the masses of the two
rocks change after soaking? of plants and animals are deposited in thick layers. The term
What can you conclude "organic" refers to substances that once were part of living
about each rock? things or were made by living things. Two important organic
sedimentary rocks are coal and limestone, shown in Figure 11.

154 + F
 Organic

Breccia Coal Limestone

Rock fragments with Swamp plants that Coquina is a form of
sharp edges form breccia. formed millions of limestone in which the
years ago slowly shells that makeup the
changed to form coal. rock are easy to see.

Coal forms from the remains of swamp plants buried in FIGURE 11

water. As layer upon layer of plant remains build up, the weight Organic Rocks
Organic rocks such as coal and
of the layers squeezes the decaying plants. Over millions of limestone are sedimentary rocks
years, they slowly change into coal. that form from the remains of
Limestone forms in the ocean, where many living things, such living things.
as coral, clams, and oysters, have hard shells or skeletons made of
calcite. When these animals die, their shells pile up on the ocean
floor. Over millions of years, these layers of sediment can grow to
a depth of hundreds of meters. Slowly, compaction and cementa-
tion change the sediment to limestone.

Chemical Rocks When minerals that are dissolved in a solu-

tion crystallize, chemical rock forms. For example, limestone
can form when calcite that is dissolved in lakes, seas, or
underground water comes out of solution and forms crys-
tals. This kind of limestone is considered a chemical rock.
Chemical rocks can also form from mineral deposits left
when seas or lakes evaporate. For example, rock salt is
made of the mineral halite, which forms by evaporation.
Reading
CheckpointJ How d oes coa 1f orm.7

FIGURE 12
Chemical Rocks
These rock "towers" in Mono Lake California,
are made of tufa, a form of limestone. Tufa is a
chemical rock that forms from solutions containing
dissolved materials. Classifying What type of
sedimentary rock is tufa?

Chapter 5 F + 155
 Uses of Sedimentary Rocks
People have used sedimentary rocks through -
out history for many different purposes,
including building materials and tools. For
example, people made arrowheads out of flint
for thousands of years. Flint is a hard rock, yet it
can be shaped to a point. Flint is formed when
small particles of silica settle out of water.
Sedimentary rocks such as sandstone and
limestone have been used as building materials
for thousands of years. Both types of stone are
soft enough to be cut easily into blocks or slabs.
You may be surprised to learn that the White
House in Washington, D.C., is built of sand-
stone. Builders today use sandstone and lime-
stone on the outside walls of buildings.
f iGURE 13 Limestone also has many industrial uses. For
Carving Limestone example, limestone is used in making cement
Th is stone carver is sculpting designs on a and steel.
sp here of white limestone.

Reading W hy are sandstone and limestone

Checkpoint) usefu l as building materia ls?

section ( 3 Assessment
Target Reading Skill Outlining Use the 3. a. Listing What are some uses of sedimentary
information in your outline about sedimentary rocks?
rocks to help you answer the questions below. b. Predicting The particles of sediment that
Reviewing Key Concepts make up shale are not usually well cemented.
Would shale be a good choice of building
1. a. Defining What is sediment? material in a wet climate?
b. Sequencing Place these steps in the
formation of sedimentary rock in the proper
sequence: compaction, erosion, cementation,
deposition.
c. Inferring In layers of sedimentary rock, Explaining a Process Suppose that a large
where would you expect to find the oldest mass of granite lies exposed on Earth's surface.
sediment? Explain your answer. Explain the steps in the process by which the
granite could become sedimentary rock. Your
2. a. Listing What are the three main types of
answer should also state whi ch of the main
sedimentary rock?
types of sedimentary rock will result from
b. Explaining Which type of sedimentary rock
this process.
forms from the remains of living things?
Explain how this sedimentary rock forms.
c. Relating Cause and Effect What process
causes deposits of rock salt to form? What
type of sedimentary rock is rock salt?

