SCIENCE TECHNOLOGY AND SOCIETY - Sun stone: Image of Aztec sun god at

center
MESOAMERICA
- Pictographs: system of writing
- Historical Region in North America - Nahuatl: Language
- Known for stone temples for religion

OLMEC CIVILIZATION
INCA CIVILIZATION
- Earliest Civilization
- Northeast part of Mexico (1,200 BC) - Incan empire
- Largest Civilization
- Language: Quechua
MAYA CIVILIZATION - Built bridges over bodies of water and
canals for irrigation
- Maya people: One of most - Medicine: Cranial surgeries
scientifically advanced individuals in (trepanation) and amputation
Mesoamerica - Produced textile
- SYSTEM OF WRITING: Maya - Musical instrument
hieroglyphics (1000 Characters) - Quipu: Recording information like Tax,
- Writing tools: Animal Hairs and census, and calendar.
Feathers
- Maya text is written in Codices
- Pictorial scripts(glyphs): Inscribed in
BYZANTINE EMPIRE
stone monuments
- Dresden Codex: Prediction of solar - Byzantine capital of eastern part of
eclipses, solar writing, and roman empire
astronomical tables - Renamed Constantinople by Emperor
- Calendar round: 365-day solar year Constantine (4th century)
and 260-day sacred year - Peak of byzantine: Emperor Justinian
- Long Count: Measure days by cycle or who reclaim the land invaded
set - Handheld trebuchet also known as
- Maya numerical system: Based on Cheiromangana; alteration of
numeral 20 counterweight trebuchet.
- Innovation in architecture, art, and - Trebuchet is a type of catapult; Uses
warfare. Siege engine to throw projectile.
- Built complex waterway using - Tidal mill: Running water to grind
Hydraulic technology grains
- Women made Tunics or Huipiles - Earliest tidal mill is discovered in
- Rubber products: rubber trees and Northern Ireland
morning glory for binding books,
gluing, manufacturing clothes. ISLAMIC EMPIRE
- One of largest empire in history
- 7th to 13th century
AZTEC CIVILIZATION - Book of muslin: Koran
- Islamic teaching developed,
- Capital: Tenochtitlan (Now Mexico)
astronomy philosophy, chemistry,
- Chinampas or artificial lands
math, medicine, and botany.
- Preserved literature through Codices
- Papermaking technologies
- Starch for using pens rather than o Proposed the theory that
brushes in writing. earth is rotating on its own
- House of wisdom in Baghdad axis
o Result of translation of Greek - Ibn Hayyan
and Syriac text o Father of chemistry
o Belongs to Abbasid Caliphs o Authored multitude of books:
- Ptolemy’s Al-Magest Alchemy, cosmology,
o 1st work to be translated in astrology, medicine, and more
Arabic
o Earth Centered Universe MEDIEVAL PERIOD
- Golden Age of Islamic Science - Charles the great or Charlemagne
o 8th to 13th century o Carolingian empire
- Ibn Al-Haytham or Alhazen o Revival of scholarships
o Foundation for modern optics - Viking
o Laws of refraction o Cruel warrior
o Book of optics o Technological advancement
o FATHER OF MODERN OPTICS for warfare:
- Abu Ali al-Hussein Ibn Sina  Axe/Dane Axe: Most
o Known as Avicenna commonly used tool
o The Canon of medicine  Magnetic Compass:
 Medical encyclopedia uses sun to navigate
 1st to describe seas
anatomy of human
High Middle Ages: Beginning of European
eye
recovery
 Translated in latin
 Standard medical - Crusades
textbook o Religious war between
- Al Zahrawi Christian and Muslim
o Father of surgery o Pope urban the II gave
o Greatest surgeon in middle sermon (1095)
age o 1096 first launched of
o Wrote: Clearance of medical crusades
science for those who cannot o Paved the way for tech
compile it advancement in weaponry
 Summation of his 50 o Crossbow: Essential weapon
years medical in battle
education - Three field system
- Al-khwarizmi o Single piece of land into three
o Algebra smaller plots
o Compendious book on - Aristotle’s works, Physics and
calculation by completion and Metaphysics (12th and 13th century)
balancing o Translators of Aristotle works
- Al-Biruni  Averroes (1126-1198)
o Devised methods of  William of Moerbeke
determining radius of earth by (1215-1286)
height of mountain Nandana
- Claudius Ptolemy o Natural Philosophy:
o Work of geography translated Conversion of base metals
into latin into noble metal like gold
o Inspired Columbus to pursue - Astrology
world exploration o Connection of Celestial bodies
- Euclid’s work ‘element of Geometry’ to human life and natural
o Conceptualization of world
Pythagorean theorem - LATE MIDDLE AGES
- Stadium Generale o Known as intellectual progress
o Medieval University - European university
o Venue for students to learn o University of Paris
o The establishment of o Oxford University
medieval universities allowed - Nicholas Oresme
the European and Muslims o Mean speed theorem or
scholars to meet. theorem on uniform
- Scholasticism acceleration
o Method of critical thought  Body traveling at
that integrated religious constant velocity
theology and scientific truth - John Buridan
o 2 main religion spearheaded o Impetus
scholasticism:  Body in motion
 Franciscans – St. continues to stay in
Francis of Assisi 1209 motion
 Dominicans – St. - Late Middle age
Dominic 1215 o Spectacles
- Roger Bacon  Precursor to modern
o Scientific method eyeglasses
 Modern science o Windmills
greatest tool o Magnets
 Opus Majus: 800  Led to development
pages of world’s first
 Observation compass
 Formulation o Spinning wheel
of hypothesis o Medieval scholar’s interest in
 Experimentati alchemy and astrology led to
on invention of ASTROLABES and
- TWO FIELDS OF STUDY OUTSIDE CLOCKS
BOUNDARY OF HARD SCIENCE
o Alchemy
o Astrology
o Today: Not considered
scientific
o Medieval: associated it with
scientific inquiry
- Alchemy
 - Major Shift in science and technology
signaled by Scientific Revolution
- Scientific Revolution
o Rise of modern science during
early modern age
In the World: Modern ages - This period was credited for
introducing the most prominent
Renaissance
scientist
- Period from 14th to the 17th century - Heliocentric theory
marking o Nicolaus Copernicus
- Means Rebirth o Went against general belief
- Printing press that earth is the center of
o Johannes Gutenberg universe
 Known goldsmith o Galileo Galilei proved the
 1st movable printing theory
press o Isaac Newton eradicated
o 1440 doubts of heliocentrism
o Pivotal to development of - Fuel
mass media o It began due to demand for
o To reproduce religious text mass production lessening the
- Renowned artist and writers: use of animal and man
o Da vinci o Fuel from coal
o Dante  Used to convert raw
o Petrarch materials to
o Michelangelo manufacture products
o Raphael
Use of iron and steel in 15th century became
common due to invention of blast furnace

