CONTROL AND COORDINATION

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 INTRODUCTION
How you can see something coming towards you how you can feel
that something is hot how you can feel that something is cold how
you can feel that something is biting you how you can feel the
sound how you can feel the touch how you can feel the pressure

How you feel

I won't mind help us in feeling our surroundings and respond to

them that is called the control and the coordination of mind and
body

Let's start the chapter

STIMULUS

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My question is that to what you respond you respond to some
changes in the environment which happens suddenly or which
happens gradually yeah that's right you respond to the changes in
the environment

So
That changes in the environment to which the organism
responds and react are called stimulus
Example heat cold sound smell taste touch pressure pain
water
The reaction to stimulus is the characteristics property of
living organism
Both plant and animal react or respond to various stimuli
around them
But
the animal can react to stimuli in many different ways
but plant cannot react in different ways plant react to
stimuli in a very limited way

SO WHAT IS COORDINATION ????

The working together of various organs of organisms in

a systematic manner so as to produce a proper response
to the stimulus is called coordination

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LET'S DISCUSS THE CONTROL AND COORDINATION IN
PLANTS

➢ The plants do not have a nervous system and a sense organ

like eyes ears or nose ex like the animal but they can still
sense things
➢ The plant coordinates their behavior against
environmental changes by using hormones
➢ Plants have no nervous system so plant only use hormone
for coordination
➢ The plant response to various stimuli very slowly by
growing so in most of the cases the plant response cannot
be observed immediately
➢ The function of control and coordination in plant is
performed by the chemical substance called plant
hormones

Note point

➢ Plant hormones are also called phytohormone

Phyto means plant

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 PLANT HORMONES OR PHYTOHORMONES

Control and coordination in plant is done by

phytohormones or plant hormones

There are four major types of plant hormones or

phytohormones which are involved in the control and
coordination in plants

1 Auxin

2 Gibberellins

3 Cytokinin’s

4 Abscisic acids

LET'S DISCUSS THIS HORMONE FUNCTION IN DETAIL

AUXIN

Auxins are plant hormone which promotes cell

enlargement and cell differentiation in plants
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 Auxins also promote fruit growth
Auxin hormone control a plant response to light and gravity
in other words auxin hormone is responsible for
phototrophic and geotropic responses of plant
Phototropic movement is the movement of plant towards
light
Geotropic movement is shown in roots of the plant root
move towards gravity

Gibberellins

Gibberellins are plant hormone which promotes cell

enlargement and cell differentiation in the presence of
auxins
Gibberellin help in breaking the dormancy in seeds and
buds and promote growth in fruits

Cytokinin’s

Promote cell division in plant

Help in breaking the dormancy of seeds and Buds
They delay the ageing in leaves
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 Cytokinin’s promote the opening of stomata they also
promote fruit growth

Abscisic acid
It is the growth inhibitor
ABA promotes the dormancy in seed and Buds
It also promotes the closing of stomata
Promotes the falling of leaves

LET'S DISCUSS THE PLANT MOVEMENT

PLANT MOVEMENTS

• The plant is fixed at a place with their roots in the

ground so they cannot move from one place to
another
• That is plant do not show locomotion however
movement of the individual parts or organs of a

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 plant are possible when they are subjected to
some external stimuli
• Like lite force of gravity chemical substances
water and touch e
• These movement of plant are usually caused by an
unequal growth in its two regions by the action of
plant hormones under the influence of a stimulus
• For example, the auxin hormone is made and
secrete buy the Arithmetic tissue at the tip of
stem so auxin hormone is speed of the growth in
stem
• If one side of stem has more oxygen than the other
side then the side of the stamp having more auxin
hormone will grow faster than the other side this
will cause the stem to bend
• The movement in any part of the plant is usually
a growth movement

THE PLANT MOVEMENT FALL INTO TWO MAIN

CATEGORIES

1. Tropisms
2. Nasties

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TROPISMS OR TROPHIC MOVEMENTS