156 + F
 Rocks From Reefs
Reading Focus
Key Concepts
• How do coral reefs form? How Does a Rock React to Acid?
• What evidence do limestone 1. Using a hand lens, observe the co lor and
deposits from coral reefs provide texture of limestone and coquina.
about Earth's history? 2. Put on your goggles and apron.
Key Term 3. Obtain a small amount of dilute
• coral reef hydrochloric acid from your teacher.
Hydrochloric acid is used to test rocks for
the presence of the mineral calcite.
Target Reading Skill
Using Prior Knowledge Using a plastic dropper, place a few drops of dilute hydrochloric
Before you read, look at the section acid on the limestone. CAUTION: Hydrochloric acid can cause
headings to see what this section is burns.
about. Then write what you know 4. Record your observations.
about coral reefs in a graphic 5. Repeat Steps 2 through 4 with the sample of coquina and
organizer like the one below. As observe the results.
you read, write what you learn. 6. Rinse the rock samples with lots of water before returning
them to your teacher. Wash your hands.
What You Know Think It Over
1. Coral reefs grow in the oceans. Drawing Conclusions How did the two rocks react to the test?
2. A piece of coral reacts to hydrochloric acid the same way as
limestone and coquina. What could you conclude about the
mineral composit ion of coral?
What You Learned
1.

Off the coast of Florida lies a "city" in the sea. It is a coral reef
providing both food and shelter for many sea animals. The reef
shimmers with life-clams, sponges, sea urchins, starfish,
marine worms and, of course, fish. Schools of brilliantly col-
ored fish dart in and out of forests of equally colorful corals.
Octopuses lurk in underwater caves, scooping up crabs that
pass too close. A reef forms a sturdy wall that protects the
shoreline from battering waves. This city was built by billions
of tiny, soft-bodied animals that have skeletons made of calcite.

FIGURE 14
A City in the Sea
A coral reef provides food and shelter for
many different kinds of living things.
 Coral Reefs
nline Coral animals are tiny relatives of jellyfish that live together in
vast numbers. They produce skeletons that grow together to
For: More on cora l landforms form a structure called a coral reef.
Visit: [Link]
Web Code: cfd-1 054 How Coral Animals Live Most coral animals are smaller
than your fingernail. Each one looks like a small sack with a
mouth surrounded by tentacles. These animals use their tenta-
cles to capture and eat microscopic creatures that float by.
Tiny algae grow within the body of each coral animal. The
algae provide substances that the coral animals need to live. In
turn, the coral animals provide a framework for the algae to grow
on. Like plants, algae need sunlight. Below 40 meters, there is not
enough light for the algae to grow. For this reason, almost all
coral growth occurs within 40 meters of the water's surface.
fiGURE 15
Coral Animals and Reefs How a Coral Reef Forms To form their skeletons, coral
The coral animals in the close-up animals absorb the element calcium from the ocean water. The
feed on tiny organisms carried
their way by the movement of calcium is then combined with carbon and oxygen to form cal-
ocean water. (The view has been cite. Recall that calcite is a mineral. When coral animals die,
magnified to show detail.) The their skeletons remain. More corals build on top of them,
aerial photograph shows an island gradually forming a coral reef.
in the South Pacific Ocean that is
ringed by a coral reef (light blue Coral animals cannot grow in cold water. As a result, coral
areas). Inferring Why are there reefs form only in the warm, shallow water of tropical oceans.
no coral reefs in the dark blue Reefs are most abundant around islands and along the eastern
areas of ocean water? coasts of continents. In the United States, only the coasts of
southern Florida and Hawaii have coral reefs.
Over thousands of years, reefs may grow to be hundreds of
kilometers long and hundreds of meters thick. Reefs usually
grow outward toward the open ocean. If the sea level rises or if
the sea floo r sinks, the reef will grow upward, too.
What conditions of light and temperature do coral
animals require?
Limestone From Coral Reefs
A coral reef is really organic limestone. Limestone
deposits that began as coral reefs provide evidence of
how plate motions have changed Earth's surface. These
deposits also provide evidence of past environments.
Limestone from coral reefs has been forming in Earth's
oceans for more than 400 million years. The limestone
formed when shallow seas covered the low-lying parts of
the continents. The limestone was exposed when the seas
retreated. Later, plate motions slowly moved these lime-
stone deposits far from the tropical oceans where they
formed. In the United States, reefs that formed millions of
years ago are exposed in Wisconsin, Illinois, Indiana, Texas,
New Mexico, and many other places.
Deposits of organic limestone help geologists understand
past environments. Where geologists find fossils of an
ancient coral reef, they know that the reef formed in an area FIGURE 16
with a warm climate and shallow ocean water. In North Limestone From Coral
A band of light-colored limestone marks
America, these conditions existed for millions of years when an ancient reef that forms part of
much of the continent lay closer to the equator than it does Guadalupe Peak in Texas. This reef is now
today. Shallow seas covered the central part of North Amer- 2,600 meters above sea level!
ica, allowing large coral reefs to form. Today, the reefs are
thick deposits of sedimentary rock.