- Dante - Blast Furnace

o Father of Italian poetry o Metallurgical furnace
o The Divine Comdey o Used to produce industrial
- Francesco Petrarca metals
o Known as Petrarch
Rise of textile industry improved the cloth
o Father of humanism manufacturing
- Leonardo Da Vinci
o Painter, Scientist, sculptor - Agricultural technique
o Mona Lisa, Vitruvian Man, o Developed to accumulate
and Last supper more income with less capital
- Michelangelo and manpower
o Painting of ceiling of Sistine - Sheep farming
chapel in Vatican o Less human effort and larger
- Raphael yields of food to support
o Italian painter growing population
o Embodies clear and clarity in - Scythe
painting o For cutting both crops and
o The school of Athens and grass
Sistine Madonna - Horses
 o For carrying and delivering production and distribution of
goods wealth” (1884)
- Mixed farming - England
o Maximized land use and o First country to industrialized
increased production of meat - Factory system
and crops o Increase production level of
- Animal manure yields
o Fertilizer IRON AND STEEL INDUSTRY
- Christopher Columbus - Tech of 18th and 19th century used iron
o Navigation and expedition and steel
o Europeans explored Africa - Tobern bergman
and east o Swedish Metallurgist
- Civil engineering o Discovered carbon steel in
o Fortification of buildings and 1750
structures - Henry Bessemer and William Kelly
- Construction and canals for inland o Improved manufacturing steel
transportation has begun during this from iron
period - Robert Mushet
- Maritime transport invention: o Discovered alloy of iron that
o Masts combined carbon and
o Sails manganese
o Sternpost rudder
- Great ship: Henry VIII’s Great Harry TEXTILE INDUSTRY
o Merchant ships became - Flying shuttle
common o John Kay in 1733
- Instruments for navigation ang o Increased output for yarn
voyage: - Spinning Jenny
o Mariner’s compass, Quadrant, o Also known as Saxon Wheel
Forestaff o James Hargreaves 1764
- Wheel barrow and wooden track o Machine that spins more than
o For mining led to one spindle at a time
development of railway - Water frame
transport o Richard Arkwright 1769
o Textile machine powered by
INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION
water
- Bagan 18th century o To cater spinning of multiple
- Shift from agricultural process to threads
urbanized and industrial process - Spinning mule
- Time, machineries, and factories rose o Samuel Crompton 1779
in order to give way for mass o Combination of spinning
production jenny and water frame
- Arnold Toynbee - Power loom
o Popularized the term o Edmund Cartwright 1787
“INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION” o Production of cotton
o “Substitution of competition - Cotton gin
for medieval regulation that o Eli Whitney 1793
previously controlled
 o Production of cotton for o Law of conservation of mass
textile (research)
- Thomas saint - John Dalton
o Cabinet maker o Atomic theory 1803
o Patented mechanized sewing o All matters are composed of
machine 1790 indivisible particle called
- Barthelemy Thimonnier ATOM
o Chain stitch 1829 - Hans Oersted
o Magnetic Field 1820
TRANSPORTATION INDUSTRY
- Michael faraday
- Thomas Newcomen o First crude electric motor
o Steam Engine 1821
 Prevent flooding in o Conducted electronic
cornwall mines induction experiment in 1831
- Denis Papin - James Maxwell
o Pressure cooker o Theory on electromagnetic
- James Watt radiation
o Patented steam engine (1765)  Light, magnetism, and
- Matthew Boulton w/ Watt electricity are
o Steam engine powered ships variation of
and trains manifestation.
- Richard Trevithick o Dynamical theory of
o First Locomotive (new castle) electromagnetism 1865
- George Stephenson  Electric and magnetic
o Father of railways (locomotive waves travel through
called blucher) space
o Stephenson w/ brother o Treatise on electricity and
 Developed magnetism 1873
locomotion no.1 - George stoney
(1825) o Fundamentals quantities of
 Rocket electricity
- Robert Fulton - William crookes
o Steamboat called Clermont o Cathode rays 1879
(1807) - Heinrich Geisssler
o Vacuum Tube
SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY IN 18TH AND 19TH - Eugen Goldstein
CENTURY o Protons
- Charles Agustin De Coulomb  From tube filled with
o Physical Science hydrogen gas
(Electrodynamics)
- Joseph Priestley
o Discovered oxygen through - William Roentgen
colorless gas from heated o X-ray (1895): Accidentally
mercury 1774 discovered by William
- Antoine Lavoisier Roentgen during research on
o Named oxygen (colorless gas) cathode rays.
o Father of modern chemist - J. J. Thomson
 o Electron (1897):Discovered operated similarly throughout
when he placed Crookes' tube Earth's history, based on
within a magnetic field, Hutton's theory.
concluding that cathode rays - Jean-Baptiste de Lamarck
are negatively charged and o Theory of Acquired
that all atoms have a negative Characteristics (1809):
charge. Proposed that organisms can
pass acquired traits to
offspring.