✓ A growth movement of a plant part in response to

an external stimulus in which the direction of
stimulus determined the direction of response is
called tropisms
✓ Tropism is a directional movement
✓ If a growth of or movement of plant is towards the
stimulus it is called positive tropism
✓ if a growth or movement of a plant part is away
from the stimulus it is called negative tropism

TYPES OF TROPISM

1. The movement of plant part in response to the light is

called phototropism
2. The movement of plant part in response to gravity is
called geotropism
3. The movement of a plant part in response to a chemical
stimulus is called chemotropism
4. The movement of a plant part in response to water is
called hydrotropism

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 5. The directional growth movement of a plant part in
response to touch of an object is called thigmotropism

RESPONSE OF PLANT TO LIGHT PHOTO TROPISM

▪ Plant need sunlight show the stem or shoots respond to

sunlight by growing towards it

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 ▪ The stem of plant responds to light and bend towards it
▪ The plant is stem respond to light and bend towards it due
to the action of auxin hormone
▪ When a plant part is coming in the contact of sunlight for
a long time then the auxin hormone it starts collecting on
the opposite side of that part
▪ Which promote growth on the opposite side of that part of
plant
▪ And when the opposite side grows faster than the plant
bend towards light

THE RESPONSE OF PLANT TO GRAVITY

▪ The response of plant to gravity is called geotropism

▪ The roots of plant always grow downward in response to
gravity this make sure that they find soil and water
▪ The stems for shoots of plant always grow up away from
the pull of gravity this make sure they will get light
▪ The movement of plant roots towards the Earth and that
of stem away from earth board cause geotropism

RESPONSE OF PLANT TO CHEMICAL CHEMOTROPISM

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 ▪ The growth of a plant part due to the chemical stimulus is
known as chemotropism
▪ Example the growth of a pollen tube towards the ovule
Induce by surgy substance as stimulus it is an example of
chemotropism

RESPONSE OF PLANTS TO WATER HYDROTROPISM

▪ The roots of plant grow towards water even if means going

against the pull of gravity
▪ This is called hydrotropism

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DIRECTIONAL RESPONSES OF PLANT TO THE TOUCH OF
AN OBJECT'S THIGMOTROPISM

▪ Tendrils are thin thread like growth on the stems or

leaves of climbing plant
▪ Tendrils are sensitive to touch of other objects
▪ Tendrils are positively Thigmotropic which means that
they grow towards things they happen to touch
▪ Tendrils are climbing organs of plant which are
positively thigmotropic

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 NASTIES OR NASTIC MOVEMENT
❖ The movement of plant part in response to an external
stimulus in which the direction of response is not
determined by the direction of stimulus is called nastic
movement
❖ The main difference between trophic and the nastic
movement it is that tropic movement it is a directional
movement of a plant part but nastic movement is not a
directional movement of a plant part with respect to
stimulus
❖ For example, the folding up of leaves of sensitive plant on
touching is not a growth movement but the opening and
closing of petals of flowers by the action of sunlight is a
growth movement
❖ we will now describe the movement of plant part which is
unusually fast and take place almost immediately

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 THIGMONASTY

The non-directional movement of a plant part in response to the

touch of an object is called thigmonastic

Example don't touch me Mimosa pudica

The folding up of the leaves of sensitive plant on touching is due

to the sudden loss of water from pad like swellings called pulvini
present at the base of all leaves of sensitive plant which make
the pulvini lose their farmers causing the leaf to drop and fall

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 PHOTO NASTY

❖ The non-directional movement of plant part

usually petals of flowers in response to light is
called photo nasty
❖ Opening and closing of flowers in response to light
are growth movement

COORDINATION IN ANIMALS

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 o A system made up of nerve cell is called nervous
system
o The control and coordination in higher animals
called vertebrates including human beings takes
place through the nervous system as well as
hormonal system called endocrine system
o There are five sense organs in our body eyes ears
nose tongue and skin
o The receptor is a cell in a sense organ which is
sensitive to a particular type of stimulus such as
light sound smell taste heat pressure etc