section '/4 Assessment

Target Reading Skill Using Prior Knowledge
Review your graphic organizer about coral reefs
and revise it based on what you just learned.
Earth's Coral Reefs Obtain a globe or world
Reviewing Key Concepts
map. Find the lines that represent the tropic
1. a. Describing What is a coral animal? of Cancer and the tropic of Capricorn. The
b. Summarizing How do coral animals build a area that lies between these two lines, called
coral reef? the Tropics, is where most coral reefs form in
c. Predicting If sea level rises above a coral reef, warm ocean water. Locate the northeast coast
what may happen to the reef? of Australia, the Red Sea, and groups of
2. a. Identifying What type of rock is made up of tropical islands in the Caribbean Sea, Indian
ancient coral? Ocean, and Pacific Ocean. Point out these
b. Inferring A geologist finds an area where the features to family members and explain that
rocks were formed from an ancient coral reef. these are areas where coral reefs occur today.
What can the geologist infer about the
ancient environment where the rocks
formed?

Chapter 5 F + 159
 Metamorphic Rocks

Reading Preview
Key Concepts
• Under what conditions do How Do Grain Patterns Compare?
metamorphic rocks form? 1. Using a hand lens, observe samples of gneiss and granite.
• How do geologists classify Look carefully at the grains or crystals in both rocks.
metamorphic rocks? 2. Observe how the grains or crystals are arranged in both rocks.
• How are metamorphic rocks Draw a sketch of both rocks and describe their textures.
used?
Think It Over
Key Term Inferring Within the crust, some granite becomes gneiss. What
• foliated do you think must happen to cause this change?

'-@ Target Reading Skill

Previewing Visuals Before you
read, preview Figure 17. Then Every metamorphic rock is a rock that has changed its form. In
write two questions that you have fact, the word metamorphic comes from the Greek words meta,
about metamorphic rocks in a meaning "change," and morphosis, meaning "form." But what
graphic organizer like the one causes a rock to change into metamorphic rock? The answer
below. As you read, answer your lies inside Earth.
questions.
Heat and pressure deep beneath Earth's surface can
Metamorphic Rocks change any rock into metamorphic rock. When rock changes
Q. Why do the crystals in into metamorphic rock, its appearance, texture, crystal struc-
gneiss line up in bands? ture, and clineral content change. Metamorphic rock can form
A. out of igneous, sedimentary, or other metamorphic rock.
Q. Collisions between Earth's plates can push the rock down
toward the heat of the mantle. Pockets of magma rising
through the crust also provide heat that can produce meta-
morphic rocks. The deeper a rock is buried in the crust, the
greater the pressure on that rock. Under high temperature and
pressure many times greater than at Earth's surface, the miner-
als in a rock can be changed into other minerals. The rock has
become a metamorphic rock.

Types of Metamorphic Rocks

nline While metamorphic rocks are forming, high temperatures
scz·~ change the size and shape of the grains, or mineral crystals, in
INKS~
the rock. Extreme pressure squeezes rock so tightly that the
For: Links on metamorphic rocks mineral grains may line up in flat, parallel layers. Geologists
Visit: [Link]. org
Web Code: scn-1055 classify metamorphic rocks according to the arrangement of
the grains that make up the rocks.