- Henri Becquerel
- Charles Darwin
o Radioactivity: Discovered by
o On the Origin of Species
Henri Becquerel.
(1859): Explained species
o Expounded by: Marie and
variability and evolution
Perri Curie
through natural selection,
- Marie Curie
based on observations from
o Radioactive elements (late
his 1831-1836 voyage.
19th - early 20th century): - Alfred Wallace
Discovered radioactive o On Tendency of Varieties to
elements such as uranium,
Depart Indefinitely from the
thorium, radium, and
Original Type (1859):
polonium.
Conducted similar research to
- Carolus Linnaeus
Darwin on species variability.
o Binomial nomenclature:
- -Gregor Mendel
Developed a system of o Genetics (1856-1863)
naming organisms called
o "Father of Genetics,"
binomial nomenclature.
o breeding pea plants and
o Species Plantarum (1753):
proposed a model of
Listed every species of plant
inheritance that explains how
known at the time.
organisms transmit genetic
o Systema Naturae (1758): Laid
information to their offspring.
down the Linnaean Taxonomy.
- Max Planck
- James Hutton
o Quantum theory (1900):
o Theory of Gradualism (1759):
Originated by Max Planck.
Proposed that gradual
mechanisms on Earth explain
- Albert Einstein
fossil variability.
o Theory of relativity (1905):
- Georges Cuvier
Established by Einstein.
o Theory of Catastrophism
o Photoelectric effect:
(1813): Hypothesized that
Explained electrons released
extinctions were common in
from materials when hit by
Earth's history, based on his
light.
fossil studies.
- Erwin Schrödinger
- Charles Lyell
o Quantum mechanics equation
o Principle of Uniformitarianism
(1926): Enabled development
(1830): Stated that current
of semiconductors and atomic
geological processes have
 power; proposed a partial gap Weaver Model of
equation for wave functions Communication, known as the
of particles. mother of all models.
- Robert Goddard - Shannon-Weaver Model of
o First successful rocket launch Communication
(1926): Launched near o Begins with an information
Auburn, Massachusetts. source producing messages
- James Chadwick o limitations due to lack of
o Neutron: Discovered in the feedback, leading to
nucleus of an atom. transactional and interactive
models.
o Mother of all communication
- Oswald Avery
o DNA as genetic material - Transactional and Interactive Models
(1944): Discovered genes and o Transactional model: both
chromosomes are carried by sender and receiver as
DNA. communicators.
o Interactive model: similar to
- Francis Crick and James Watson transactional; often used in
o Double helix model of DNA context of new media like the
(1953): Proposed double- internet.
stranded structure of DNA. - Alec H. Reeves
o Adapted pulse-code
- Alexander Fleming modulation (PCM) technology
o Penicillin (1928): Discovered for voice communication;
as an antibiotic against granted French and British
bacterial infections. patents (1938-1939).

COMPUTER AND THE AGE OF INFORMATION - SIGSALY

- Major highlights: introduction of o Developed by Bell
modern computers and the internet; Laboratories; a secure speech
focus on information accumulation system in service (1943-1946).
and idea generation. - Used one-time pad encryption;
- Invention of the computer traced to secured talks between President
Charles Babbage's early systems of Roosevelt and Prime Minister
calculation (1812); significant impact Churchill.
on technological progression.
- Alan Turing
- Claude E. Shannon o Introduced the universal
o Formulated ideas on digital Turing machine (UTM) (1936-
communication at Bell 1937); described a machine
Laboratories (1940s); for calculating mathematical
published "A Mathematical equations and storing data.
Theory of Communication." o "Father of the Modern
o Recognized as the "Father of Computer."
Information Theory"; - Konrad Zuse
developed the Shannon-