TYPES OF RECEPTOR PRESENT

1. Photo receptor detect light they are present in our

eyes
2. Phono receptors detect sound they are present in
inner walls. Of ear
3. Olfactory receptors detect smell they are present
in nose
4. Gustatory receptor detect taste they are present
in tongue
5. Thermoreceptor detect heat and cold their
present in skin

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 All the receptors in the sense organs receives stimuli from
the surrounding environment and send a message
conveyed by them to the spinal cord and brain in the form
of electrical impulse through the sensory nerves
Affecter is a part of the body which can respond to a
stimulus according to the instruction send from the
nervous system spinal cord and brain these are muscles
and glands

CONTROL AND COORDINATION IN

HUMANS

There are two systems of coordination of activities in

humans these are

1. Nervous system
2. Endocrine system

HUMAN NERVOUS SYSTEM

The function of nervous system is to co-ordinate the
activities of our body

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 The nervous system helps all other system of our body to
work together
The human nervous system receives information from the
surrounding process it interprets it and then response
accordingly

Unit of nervous system neuron

NERVOUS SYSTEM IS MADE OF SPECIALIZED CELL CALLED

NEURON

Neuron is largest cell in the body

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Neuron contains some basic parts as any other animal
cell but their structure is specially adapted to be able
to carry messages over large distances in the body
quickly

The neuron has three components

1. Cell body
2. Dendrites and
3. Axon

▪ The cell body of a neuron is like a typical animal cell which

contain cytoplasm and nucleus
▪ The number of long and thin fibers are stretching out from
the cell body of a neuron they are called nerve fibers the
shorter fibers on the body of a neuron is called dendrites
▪ The longest fiber on the cell body of a neuron is called
axon
▪ The messages which the neuron transmit in the nervous
system are in the form of electrical impulse called nerve
impulse
▪ The dendrites pick up the nerve impulses from receptors
they passed the impulse to the cell body and then along
the Axon the axon passes the impulse to another neuron
through a junction called synapse

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 NEURONS ARE OF THREE TYPES

1. Sensory neurons

✓ sensory neurons transmit impulses from sensory

cells towards the central nervous system

2. Motor neurons

✓ motor neurons transmit impulses from the central

nervous system spinal cord and brain towards the
muscle cell

3. Relay neurons
✓ Relay neurons occur in central nervous system
where the serve as link between another neuron

WE WILL NOW EXPLAIN HOW NERVE IMPULSES ARE

TRANSFERRED FROM ONE NEURON TO ANOTHER IN OUR
NERVOUS SYSTEM

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 o Microscopic gap between the pair of adjacent neurons over
which the nerve impulse passes when going from one
neuron to the next is called synapse
o when the nerve impulse from chapter reaches the end of
the Axon of sensory neuron
o Then the tiny amount of chemical substance released into
the synapse
o this chemical substance crosses the gap and starts a similar
electrical impulse in the dendrite of next neuron
o Synapse ensure that nerve impulse travel in only one
direction through a particular set of neurons because
synapses actually act like one way valve

THE ORGANS OF HUMAN NERVOUS

SYSTEM

✓ The main organs of nervous system are brain

spinal cord and nerves
✓ The sense organ like eyes near tongue nose and
skin can be considered to be other organs of the

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 nervous system because they helped in the
function of nervous system
✓ Brain and spinal cord are connected to all the
sense organs and other part of our body by millions
of nerves

So, let's discuss how a nervous system work

1. When our sense organ in our body is affected it sends the

message to the brain in the form of electrical impulse
called nerve impulse through the sensory neuron
2. The brain analysis this message and decide the action to
be taken
3. The brain then sends out instruction to the muscles of
concerned body part for taking necessary action through
motor nerves
4. The concerned body part then acts according to the
instructions and by brain

NOTE POINT
o The processing of complicated response which
required thinking in those responses both brain
and spinal cord are involved
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 o And the process of simple responses which do not
required thinking the spinal cord alone is involve