160 + F
 Foliated Rocks Metamorphic rocks that have their grains
arranged in parallel layers or bands are said to be foliated. The
term foliated comes from the Latin word for "leaf." It describes
the thin, flat layering found in most metamorphic rocks. Foliated A Sequined Rock
rocks-including slate, schist, and gneiss-may split apart along 1. Make three balls of clay
about 3 em in diameter.
.these bands. In Figure 17, notice how the crystals in granite have
Gently mix about
been flattened to create the foliated texture of gneiss. 25 sequins into one ball.
One common foliated rock is slate. Heat and pressure 2. Use a 30-cm piece of string
change the sedimentary rock shale into slate. Slate is basically a to cut the ball in half. How
denser, more compact version of shale. During the change, new are the sequins arranged?
minerals such as mica form in the slate. 3. Roll the clay with the
sequins back into a ball.
Nonfoliated Rocks Some metamorphic rocks are nonfoli- Stack the three balls with
ated. The mineral grains in these rocks are arranged randomly. the sequin ball in the
Metamorphic rocks that are nonfoliated do not split into lay- midd le. Set these on a
block of wood. With
ers. Marble and quartzite are two metamorphic rocks that have
another block of wood,
a nonfoliated texture. Quartzite forms out of sandstone. The press slowly down until the
weakly cemented quartz particles in the sandstone recrystallize stack is about 3 em high.
to form quartzite, which is extremely hard. Notice in Figure 17 4. Use the string to cut the
how much smoother quartzite looks than sandstone. stack in half. How are the
sequins arranged?
Reading
Checkpoint ) Wh at ·1s a f o 1·1ate d roc k7. Making Models What do the
sequins in your model rock
fiGURE17 represent? Is this rock
Forming Metamorphic Rocks fo liated or nonfoliated?
Great heat and pressure can change one type of rock into
another. Observing How does slate differ from shale?

Granite Sandstone Shale

igneous . sedimentary sedimentary

Heat Heat
and and

Gneiss Quartzite Slate

metamorphic, foliated metamorphic, nonfoliated metamorphic, foliated
 Uses of Metamorphic Rock
Certain metamorphic rocks are important materi-
als for building and sculpture. Marble and slate are
two of the most useful metamorphic rocks. Marble
usually forms wjtn limestone is subjected to heat and
pressure deep beneath the surface. Because marble has
a fine, even grain, it can be cut into thin slabs or
carved into many shapes. And marble is easy to pol-
ish. These qualities have led architects and sculptors
to use marble for many buildings and statues. For
'
example, one of America's most famous sculptures is
in the Lincoln Memorial in Washington, D.C. Sculp-
tor Daniel Chester French carved this portrait of
Abraham Lincoln in gleaming white marble.
Like marble, slate comes in a variety of colors,
including gray, black, red, and purple. Because it is foli-
ated, slate splits easily into flat pieces. These pieces can
FIGURE18 be used for flooring, roofing, outdoor walkways, chalk-
The Lincoln Memorial boards, and as trim for stone buildings.
The statue of Abraham Lincoln
in the Lincoln Memorial in Reading What characteristics of slate make it
Washington, D.C., is made of Checkpoint useful?
gleaming white marble.

/
section .~ 5 Assessment
Target Reading Skill Previewing Visuals Compare your
questions and answers about Figure 17 with those of a
partner.
Rocks Around the Block How are
Reviewing Key Concepts
rocks used in your neighborhood?
1. a. Explaining What does metamorphic mean? Take a walk with your fam ily to see
b. Relating Cause and Effect Where and under what how many uses you can observe.
conditions are metamorphic rocks formed? Identify statues, walls, and
2. a. Identifying What characteristic of metamorphic rocks buildings made from rocks. Can
do geologists use to classify them? you identify which type of rock
b. Explaining How does a foliated metamorphic rock was used? Look for limestone,
form? sandstone, granite, and marble.
c. Classifying Which of the rocks in Figure 17 is foliated? Share a list of the rocks you found
How can you tell? with your class. For each rock,
3. a. Identifying What is the main use of metamorphic include a description of its color
rocks? and texture, where you observed
b. Making Judgments Which might be more useful for the rock, and how it was used.
carving chess pieces-marble or slate? Explain your
answer.