 o Developed the world's first built by IBM in 1944; capable
programmable computer of computing and printing
(1936-1938); created the Z3, mathematical tables.
operational in 1941.
- John V. Atanasoff and Clifford Berry - Small-Scale Experimental Machine
o Created the first electronic (SSEM)
digital computer (ABC) around o Also known as the
1939 Manchester Baby; created by
 capable of solving Frederic "Freddie" Calland
systems of equations Williams and Tom Kilburn in
and storing binary 1946-1947; successfully ran
data using dynamic its first program in June 1948.
random-access
memory (DRAM). - William Shockley
o First to commercially mass-
- Perry Crawford produce transistors; his team
o Described the use of a formed Fairchild
magnetic drum to store Semiconductors in 1957,
electronic digital information leading to the development of
in his 1942 thesis, "Automatic Silicon Valley.
Control by Arithmetic
Operations." - IBM 604 Electronic Calculating Punch
o Built by IBM in 1948;
- Engineering Research Associates performed basic operations
(ERA) much faster than earlier
o Used captured German models; basis for the first
Magnetophones to build solid-state computer (IBM
magnetic drums and disks 608).
under Project Goldberg;
developed for US Navy - Jack Kilby
encryption. o Created and patented the
o Eventually acquired by integrated circuit (IC) chip in
Remington Rand, becoming 1959; received a Nobel Prize
an industry leader in in Physics in 2000 for his
electronic computers. invention.
- IBM Stretch Computer
- Tommy Harold Flowers o Released in 1961; first IBM
o Invented the world's first supercomputer to run
programmable electronic completely on transistors;
computer, the Colossus pioneered the use of "bytes."
(1943); used for encrypting
German messages during - Floppy Disk
WWII. o Developed by IBM; became
the first commercially viable
- Harvard Mark 1 storage device; gained
o A general-purpose popularity with the Apple II in
electromechanical computer 1977.
 o Drastic change in what is
- Compact Disc (CD) established, believed, and
o Originated from James embraced by society.
Russell's 1970 invention;
licensed by Sony and Philips in
the 1980s; replaced vinyl for - Intellectual Revolutions
recording systems.
o Heavily influenced politics,
- ARPANET religion, and cultural
o Created in 1969 as a packet institutions by impacting
switching network; connected people's views of the world.
networks across the US, o Individuals with revolutionary
Europe, and Australia until ideas were often branded as
decommissioned in 1990. heretics or outcasts of society;
many were ostracized,
\ imprisoned, and prevented
from publishing their writings.
- Internet and WWW
o Developed after ARPANET; the
World Wide Web (WWW)
created by Tim Berners-Lee in - Nicolaus Copernicus
1989, enabling global
information access. o An astronomer of the Renaissance
- Introduced concepts such as HTML, period who challenged the previous
URI/URL, and HTTP; the first web page motion about the cosmos, led the
editor was created in 1990. so-called Scientific Revolution, and
permanently changed the way
- Internet Protocol (IP) Addresses people viewed the world.
o Used to identify devices
connected to the internet;
allows routing requests to - Pre-Copernican System
specific locations.
o The geocentric model, also known as
geocentrism popularized by the
- Technological Advancements Post-
thinker Ptolemy in 140 AD, was a
1990s
description of the universe with the
o Included e-mail, instant
Earth as the center.
messaging, video calls, blogs,
online forums, social - Anaximander (c. 610-546 BC)
networks, and online
o drew the first map of the world with
shopping; transformed
information exchange and had the Earth taking the shape of a
cultural, social, and moral cylinder floating in the center of the
implications. universe.