THE PARTS OF NERVOUS SYSTEM

The nervous system can be divided into two main parts

1. Central nervous system- (Consists of brain and spinal cord)

2. Peripheral nervous system- (Consists of all the nerve of the
body like cranial nerve spinal nerve and visceral nerve)

Note point
✓ The cranial nerve connects all the parts in the head
directly to brain
✓ The spinal nerve connects all the remaining parts of the
body to spinal cord
✓ Visceral nerve connects the internal organs of the body to
spinal cord

The peripheral nervous system can be further divided

into two parts

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 1. Voluntary nervous system which is under voluntary
control from the brain
2. Autonomic nervous system which operates
automatically or involuntary

THE PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM

All the nerve of the body together makes up the
peripheral nervous system (PNS)

The three types of nerve which make up the peripheral

nervous system are

1. Spinal nerve
2. Cranial nerve
3. Visceral nerve

You all know the function of these three types of nerve

from the above points

REFLEX ACTION AND REFLEX ARC

The simplest form of response in the nervous system is
reflex action
A reflex action is one which we perform automatically

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 Example if we unknowingly touch a hot plate, we
immediately move our hand away from it so moving our
hand away on touching a hot plate is an example of reflex
action
Coughing blinking of eyes sneezing all are reflex action

REFLEX ARC

▪ The pathway taken by nerve impulse in a reflex

action is called reflex arc
▪ A reflex action is an automatic response to a
stimulus

NOTE POINTS

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 1. The reflex in which only spinal cord is involved are called
spinal reflexes
2. Those reflexes in which only brain is involved is called
cerebral reflex
3. the contraction of pupil of automatically in the presence of
bright light is an example of cerebral reflex

THE AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM

▪ Autonomic nervous system means self-governing

nervous system
▪ Autonomic nervous system controls and regulate
the function of the inner organs of our body in
voluntary on its own no external think or no
external stimuli is involved
▪ Example heartbeat functions of lungs kidney
urinary bladder etc.

VOLUNTARY NERVOUS SYSTEM

➢ The voluntary nervous system helps us to take

voluntary action which are under the conscious
control of the brain

example writing a letter dancing taking, playing football

etc.
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CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM

➢ The central nervous system consists of brain and

spinal cord

BRAIN

▪ Brain is the highest coordinating center in the body

▪ The brain is located inside the skull of our body and the
top of the spinal cord
▪ It is protected by a Bony box in the skull called cranium
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 ▪ The brain is surrounded by three membrane called
meninges which help to protect it
▪ The space between the membrane is filled with a fluid
called cerebrospinal fluid which help in protecting the
brain from mechanical shocks
▪ The brain is broadly divided into three regions
▪ Fore brain-the fore brain consists mainly of cerebrum
▪ Midbrain-midbrain does not have any further division
▪ Hind brain-consists of three centers called pons
cerebellum and medulla

WE WILL NOW DISCUSS THE FUNCTION OF FOREBRAIN

MIDBRAIN AND HINDBRAIN

Cerebrum or forebrain

✓ The cerebrum is the main thinking part of the

brain
✓ It is the site of our faculties such as learning
reasoning intelligence personality and memory
✓ All our thoughts sensation action and movement
are controlled by cerebrum
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 ✓ All the voluntary action of the body are
coordinated by cerebrum

MIDBRAIN

✓ Mid brain control reflex movement of head neck and

trunk in response to visual and auditory stimuli

✓ It also controls the changes in pupil size and shape of

eye lens

HINDBRAIN

The pons take part in regulating respiration

The cerebellum helps in maintaining posture and
balance of the body it also helped us to make precise
and accurate movement
the cerebellum coordinates smooth body movements
such as walking dancing riding and bicycle and picking
up pencil etc.
medulla control various involuntary actions such as
heart beat breathing blood pressure and peristaltic
movement of alimentary canal
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 SPINAL CORD

• Spinal cord is a cylindrical structure

• The spinal cord begins in continuation with
medulla and extent downwards
• Spinal cord is also surrounded by membrane called
meninges
• As many as 31 pairs of nerve arises from the spinal
cord