162 + F
 Skills Lab
Mystery Rocks
r
Problem Analyze and Conclude
What properties can be used to classify rocks? 1. Inferring Infer from your observations the
group in which each rock belongs .
Skills Focus 2. Classifying Which of the samples could be
inferring, classifying classified as igneous rocks? What physical
properties do these rocks share with the
Materials other samples? How are they different?
• 1 " mystery rock" 3. Classifying Which of the samples could be
• 2 unknown igneous rocks classified as sedimentary rocks? How do you
• 2 unknown sedimentary rocks think these rocks formed? What are the
• 2 unknown metamorphic rocks physical properties of these rocks?
• hand lens 4. Classifying Which of the samples could be

Procedure a
1. For this acti vity, you will be given six rocks
classified as metamorphic rocks? What are
their physical properties?
5. Drawing Conclusions Decide which sample is
and one sample that is not a rock. They are not a rock. How did you determine that the
labeled A through G. sample you chose is not a rock? What do you
2. Copy the data table into your notebook. think the "mystery rock" is? Explain .
3. Using the hand lens, examine each rock for 6. Communicating What physical property was
clues that show the rock formed from mol- most useful in classifying rocks? Which physi-
ten material. Record the rock's color and tex- cal property was least useful? Explain your
ture. Observe if there are any crystals or answer.
grains in the rock.
4. Use the hand lens to look for clues that show More to Explore
the rock formed from particles of other Can you name each rock? Use a field guide to
rocks. Observe the texture of the rock to see rocks and minerals to find the specific name of
if it has any tiny, well -rounded grains. each rock sample .
5. Use the hand lens to look for clues that show
. the rock formed under heat and pressure.
Observe if the rock has a flat layer of crystals
or shows colored bands.
6. Record your observations in the data table.

Data Table
Texture Foliated Rock Group
(fine, medium, or (igneoue,
Sample Color
or coaree- Non - metamorphic,
grained) foliated eedimentary)

A
B
 The Rock Cycle

Reading Preview Discover Activity

Key Concepts
• What is the rock cycle? Which Rock Came First?
• What is the role of plate 1. Referring to the photos below, make sketches of quartzite,
tectonics in the rock cycle? granite, and sandstone on three index cards .
Key Term 2. Observe the color and texture of each rock. Look for
similarities and differences.
• rock cycle
3. To which major group does each rock belong?
Target Reading Skill Think It Over
Sequencing As you read, make a Developing Hypotheses How are quartzite, granite, and
cycle diagram that shows the sandstone related? Arrange your cards in the order in which
stages in the rock cycle. Write each these three rocks formed. Given enough time in Earth's crust,
stage of the rock cycle in a separate what might happen to the third rock in your series?
circle in your diagram.

Rock Cycle

Sandstone Quartzite Granite

Earth's rocks are not as unchanging as they seem. Forces

deep inside Earth and at the surface produce a slow cycle
that builds, destroys, and changes the rocks in the crust.
The rock cycle is a series of processes on Earth's surface and
in the crust and mantle that slowly change rocks from one
kind to another.

A Cycle of Many Pathways

Here's one possible pathway through the rock cycle, shown in
Figure 19. The igneous rock granite formed beneath the surface.
Then, the forces of mountain building slowly pushed the granite
upward, forming a mountain. Slowly, water and wind wore away
the granite. These granite particles became sand, carried by
streams to the ocean. Over millions of years, layers of sandy sedi-
ment piled up on the ocean floor. Slowly, t4e sediment changed
to sandstone, a sedimentary rock. Over time, the sandstone
became deeply buried. Heat and pressure changed the rock's
texture from gritty to smooth. The sandstone changed into the
metamorphic rock quartzite. But metamorphic rock does not
end the rock cycle, which continues for millions of years.

