BIOL 1141 Lab 10 |1

Summer 2023: BIOL 1141 Lab 10: Digestive System:

LAB WORK: Successful completion of the following activities will reward you with the
day’s participation points.

To Do: Work with your lab partners to complete the following exercises in your lab
manual:
1. Exercise 38: Anatomy of the Digestive System
a. Read and understand the exercise, anything from the exercise could be
on Lab Exam 3
b. Complete Activity 1, 3, 5, 8
2. Exercise 39: Digestive System Processes: Chemical and Physical
a) Read and understand the exercise, anything from the exercise could be
on Lab Exam 3
b) Complete Group Challenge: Odd Enzyme Out
2. Dissection Exercise 7: Dissection of the Digestive System of the Cat
a) Complete Activity 1, Dissection Review

Learning Objectives Exercise 38 & 39: Anatomy of the digestive system:

1. State the overall function of the digestive system.

2. Describe the general histologic structure of the alimentary canal wall and identify the
following structures on an appropriate image or slide of the wall: mucosa, submucosa,
muscularis externa, and serosa or adventitia.

3. Identify on a model or image the organs of the alimentary canal, and their
subdivisions.

4. Describe the general function of each of the digestive system organs and/or
structures.

5. List and describe the specializations of the structures of the stomach and small
intestine that contribute to their functional roles.

6. Be able to say if an organ is part of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract or if it is an

accessory organ.