- Revolution - Pythagoras (c. 570-495 BC) was the first to

suggest that the Earth was a sphere.
 - Plato (c. 428-348 BC) explained that the o Geoheliocentrism or the Tychonic
multiplicity of the orbits were simple circular System.
paths that keep on repeating inside each o Combination of Copernican
other around the Earth. and Ptolemaic system
- Aristotle (c. 384-322 BC) posited that the - Johannes Kepler
Earth was at the center of the universe with
all other celestial bodies arranged in o laws of planetary motions in 1609,
concentric crystalline spheres around it. including the theory that planets
move in elliptical orbits with the Sun
- Ptolemy's version of the geocentric model at one focus.
was a refined explanation behind the
movements of planets. - Galileo Galilei

o 1632, published a book that further

reinforced the claim that the Earth
- Copernican Heliocentrism orbited around the Sun.
o Copernicus attended the University - Newton (1642-1726)
of Krakow where he studied
astronomy, mathematics, philosophy, o First to provide mathematical
and sciences. equation
o Between 1507 and 1515, Copernicus
laid down the principles of his
heliocentric model.
o He proposed that the Earth is not the KEY FIGURES OF THE SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION
center of the known universe but the
Sun. The ideas of intellectual giants Copernicus,
o Copernicus finished his research in Kepler, Galileo, and Newton gradually ushered
1532 but was hesitant to publish his in the notion that the universe and the things
ideas because he knew it would be that constitute it could be explained by human
considered controversial by many. reason.
o At the age of 70, Copernicus - Giordano Bruno (1548-1600), a martyred
published the book "De Italian monk who spread Copernicus's theory
Revolutionibus Orbium Coelestium" of a heliocentric and scientific universe.
(On the Revolutions of the Heavenly
Spheres). - Antonie van Leeuwenhoek (1632-1723), the
"Father of Microbiology" who discovered
bacteria.
- Validation of Copernican Theory - Robert Boyle (1627-1691), considered the
o It took almost a hundred years "Father of Modern Chemistry" for his
before Copernicus's theory formally extensive experiment and use of the scientific
gained respect and recognition method.
through further explorations by - Francis Bacon (1561-1626), a staunch
Tycho Brahe, Johannes Kepler, and supporter of the empirical method and
Galileo Galilei. inductive reasoning.
- Tycho Brahe
 - René Descartes, a French mathematician principles of botany, geology, and
and philosopher who practiced deductive zoology.
reasoning and the scientific method. o He published his findings in the
Journal of Researches, which became
DARWINIAN REVOLUTION part of Robert Fitzroy's narrative
- Evolution is the change in characteristics of entitled Zoology of the Voyage of the
a species over several generations, relying on HMS Beagle.
the idea that all species are related and o Darwin's observations led him to
gradually change over time. believe species evolved from
common ancestors and survived
- The theory of evolution has always been through "natural selection."
controversial because it conflicted with long- o He presented the concept of
held religious beliefs such as creationism. evolution to the Linnean Society in
- creationism: specific acts of divine creation 1858 and published On the Origin of
Species by Means of Natural
- Carolus Linnaeus subscribed to the Judeo- Selection on November 24, 1859.
Christian version of creationism and saw his
work as a mere representation of the
unchanging order of life created by God. - Darwin's Finches
- Late in the 18th century, theorizations on o Darwin's findings were scrutinized by
the concept of evolution came to light in experts, with Richard Owen
England and France, thanks to scientists like identifying fossils and John Gould
Erasmus Darwin. analyzing bird specimens from the
- Erasmus Darwin was a physician and a Galapagos.
discreet evolutionist who believed evolution - Gould determined the Galapagos
occurred in living things. His Zoonomia mockingbirds and finches were unique to each
contained theories about evolution and island.
suggested the Earth could have been much
older than the biblical timeline. - Cambridge clerics declared Darwin's theory
as bestial heresy, but he continued
researching until his death on April 19, 1882.
- Darwin's Theory of Evolution