164 + F
FIGURE 19 Go nline
The Rock Cycle active ar ~
Igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic rocks
change continuously through the rock cyc le. For: Rock Cycle activity
Interpreting Diagrams What process leads to the Visit: [Link]
formation of sediment? Web Code: cfp-1056
\

Sedimentary Rock

Metamorphic Rock

Chapter~ F + 165
 The Rock Cycle and Plate Tectonics
The changes of the rock cycle are closely related to plate tecton-
ics. Plate movements start the rock cycle by helping to form
magma, the source of igneous rocks. Plate movements also
cause faulting, folding, and other motions of the crust that
help to form sedimentary and metamorphic rocks.

Igneous Rocks Where oceanic plates move apart, magma

formed from melted mantle rock moves upward and fills the gap
with new igneous rock. Where an oceanic plate is subducted
beneath a continental plate, magma forms and rises. The result is
a volcano made of igneous rock. A collision of continental plates
may push rocks so deep that they melt and form magma. This
magma slowly cools and hardens to form igneous rock.

Sedimentary and Metamorphic Rocks The collision of

continental plates produces faults, folds, and uplift of the crust.
Eventually, the collision could push up a mountain range.
FIGURE 20 Then, erosion begins. The mountains eventually are worn
Moving Up in the World away, leading to the formation of sedimentary rock.
This fossil trilobite lived on an A collision between continental plates can also push rocks
ocean floor about 500 million down deep into the mantle. There, heat and pressure could
years ago. As plate tectonics
moved pieces of Earth's crust, the change the rocks to metamorphic rock. And so the rock cycle
rock containing this fossil became continues, for hundreds of millions of years.
part of a mountain.
Reading ) How can plate movements help to form
Checkpoint metamorphic rock?

section ( 6 Assessment
Target Reading Skill Sequencing Review your cycle
diagram about the rock cycle with a partner. Add any
necessary information. Rock Legend Pick one type
Reviewing Key Concepts of rock and write a possible
1. a. Defining Write a definition of the rock cycle in your "biography" of the rock as it
own words. moves through the rock cycle. Your
b. Sequencing Begin with igneous rock and explain how story should state the type of rock,
it could change through two more steps in the rock how the rock formed, and how it
cycle. might change.
2. a. Reviewing How do plate movements help to form
igneous rocks?
b. Relating Cause and Effect How can the collision of
plates lead to the formation of sedimentary rock?
c. Predicting What would be likely to happen to the rock
cycle if Earth's interior cooled so much that plate
motions stopped?

166 + F
Testing Rock Flooring
Problem
What kind of building stone makes the best
flooring?

Skills Focus
designing experiments, controlling variables, 6. Create a data table that includes a column in
drawing conclusions which you predict how each material will
perform in each test.
Suggested Materials
• steel nail • wire brush • water Analyze and Conclude
• plastic dropper • hand lens 1. Interpreting Data Which material performed
• samples of igneous, sedimentary, and the best on each test? Which performed the
metamorphic rocks with flat surfaces worst on each test?
• greasy materials such as butter and crayons 2. Drawing Conclusions Which material is best
• materials that form stains, such as ink and paints for the kitchen flooring? Which material
would you least want to use?
Procedure lJ 3. Drawing Conclusions Do your answers sup-
1. Bra instorm with your partner the qualities of port your initial prediction? Why or why not?
good floor ing . For example, good flooring
4. Applying Concepts The person installing the
should resist stains, scratches, and grease
floor might want stone that is easy to cut to
marks, and be safe to walk on when wet.
the correct size or shape. What other quali-
2. Predict what you think is the best building ties would matter to the flooring installer?
stone for a kitchen floor. Why is it the best?
5. Communicating Based on your results, write
3. Write the steps you plan to follow in answer- an advertisement for the building stone that
ing the problem question. As you design performed best as a flooring material.
your plan, consider the following factors:
• What igneous, sedimentary, and metamor-
phic rocks will you test? (Pick at least one
Design an Experiment
rock from each group.) Suppose you are trying to select flooring material
• What materials or equipment will you for a laboratory where heavy equipment is fre-
need to acquire, and in what amounts? quently moved across the floor. Make a hypothesis
• What tests will you perform on the predicting which type of stone flooring will be
samples? strongest. Then design an experiment to compa re
• How will you control the variables in how well each type resists breakage.
each test?
• How will you measure each sample's resis-
tance to staining, grease, and scratches?
• How will you measure slipperiness?
4. Review your plan. Will it lead to an answer
to the problem question?
5. Check your procedure and safety plan with
your teacher.
 Cycles of Matter and Energy Earth's crust is made up of igneous, sedimentary,
and metamorphic rocks. Rocks are formed through the rock cycle, a series of
processes on and beneath Earth's surface.