7. Name and identify the accessory digestive organs, listing a function for each.

8. Describe the anatomy of the generalized tooth. Name the human deciduous and
permanent teeth.

9. List the major enzymes or enzyme groups produced by the salivary glands, stomach,
small intestine, and pancreas.
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Participation Table: Fill in the table below for participation points. Please use your lab
manual as a reference.
Organ General GI tract or Function
location accessory
organ?
Oral cavity Located in the GI tract Functions to receive food, break it
front of the down through chewing with teeth
face, below and mix it with saliva before
the nose swallowing.
Upper and lower lips Around the GI tract The upper lip is primarily used for
mouth speech and animation while the
lower lip is more important for
eating, speech and oral
competence
Hard palate Bony plate GI tract Seperates the oral cavity from the.
located at the Nasal cavity, aids In swallowing
front of the and speaking, and protects the
roof of the teeth.
mouth
Soft palate Located at the GI tract Helps with breathing, swallowing
back of the and speech
roof of the
mouth, behind
the hard
palate
Uvula Small, fleshy, GI tract Triggers the gag reflex when food
teardrop- or a large objet passes into the
shaped piece throat
of tissue that
hangs down
from the soft
palate in the
back of the
throat
Tongue Oral cavity, GI tract Digestion, taste, speech, breathing
extends from and oral cleansing
the hyoid
bone to the
floor of the
mouth
Pharynx Muscular tube GI tract Helps to breathe and digest food
located in the
back of the
necl,
connecting
the nasal
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cavity and
mouth to the
esophagues
and larynx
Nasopharynx Located at the GI tract Primarily for air passage from the
top of the nose to the throat
throat, behind
the nose, and
serves as a
passageway
for air to flow
from the nasal
cavity into the
rest of the
respiratory
system
Oropharynx Middle part of GI tract Passageway for food, air, and
the pharynx, fluids and involved in swallowing
or throat,
located in the
middle of the
throat
Laryngopharynx Located in the GI tract Passageway for food, water, and
neck, air, and contains structure that help
between the with speech
epiglottis and
the cricoid
cartilage
Esophagus Muscular tube GI tract Moves food and liquids from the
in the center mouth to the stomach. It also
of the chest prevents food from entering the
that carries windpipe.
food from the
throat to the
stomach
Stomach Located in the GI tract Temporarily stores food, mixes it
upper left with digestive juices and chemically
quadrant of break it down before passing it
the abdomen, along to the small intestine for
between the further absorption
esophagus
and the small
intestine
Cardia Top part of GI tract it allows food and liquids to pass
the stomach into the stomach from the
where the esophagus
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esophagus
connects
Fundus Located GI tract Temporarily stores gas produced
directly above during digestion and can also hold
the cardia food when the stomach is full
Body Cylinder with GI tract Maintain life through various
a central core systems , all working together to
perform essential functions lke
breathing, digestion and
reproduction
Organ General GI tract or Function
location accessory
organ?
Pyloric part Part of the GI tract Valve that opens and closes during
stomach that digestion
connects to
the duodenum
Lesser curvature Forms the GI tract Serves as an attachment point for
upper right or the lesser omentum
posterior edge
of the
stomach
Greater curvature Long, convex, GI tract Provides a wider surface area for
lateral border food churning and mixing within the
of the stomach as it expands during
stomach digestion
Mesentery Folded GI tract Holds the intestines in place and
membrane allows them to move freely while
located in the providing a pathway for blood
abdomen that vessels, nerves and lymphatic
attaches the vessels
small
instesting to
the posterior
abdominal
wall
Greater omentum Large, apron- GI tract Acts as a protective barrier against
fold of tissue infection by containing
that hangs imflammation and migrating to sites
down from the of infection
greater
curvature of
the stomach
Lesser omentum Connects the GI tract It holds the stomach in place and
liver to the provides a pathway for important
lesser blood vessels
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curvature of
the stomach
and the first
part of the
duodenum
Pyloric sphincter Located at the GI tract Controls the flow of partially
bottom of the digested food from the stomach
stomach into the small intestine
where it
connects the
small intestine
Muscularis externa Located in the GI tract Generates movements like
wall of the peristalsis which propels food along
digestive the gastrointestinal tract
tract, situated
just beneath
the
submucosa
Longitudinal layer Forms the GI tract Reduces the pressure force
outermost required to close the lumen of the
part of the esophagus
muscular
layer of the
stomach
Circular layer Found within GI tract Contracts to constrict the lumen of
the the digestive tract, preventing food
muscularis from moving backwards and aiding
externa of the in peristalsis
digestive tract
Oblique layer Located on GI tract Enables trunk rotation and lateral
the sides of flexion by contracting their fibers
the abdomen,
consisting of
two layers
Small intestine Located in the GI tract It further digests food and absorbs
lower most of the nutrints from it
abdominal
cavity
Duodenum Located GI tract Continues the digestion process
directly below and begins the absorption of
the stomach nutrients like vitamins
Jejunum Middle section GI tract Absorbs carbohydrates, amino
of the small acids, and fatty acids
intestine
Ileum Final part of GI tract Absorbs nutrients like vitamin B12
the small and bile salts
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intestine
Ileocecal valve A sphincter Allows digested food materials to
muscle pass from the small intestine into
situated at the your large intestine
junction of the
ileum
Organ General GI tract or Function
location accessory
organ?
Large intestine In the lower GI tract Absorbs water and electrolytes
abdominal from undigested food
cavity
Cecum At the GI tract Absorbs water and electrolytes
beginning of from the food while also serving as
the large a site for microbial fermentation
intesting,
lower right
side
Appendix Lower right GI tract May help support the immune
abdomen system, restore healthy bacteria to
attatched to the intestine
the large
intestine
Colon Below the GI tract Processes indigestible food
stomach and material
is shapes like
a large
question mark
Ascending colon Behind the GI tract Absorbs water and nutrients from
periotoneum indigestible matter
Transverse colon Connects the GI tract Absorbs water and electrolytes
ascending from digested food
colon on the
right side to
the
descending
colon on the
left
Descending colon On the left GI tract Stores fecal matter until it is ready
side of the to be expelled from the body
abdomen
Sigmoid colon Located in the GI tract Stores fecal matter and absorbs
lower left remaining water from waste before
abdomen it enters the rectum.
near the
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pelvis
Rectum Lower part of GI tract Stores stoll until its ready to be
the large release, secretes mucus and
intestine absorbs water and electrolytes
connecting
the colon to
the anus
Anus End of your GI tract Open to let feces come out
large intestine
Tenia coli Located on GI tract They shorten the colon wall and
the outside of create a series of pouches called
the colons haustra
below the
serosa or
fibrosa
Salivary glands Accessory organ

Parotid glands Located in the Accessory organ Produce saliva

back of the
lower jaw
Submandibular glands Below the jaw Accessory organ Produce saliva