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 HORMONES

✓ Hormones are chemical substance secreted in very small

amount by specialized tissue in the body called endocrine
glands
✓ Hormones are the chemical substance which co-ordinate the
activities of living organism and also their growth
✓ The various characteristics of hormones are given below
✓ The hormones are secreted in small amounts by the endocrine
glands
✓ The hormones are poured directly into the blood and carried
throughout the body by blood circulation system

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 ✓ The hormones have their effect at the sides different from the
sides where they are made so they are called chemical
messenger
✓ The hormones act on specific tissue or organ called target organ
✓ The hormone coordinates the activity of the body and also its
growth

GLANDS

There are two types of glands in the body

1. Exocrine glands -

A gland which secretes it product into a duct or tube

is called exocrine gland

2. Endocrine glands-

A gland which does not have a duct and secrete it

product directly into the blood stream is called an
endocrine gland

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 THE ENDOCRINE SYSTEM

o A group of endocrine glands which produce various

hormone is called an endocrine system
o In addition to nervous system the endocrine system also
helps in coordinating the activities of our body
o The endocrine gland present in the human body are
pineal gland hypothalamus gland pituitary gland thyroid
gland parathyroid gland thymus pancreas adrenal gland
testes only in males and ovaries only in female
o The hormone produces by endocrine gland acts as
messengers between the nervous system and the organs
of our body
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 HYPOTHALAMUS
- Hypothalamus gland is present in the brain
- Hypothalamus produce releasing hormone and inhibitory
hormone
- the function of hypothalamus is to regulate the secretion
of hormone from pituitary gland that is hypothalamus
control the pituitary hormones

PITUITARY GLAND

▪ Pituitary gland is present just below the brain

▪ The pituitary gland secretes a number of hormones
▪ One of the hormones secreted by pituitary gland is a
growth hormone
▪ Growth hormone control the development of bones and
muscles
▪ a person having deficiency of growth hormone in
childhood remains very short and becomes a dwarf
▪ on the other hand, a person having too much growth
hormone became very tall for a giant

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THYROID GLAND

Thyroid gland makes the hormone called thyroxine hormone

which contains iodine

The function of thyroxine hormone is to control the rate of

metabolism of carbohydrates fats and proteins in the body

Iodine is necessary for making of thyroxine hormone by thyroid

gland therefore a deficiency of iodine in the diet can cause a
deficiency of thyroxine hormone in the body

PARATHYROID GLAND

1. There are four small parathyroid gland which are

embedded in the thyroid gland
2. Parathyroid gland secrete hormone called parathyroid
hormone the function of Parth hormone is to regulate
calcium and phosphate level in the blood

THYMUS GLAND

1. Thymus gland lies in the lower part of neck and upper part
of chest
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 2. Thymus gland secrete thymus hormone which plays a role
in the development of immune system of a body

PANCREAS
- The pancreas is just below the stomach in the body
- Pancreas secrete the hormone called insulin
- The function of insulin hormone is to lower the blood sugar
level or blood glucose level
- Deficiency of insulin hormone in the body causes a disease
known as diabetes

ADRENAL GLANDS

▪ There are two adrenal glands which are located on the top
of two kidneys
▪ the function of adrenal hormone is to regulate heart rate
breathing rate blood pressure and carbohydrate
metabolism

When adrenaline hormone is secreted in large amount

it prepares our body for action it speeds up heartbeat
and breathing raise blood pressure and allows more
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glucose to go into the blood to give us a lot of energy
quickly to fight or run-away adrenal glands are often
called gland of emergency

TESTES

▪ Testes are the gland which are present only in

males
▪ Testes make male sex hormone called
testosterone
▪ The function of testosterone hormone is to control
the development of male sex organs and mail
future such as deeper voice beard and more body
hair

OVARIES

▪ Ovaries are the gland which are present only in

female
▪ Ovaries make two female sex hormone called
estrogen and progesterone
▪ the function of estrogen hormone is to control the
development of female sex organs and female
future such as female voice soft skin and
mammary glands
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 ▪ All these changes caused by estrogen are
associated with female puberty which the girls
attained at an age of 10 to 12 year

END THANK YOU FOR READING

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