o Charles Darwin, at the age of 16,

entered Edinburgh University to
study medicine and worked with
transmutationist Robert Edmond
Grant.
o Darwin traveled to Wales for
geological research with Adam
Sedgwick and embarked on a voyage
to Tierra del Fuego aboard HMS
Beagle with John Stevens Henslow
on December 27, 1831.
o During the journey, Darwin collected
various specimens and studied
 Mendel’s heredity ideas, creating
a joint framework in evolutionary
biology.

Philosophy of Biology – branch of philosophy

that has to do with biology

Field emergence (1960s-1970s): Became an

independent field addressing issues like
causation, explanation, and chance due to
Neo-Darwinism and DNA structure discovery.

FREUDIAN REVOLUTION

Pre-Freudian Psychology

- Wilhelm Wundt
 First psychology lab (1879):
Founded the first laboratory
dedicated to psychological
research, conducting
experimental studies.
 Hermann Ebbinghaus (memory)
 William James (Pragmatism)
 Ivan Pavlov (Classical
conditioning)
- René Descartes (17th century)
EVOLUTIONARY SCIENCE AND PHILOSOPHY o Cartesian paradigm:
Introduced the mind-mind
Darwinian Revolution (1859): Darwin's
(relation of mind to itself) and
publication of On the Origin of Species
mind-body problems(relation
transformed the intellectual history of
of mind to body), viewing the
humanity, completing the Copernican
mind as distinct from the
Revolution by positioning nature as an orderly
body and interacting with it
system governed by natural laws and
through the brain.
explaining the origin of humanity.
FREUD’S PSYCHOANALYSIS AND
Darwinism (1859): Paved the way for STRUCTURE OF PERSONALITY
evolutionary biology (Subdiscipline of
biological science that has to do with origin of Sigmund Freud
life) and served as a foundation for the Freudian Revolution (late 19th century):
philosophy of biology. Challenged Cartesian thought with his view
Contemporary DNA studies: Provided that all cognitive processes are unconscious,
evidence supporting Darwin's theory of sparking a change in understanding human
evolution. cognition and self-perception.