C1l Classifying Rocks (j/ Rocks From Reefs

Key Concepts Key Concepts

• When studying a rock sample, geologists • When coral animals die, their skeletons remain.
observe the rock's mineral composition, color, More corals build on top of them, gradually
and texture. forming a reef.
• Geologists classify rocks into three major • Limestone deposits that began as coral reefs
groups: igneous rock, sedimentary rock, and provide evidence of how plate motions have
metamorphic rock. changed Earth's surface. These deposits also
provide evidence of past environments.
Key Terms
rock-forming mineral texture Key Term
granite igneous rock coral reef
basalt sedimentary rock
grams metamorphic rock (S Metamorphic Rocks
Key Concepts
~ Igneous Rocks • Heat and pressure deep beneath Earth's surface
Key Concepts can change any rock into metamorphic rock.
• Igneous rocks are classified according to their • Geologists classify metamorphic rocks
origin, texture, and mineral composition. according to the arrangement of the grains that
• People throughout history have used igneous make up the rocks.
rock for tools and building materials. • Certain metamorphic rocks are important
Key Terms
materials for building and sculpture.
extrusive rock Key Term
intrusive rock foliated

(31 Sedimentary Rocks C§l The Rock Cycle

Key Concepts Key Concepts
• Most sedimentary rocks are formed through a • Forces deep inside Earth and at the
series of processes: erosion, deposition, surface produce a slow cycle that
compaction, and cementation. builds, destroys, and changes
• There are three major groups of sedimentary the rocks in the crust.
rocks: clastic rocks, organic rocks, and chemical • Plate movements start the
rocks. rock cycle by helping to
• People have used sedimentary rocks throughout form magma, the source of
history for many different purposes, including igneous rocks. Plate
building materials and tools. movements also cause the
motions of the crust that help
Key Terms
to form sedimentary and
sediment cementation metamorphic rocks.
erosiOn clastic rock
deposition organic rock Key Term
compaction chemical rock rock cycle

168 + F
 nline
'------[Link]
For: Self-assessment
Visit: [Link]
Web Code: cfa-1 050

Concept Mapping Copy the

~
concept map about classifying
rocks onto a separate sheet of
paper. Then complete it and give it
a title. (For more on concept can be
maps, see the Skills Handbook.)

in clude include include

- Reviewing Key .Terms --~ -----------~··

Choose t he letter of the best answer. 6. In the rock cycle, the process by which an
1. A rock formed from fragments of other rocks igneous rock changes to a sedimentary rock
is a(n) m ust begin with
a . metamorphic rock. b. extrusive rock. a. cementation.
c. sedimentary rock. d. igneous rock. b. deposition.
c. erosiOn.
2. An igneous rock containing large crystals is
most likely a(n) d. compaction.
a. chemical rock. b. extrusive rock.
c. foliated rock. d. intrusive rock.
3. A sedimentary rock formed from pieces of
other rocks is called a(n) Field Guide Research and write a field guide
a. organic rock. b. chemical rock. for geologists and visitors to an area such as
c. clastic rock. d. compacted rock. the Grand Canyon. Describe the types of rocks
you might find there, what the rocks look
4. A deposit of organic limestone on land like, and what their properties are. Briefly
probably formed millions of years ago as a(n) explain the kinds of forces that shaped t he
a. extrusive rock. b. coral reef. rocks in the area you chose.
c. chemical rock. d. metamorphic rock.
5. A metamorphic rock in which the grains line
up in parallel bands is a
a . clastic rock. b. nonelastic rock.
ueru Rocks

