Data processing system

(SPD)
Content: System. Prosecution. Primary data processing. Secondary data processing. Functions. Uses
of a data processing system. The computer as a SPD

System
A system is a composite object whose components relate to at least one other component; it may be
material or conceptual. All systems have composition, structure, and environment, but only material
systems have mechanism, and only some material systems have shape (form). According to
systemism, all objects are systems or components of some system.

For example, an atomic nucleus is a physical material system composed of protons and neutrons
related by the strong nuclear force; a molecule is a chemical material system composed of atoms
related by chemical bonds; a cell is a biological material system composed of organelles related by
noncovalent chemical bonds and metabolic pathways; a cerebral cortex is a psychological (mental)
material system composed of neurons related by action potentials and neurotransmitters; an army is a
social and partly artificial material system composed of people and artifacts related by command,
supply, communication, and warfare; the ring of integers is an algebraic conceptual system composed
of positive, negative, and zero numbers related by addition and multiplication; and a scientific theory is
a logical conceptual system composed of hypotheses, definitions, and theorems related by
coreference and deduction.

Prosecution
Prosecution is understood to be the judicial act by which a judge or court resolves the imputation of
one or more crimes against a natural or legal person by virtue of which the investigation and summary
preparation phase of a judicial procedure is concluded.

With this act, the next phase of the criminal process begins, the trial, once the witness statements have
been taken and the necessary set of evidence has been provided, whether for or against the
defendant.

Prosecution does not necessarily imply the guilt of the accused, an issue that is resolved at the end of
the trial.

However, prosecution requires a strong conviction on the part of the judge or court regarding the
charges brought, which must be supported in the summary in a coherent and precise manner and
implies the existence of reasonable indications of criminality.

Primary data processing

The goal of primary data processing is to produce cleaned and edited data files.

Primary data processing comprises the following steps:

– Enter all questionnaires from a cluster into a data file;

– Review the structure of the data file,

– Enter the data a second time and then verify the data file,
– Support the reviewed and verified data file,
– Carry out secondary editing of the data file,
– Back up the edited or final data file

The flow of primary data processing is summarized in the flowchart on the previous page. Take careful
note of the fact that structure review, data entry verification, and minor editing are iterative procedures
that are repeated until problems have been resolved or acceptable.

Secondary data processing

The goal of secondary data processing is to produce data analysis files and create the standard
MICS3 tables.

Secondary data processing comprises the following steps:

Concatenate all cluster data files into a single data file:

– Export the data to SPSS

– Calculate the weighting factors
– Compute the wealth index
– Recode variables to simplify analysis
– Create the tables necessary to analyze the data
– Archive and distribute data files

Functions
Within a company, the Data Processing Center fulfills various functions that justify the established job
positions that exist there.
Exploitation of systems or applications: The exploitation or operation of a computer system or computer
application consists of the use and benefit of the developed system.

It consists of forecasting dates for work execution, general system operation, control and management
of supports, system security, supervision of work, etc.

Uses of a data processing system

Processing data is generating information for decision making.

To understand the correct definition of data processing, we can talk about the mathematical model.
This is the representation of something through numbers and operations between them.

What is the mathematical model used for? For example, a sale cannot be seen literally, so the
mathematical model makes an invoice, which represents an act of purchase and sale. This is how a
situation that cannot be represented is resolved using a system.

In fact, this is transmitted in all walks of life. For example, the knowledge one has is always relative to
a model.

What we have to learn from Data Processing System are its invariant elements: data, process
and concept of information. All of this forms a model.
The rest depends on us and our will to do something.

We provide the data, we invent the programs, and we obtain the results. That is to say, the process
begins and ends with us.
So, we can say that processing data is:

Develop the administrative regulations necessary to ensure that data reaches the process in a timely
manner.

An example that clearly shows the issue is the following: If Marta comes, looks out the window and
counts the number of students there, then she would know how many have come, and she could even
hand out the list today. The data would be in time, but not in form.

Therefore, entering data in a timely manner involves processing the data, and the latter involves
understanding the information regarding the validity of that data. Ultimately, data processing leads to
quality control of the information I have.

An example of quality control would be given as follows: if I am being entered into heights of people, I
must be able to realize that six meters is an incorrect height. Knowing what is going to be done with
that data.

Each process is aimed at obtaining specific information. Once the process is obtained, someone
observes the result obtained by our system and analyzes its coherence.

For example, in a factory, it is quality control that leads to the classification between first and second
selection products.

The same thing happens with data, if they are second-selected they are not discarded, sometimes they
are given to the user to modify them or we try to modify them ourselves.

The computer as a data processing system

It is the technique that consists of collecting primary input data, which is evaluated and sorted to obtain
useful information, which will then be analyzed by the user, so that he can make decisions or take
actions that he deems appropriate.
In general, it is the culmination and manipulation of data to produce meaningful information.
In all SPD, the actual processing deals with the treatment of data to convert it into information, unlike
text processing where only texts are manipulated, using only specific software for this.
In any SPD, the processing cycle has six stages:

Data processing cycles

Data processing has six stages:
• 1. ORIGIN.
It consists of collecting the initial data. An original record of data is called a "source
document."
Example:
Graded tests by students. It should be noted that if there is any doubt about a student's
final grade, one can return to the original documents (exam sheets) and see if any errors
have been made during processing.
• 2. ENTRY.

The initial input data is classified in a manner convenient for processing, depending on
the machine used.
For example: When using electromechanical devices, input data is punched on cards and
in electronic computers the data is recorded on disks or tapes.
• 3. PROCESS.
During the process, the necessary operations will be executed to convert the data into
meaningful information. When the information is complete, the output operation will be
executed, in which a report is prepared that will serve as a basis for making decisions.
• 4. EXIT.
The results obtained in the process are compiled. The form of the output data depends
on the use that will be given to it.
For example: A printed sales summary for management or simply data that needs to be
stored for further processing.
• 5. DISTRIBUTION/PRINTING.
The output data records are called "Report Documents".
For example: Sheets that are sent to technical records. Information documents can
become source documents for future processing.
• 6. STORAGE/DATABASE.
The results of the process are stored for later use as input data. A unified set of data in
storage is called a "file." "A database" is a structured set of files.