- Julian Huxley - Sigmund Freud (1856-1939) shifted his

 Modern synthesis/Neo- focus from biological studies to living patients,
Darwinism (mid-20th century): eventually rejecting Cartesian views of
Coined the concept integrating humans as rational beings.
Darwin’s evolution theory with
 - He studied human psychology through EVOLUTION OF FREUD'S PSYCHOANALYSIS
clinical research, leading to his magnum opus,
- Despite criticisms, Freud's psychoanalysis
Psychoanalysis, which detailed treatment
significantly impacted mental health
methodologies for mental illnesses, earning
treatment and evolved through modifications
him the title "Father of Psychoanalysis."
by 20th-century psychologists.
- Freud's psychoanalysis posits that human
- Carl Jung: Developed analytical psychology,
behavior is determined by unconscious
emphasizing collective consciousness and
motivations and instinctive drives, suggesting
archetypes, and introduced the concepts of
that humans have limited control over life
introversion and extroversion.
events.
- Alfred Adler: Created individual psychology,
- Drives and Instincts
focusing on holistic approaches considering
- Freud identified two main conflicting environment and interactions, moving away
instincts: Eros (survival instincts, hunger, from Freud's psychosexual emphasis.
thirst, and sexual impulses) and Thanatos
- Erik Erikson: Modified Freud's theory into a
(aggressive and self-destructive instincts).
psychosocial framework, proposing that
- He argued that humans are motivated to personality develops throughout life and
seek pleasure and avoid pain. introducing the term "identity crisis."

- Erich Fromm: Highlighted conflicts between

human needs and societal demands,
emphasizing the social and cultural influences
on personality.

- Structure of Personality: HOW PEOPLE ACT

ACCORDING TO PERSONALITY
Period 1: Mesoamerican Civilizations
- Freud theorized that personality consists of
1. Olmec Civilization
three structures: the id, ego, and superego.
2. Maya Civilization
- Id: The unconscious aspect containing
untamed instincts, present since birth, 3. Aztec Empire
operating by the pleasure principle for
immediate gratification. Period 2: European Exploration and
Colonization
- Ego: The structure that deals with reality,
acting as a "referee" between the id and 1. Christopher Columbus's Voyage
societal demands, governed by the reality (1492)
principle. 2. Spanish Conquest of the Aztec Empire
- Superego: The moral component holding (1519-1521)
internalized ideals and standards, comprised 3. Spanish Conquest of the Inca Empire
of the ego ideal (rules from authority figures) (1532-1572)
and conscience ego (sense of guilt).
Period 3: Age of Enlightenment and Scientific
- These structures function as a whole, Revolution
interacting to influence behavior, balancing
primal urges with societal expectations. 1. Nicolaus Copernicus - De
Revolutionibus Orbium Coelestium
(1543)
 2. Galileo Galilei - Sidereus Nuncius
(1610)
18th Century
3. Johannes Kepler - Astronomia Nova
1. Enlightenment Period (late 17th to
(1609)
18th century)
4. Isaac Newton - Philosophiæ Naturalis
2. Publication of A Vindication of the
Principia Mathematica (1687)
Rights of Woman by Mary
Period 4: Development of Modern Science Wollstonecraft (1792)
and Biology
3. American Revolution (1775-1783)
1. Charles Darwin - On the Origin of
4. French Revolution (1789-1799)
Species (1859)
5. Industrial Revolution Begins (circa
Period 5: Development of Computers and
1760)
Information Technology
19th Century
1. Charles Babbage - Analytical Engine
(1837) 1. Napoleonic Wars (1803-1815)
2. Alan Turing - Turing Machine (1936) 2. Invention of the Steam Engine by
James Watt (1765, further
3. Atanasoff-Berry Computer (ABC)
developments in the 19th century)
(1937-1942)
3. Publication of On the Origin of Species
4. ENIAC (1945)
by Charles Darwin (1859)
5. UNIVAC (1951)
4. Introduction of the Telegraph by
6. IBM 604 (1948) Samuel Morse (1837)

Period 6: Communication Theory and the 5. Development of the First Photograph

Internet by Joseph Nicéphore Niépce (1826)

1. Claude Shannon - "A Mathematical 6. Publication of The Communist

Theory of Communication" (1948) Manifesto by Karl Marx and Friedrich
Engels (1848)
2. ARPANET (1969)
7. Establishment of the First Psychology
3. World Wide Web (WWW) (1989)
Laboratory by Wilhelm Wundt (1879)
4. Public Accessibility of the Internet
8. Invention of the Telephone by
(1991)
Alexander Graham Bell (1876)
Period 7: Psychoanalysis and Psychology
9. Development of the Theory of
1. Sigmund Freud - The Interpretation of Relativity by Albert Einstein (1905)
Dreams (1900)
10. Formation of the First Electric Power
2. Carl Jung - Psychology of the Station by Thomas Edison (1882)
Unconscious (1912)

Period 8: Evolutionary Biology and Genetics

1. Gregor Mendel - Work on Inheritance

(1866)