Video Preview
Video Field Tri~
c. nonfoliated rock. d. foliated rock.
00[ 11> Video Assessment

Chapter 5 F + 16 9
 7. What is the relationship between an igneous Answer Questions 17-20 using the photos of
rock's texture and where it was formed? three rocks.
8. Why can water pass easily through sandstone
but not through shale?
9. Describe how a rock can form by evaporation.
What type of rock is it?
10. How do the properties of a rock change when
it becomes a metamorphic rock?
11. What are the sources of the heat that helps
metamorphic rocks to form?
12. What are two things that could happen to a
metamorphic rock to continue the rock cycle?

- Thinking- Critically -----

13. Developing Hypotheses The sedimentary
rocks limestone and sandstone are used as
building materials. However, they wear away 17. Observing How would you describe the
more rapidly than marble and quartzite, the texture of each rock?
metamorphic rocks that are formed from
18. Classifying Which of the three rocks would
them. Why do you think this is so?
you classify as a metamorphic rock? Why?
14. Inferring A geologist finds an area where the
19. Inferring A rock's texture gives clues about
rocks are layers of coal and shale as shown in
how the rock formed. What can you infer
the diagram below. What kind of environment
about the process by which Rock B formed?
probably existed in this area millions of years
ago when these rocks formed? 20. Relating Cause and Effect What conditions
led to the formation of the large crystals in
Rock C? Explain your answer.

Chapter Project
Performance Assessment Construct a simple
display for your rocks. It should show your
classification for each rock sample. In your
15. Comparing and Contrasting How are clastic presentation, describe where you hunted and
rocks and organic rocks similar? How are they what kinds of rocks you found. Were any rocks
different? hard to classify? Did you find rocks from each of
16. Predicting Would you be less likely to find the three major groups? Can you think of any
fossils in metamorphic rocks than in reason why certain types of rocks would not be
sedimentary rocks? Explain your answer. found in your area?

170 + F
Standardized Test Prep

3. Rock salt, made of the mineral halite, is a

Test-Taking Tip chemical sedimentary rock. A deposit of rock
Watching for Qualifiers salt is most likely to be formed when
Many multiple-choice questions use qualifying A magma cools and hardens inside Earth.
words such as most, least, best, or always. B hot water solutions form veins of rock salt.
For example, you might be asked what is the C the minerals form a solution in magma.
best conclusion you can draw from experimental D a solution of halite and water evaporates.
data . When you answer that kind of question,
read the choices very carefully. Some answers
may be partially correct. Look for the best and
most complete answer.
Sample Question
Which statement best describes how an intrusive
igneous rock forms?
A Slowly cooling magma forms rock with
large crystals.
B Slowly cooling magma forms veins of ore .
C Slowly cooling magma forms rock with
small crystals.
D Fast-cooling magma forms rock with
foliated crystals.
Use the diagram above to answer Questions 4
Answer
and 5.
A is correct. An intrusive igneous rock forms when
magma cools slowly, allowing large crystals to 4. If the heat and pressure inside Earth cause a
form. Band Care only partly correct. D incorrectly rock to melt, the material that formed would be
identifies the type of magma involved and the type F metamorphic rock.
of crystals that form. G magma.
H sedimentary rock.
J igneous rock.
5. How can a metamorphic rock change into a
Choose the letter of the best answer.
sedimentary rock?
1. You find a rock in which the grains are A erosion and deposition
arranged in parallel bands of white and black B melting and crystallization
crystals. The rock is probably a(n) C heat and pressure
A igneous rock. D all of the above
B sedimentary rock.
C metamorphic rock.
Constructed Response
D reef rock.
6. You are studying some moon rocks. Some of
2. Many sedimentary rocks have visible layers the moon rocks are made up of jagged pieces of
because of the process of other rocks. The pieces are cemented together
F eruption. by fine, dust -sized particles called rock powder.
G deposition. How would you classify this type of moon
H intrusion. rock? Explain how you used the rock's
J crystallization. characteristics to classify it.

Chapter 5 F + 171