POVERTY
Defn: Acc to World Bank, Poverty is socially perceived deprivation in well-being, and many basic human Dimensions of poverty
needs like food, clothing, shelter, health, education.(person living on $1.90 a day or less=extreme poverty) 1. Economic - right to work and livelihood + redistribution of income
Amartya Sen-> dev caabilities 2. Social - access to social infra like education, health etc
Data 3. Cultural - asserting your cultural identity and participation in cultural/social life
India: 21.9 % BPL (target 10.95% by 2030)->25.7 % rural and urban - 13.7 %. 4. Political - freedom of thought, expression and association
UNDP: MPI=66/109
Global MDPI shows poverty reduced by half b/w 2005 to 2015 to 28%-250 mn ppl out Govt Initiatives
About 132 million of the global poor live in areas with high flood risk
40 percent of the global poor live in conflict ridden regions Target: SDG 1, 10.95% in BPL, 0 homeless, 100% households with 1 member health insurance, 100%
80% global poor in rural areas- 64% agri, 39% hv no formal edu. coverage of social protection scheme
no., of poor in India doubled from 60mn to 134 mn in just a yr due to pandemic induced Integrated Rural Development Programme (IRDP)
recession(pew research) Pradhan Mantri Jan Dhan Yojana
Pradhan Mantri Kaushal Vikas Yojana
SECC Key findings: National Food Security Mission,2007
- >50% rural households are landless National Urban Livelihood Mission
- 35% urban households are poor National Rural Livelihood Mission: Aajeevika (2011)
- 36% rural population is illiterate. Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (MGNREGA) 2005
SECC data helped the govt to target the Ujjwala scheme efficiently. Sampoorna Gramin Rozgar Yojana (SGRY)
Annapurna Scheme
Poverty line committee- Alagh, lakdawala, tendulkar (2011-12)-monthly per-capita consumption National Old Age Pension Scheme (NOAPS)
expenditure of Rs 816 for rural areas and Rs 1000 for urban area, c Rangarajan Food for Work Programme
PMGKY
5th FYP(1974-1979)-Garibi Hatao Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana
Pradhan Mantri Shram Yogi Maan-Dhan
Classification: PM SVanidhi
Absolute- below particular income line (poverty line) Solar Charkha Mission-Employment generation for nearly one lakh people through
Relative- below median incomes solar charkha clusters in rural areas
Primary - income insufficient to meet basic needs
Secondary income misspent on luxuries leaving less for necessities Global efforts:
Secondary- income misspent on luxuries, leaving less for necessities Global efforts:
Persistent- income is less than 60% of median incomes for 2 out of 3 years. SDG 1- 2030
Multidimensional- liv std, edu, healthcare aspects added UNGA declared “Third United Nations Decade for the Eradication of Poverty (2018–2027)
17 oct: International Day for the Eradication of Poverty. by UNGA
Causes Persistenet Consequences:
Historical: Economic: Demographic bomb, Inc unemployment, inc fiscal deficit,
Economic drain-50% exp on military and 25-30% on administration Political: Protests riots, manipulation of social cleavages, dec pol participation
colonial exploitation-loss of handicrafts industries->overburden on agriculture Social: Feminisation of Poverty, Child labour , Mal nutrition
Lack of mass education Regional variance (Goa- 5%, CG- 40%)
Economic Rapid urbanisation
Rising inequality->World Inequality report,2021-10% rich hold 57% wealth HRD
Unprofitable nature of agri
Unemployment:above 5% Solution/WF
Over dependence on gig economy Direct income transfer to needy (UBI/MBI)
Lack of access to credit By improving social infrastructure and job opportunities in rural areas- Saansad Adarsh Gram
Poor skills (only 5.4% formally trained) Yojana-"Adarsh Villages"
Lack of financial literacy and fin. planning RTE implementation
Poor fiscal capacity of govt Investment in Agriculture and infra
Debt traps by informal moneylender financial literacy and fin. planning
Lack of insurance/ social security Strengthen local institution
inefficient resource utilisation reduce leakages
Social environment sustainable growth
Population explosion evidence based policy making
Social cleavages like caste and untouchability job seekers to job creators-SHGs, setting up Micro units
OoPE on health (67%) Proper slum rehabilitation
Poor edu->Poor employment use of tech in social sector program
Patriarchal mindset
Low female LFPR: women's energy confined to unpaid work Best practice:
Governance kudambashree
Failure of Social Contract Pocket money workbook by SEBI for children financial literacy
Corruption/Leakages in Poverty allev. prog.
Inefficient service delivery Conclusion:
Lax rules and regulations the efforts should be complemented by private sector and civil society to accelerate the
Decentralisation issue: 3Fs(Funds, functionaries, Functions) with PRI achievement of the targets under SDG Goal 1.
Misgovernance, terrorism, seccesionism->infra, tourism, industry remain under developed Indiaʼs underlying development strategy remains focused on reducing poverty,
Other raising incomes, improving living standards and enhancing the ease of living of all
Climate factors (BIhar, UP- floods) The improvement in Indiaʼs position in the Human Development Index (HDI) by six places
Digital divide between 2014 and 2019, is a sign of progress in the right direction.
, g p g g
Financial Inclusion
Inequality: Causes Impact Init
Impact of Tech and industrialisation: Skills, Capital, wage Social: inhibits Human dev, women empowerment, Social: security schemes: PM JAY, APY, inc
gap destabilize sty spending on social infra
Social: Education levels, gender issues Economic: perpetuates poverty, slows growth of eco Economic: financial incl, Emp guarentee sch
Economic: low productivity sectors, wealth distrib Political: social unrest and instability Pol: reservation policy
personal: innate abilities, intelligence