Sublingual glands On the floor of Accessory organ Produces saliva

the mouth,
underneath
the tongue
Liver Upper right Accessory organ Digestion, blood sugar, blood
abdomen, clotting, detoxification
beneath the
diaphragm
Organ General GI tract or Function
location accessory
organ?
Falciform ligament Provides GI tract Situated on the anterior surface of
support and the liver
anchor the
livor to the
abdominal
wall and
diaphragm
Common hepatic duct Just outside GI tract Transports bile produced by the
the liver liver
Bile duct Abdomen, GI tract Transports bile from the liver to
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connecting the duodenum

the liver to
the
gallbladder
to the small
intestine
Right/left/caudate/ liver GI tract Filter blood, detoxify
quadrate lobes of the liver substances, produce bile
Gallbladder Right side of Accessory organ Stores and secrete bile
the abdomen
beneath the
liver
Cystic duct Underneath Accessory organ Transports bile from the gallbladder
the liver to the common bile duct
Pancreas Upper Accessory organ Digestion, and blood sugar
abdomen regulation
behind the
stomach
Main pancreatic duct Within the Accessory organ Transports pancreatic juices
pancrease
extending
from the head
to the tail of
the organ
Accessory pancreatic duct The upper Accessory organ Secondary drainage pathway for
part of the pancreatic juice
pancreatic
head and
functions as a
secondary
drainage
pathway for
pancreatic
juice
Human teeth Located in the GI tract Break down food by cutting, tearing
mouth, and grinding it before swallowing
embedded
within the
maxilla and
mandible
Incisors Sharp front GI tract Cut food into smaller pieces
teeth that cut
and bite food
Canines Corners of the GI tract Tears food, guiding the mouth
dental arches closed and supporting the lips
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next to the
incisors
Premolars Behind the GI tract Tear, crush and grind food into
canine teeth smaller pieces
and in front o
the molars
Molars Located at the GI tract Grinds and crushes food during
very back of chewing
the mouth
Tooth structures Incisors, GI tract Needed for digestion
canines,
premolars,
molars
Crown Above the GI tract Protects teeth from erosion and
gums improves chewing function
Enamel Top layer of GI tract Protects your teeth from damage
the crown is and cavities by shielding them from
enamel bacteria acids and physical forces
Dentin Located GI tract Responsible for providing support
beneath the to the enamel while shielding the
enamel crown sensitive inner pulp
of a tooth
Pulp cavity Located in the GI tract Houses the dental pulp
very center of
a tooth,
underneath
the dentin
layer
Neck Area between GI tract Used for support and movement,
the base of communication, blood flow,
the skull and breathing, swallowing, speaking,
the clavicles and hormone regulation
that connects
the head to
the torso
Gingiva (gums) Soft tissue GI tract Protective barrier, supports and
that surrounds protects the teeth by forming a tight
the base of seal around their necks
the teeth
Root Part of the GI tract Anchors the tooth firmly in place by
tooth that is attaching to the surrounding bone
below the through the periodontal ligament
gums
Cement By the root GI tract Resist bite pressure produced by
the teeth and jawbones
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Root canal Loated within GI tract Houses the tooth’s nerve tissues
the tooth’s and blood vessels
root,
extending
from the pulp
chamber at
the base of
the crown to
the tip of the
root in the
jawbone
Periodontal ligament Between the GI tract Allowing for proper support and
cementum of transmission of biting forces during
a tooth root chewing
and the
alveolar bone
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The Digestive System Structure List:

Human Models:
 Oral cavity
o Upper/lower lip
o Hard/soft palate
o Uvula
o Tongue
 Pharynx
o Nasopharynx
o Oropharynx
o Laryngopharynx
 Esophagus
 Stomach
o Mesentery
 Greater omentum
 Lesser omentum
o Cardia
o Fundus
o Body
o Pyloric part
 Pyloric sphincter
o Lesser curvature
o Greater curvature
o Muscularis externa
 Longitudinal layer
 Circular layer
 Oblique layer
 Small intestine
o Duodenum
o Jejunum
o Ileum
 Ileocecal valve
 Large intestine
o Cecum
o Appendix
o Colon
 Ascending colon
 Transverse colon
 Descending colon
 Sigmoid colon
o Rectum
o Anus
o Tenia coli
 Salivary glands
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o Parotid glands
o Submandibular glands
o Sublingual glands
 Liver
o Falciform ligament
o Common hepatic duct
o Bile duct
o Right/left/caudate/quadrate lobes of liver
 Gallbladder
o Cystic duct
 Pancreas
o Main pancreatic duct
o Accessory pancreatic duct
 Tooth types
o Incisors
o Canines
o Premolars
o Molars
 Tooth structures
o Crown
 Enamel
 Dentin
 Pulp cavity
o Neck
 Gingiva (gums)
o Root
 Cement
 Root canal
 Periodontal ligament

Cat Dissection:
 Gallbladder
 Liver
o Falciform ligament
 Stomach
o Lesser omentum
o Greater omentum
 Pyloric sphincter
 Pancreas
 Gall bladder
 Small intestine
 Mesentery
 Colon