Symmetrical Component and Network

Prof. Dr. Md Rafiqul Islam

EEE KUET

21.02.2022 1
 Fault Analysis

◼ Fault types:
❑ balanced faults Percentage of total faults
◼ three-phase <5%

❑ unbalanced faults
◼ single-line to ground 60-75%

◼ double-line to ground 15-25%

◼ line-to-line faults 5-15%

◼ Unbalance fault analysis requires new tools

❑ symmetrical components
❑ augmented component models

2
 Symmetrical Components

◼ Unbalanced three-phase quantities may be

replaced by the sum of three separate but
balanced symmetrical components
❑ applicable to current and voltages
◼ Operator “a” and its identities
a = 1120 = 1 − 240 = −0.5 + j 0.866

a 2 = 1240 = 1 − 120 = −0.5 − j 0.866

a3 = 10 = 1 + j 0

1 + a + a2 = 0
3
 Symmetrical Components
◼ Positive sequence phasors
I a1 = I a1  = I a1

I b1 = I a1 ( + 240) = I a1 ( − 120) = a 2 I a1

I c1 = I a1 ( + 120) = I a1 ( − 240) = aI a1

◼ Negative sequence phasors

I a 2 = I a 2  = I a 2

I b 2 = I a 2 ( + 120) = I a 2 ( − 240) = aI a 2

I c 2 = I a 2 ( + 240) = I a 2 ( − 120) = a 2 I a 2

4
 Symmetrical Components

◼ Zero sequence phasors

I a 0 = I a 0  = I a 0
I b 0 = I a 0  = I a 0

I c 0 = I a 0  = I a 0

◼ Relating unbalanced phasors to symmetrical

components
I a = I a 0 + I a1 + I a 2
I b = I b 0 + I b1 + I b 2 = I a 0 + a 2 I a1 + aI a 2
I c = I c 0 + I c1 + I c 2 = I a 0 + aI a1 + a 2 I a 2
5
 Symmetrical Components
◼ In matrix notation

 I a  1 1 1   Ia0 
 I  = 1 a 2 a   I a1 
 b 
 I c  1 a a 2   I a 2 

◼ or
1 1 1
Iabc = A I 012 where A = 1 a 2 a 
1 a a 2 

◼ [A] is the symmetrical components transformation

matrix
6
 Symmetrical Components
◼ Solving for the symmetrical components leads to
1 1 1
A −1 = 1 a a 2  = A
1 1
I 012 = A −1 I abc where
3 3
1 a 2 a 

◼ In component form
1
I a 0 = ( I a + Ib + Ic )
3
1
I a1 = ( I a + aI b + a 2 I c )
3
1
I a 2 = ( I a + a 2 I b + aI c )
3
7
 Symmetrical Components
◼ Similar expressions exist for voltages
Vabc = A V012
V012 = A −1 Vabc
◼ The apparent power of symmetrical components

S3− = Vabc
T
I*abc = ( AV012 )T (AI 012 )*

= V012
T
AT A*I*012

= 3V012
T *
I 012

= 3Va 0 I a*0 + 3Va1I a*1 + 3Va 2 I a*2

8
 Example 1

21.02.2022 9
 Example 2

◼ Find the symmetrical components of a set of

unbalanced currents
I a = 1.625, Ib = 1.0180, I c = 0.9132

◼ Using the component form

1.625 + 1.0180 + 0.9132
Ia0 = = 0.4596.5
3

1.625 + a  1.0180 + a
2
 0.9132
I a1 = = 0.94 − 0.1
3

1.625 + a  1.0180 + a  0.9132

2

Ia2 = = 0.6022.3
3

10
Example 2

11
 Example 3

21.02.2022 12
 Example 4

21.02.2022 13
 Example 4

21.02.2022 14
 Example 5
◼ Given a set of symmetrical components

Va 0 = 0.690, Va1 = 1.030, Va 2 = 0.8 − 30

◼ The abc components

Va = 0.690 + 1.030 + 0.8 − 30 = 1.708824.2

Vb = 0.690 + a 2 (1.030) + a(0.8 − 30) = 0.490

Vb = 0.690 + a(1.030) + a 2 (0.8 − 30) = 1.7088155.8

15
Example 5

16
 Example 6

21.02.2022 17
 Use of Symmetrical Components

21.02.2022 18
 Use of Symmetrical Components

21.02.2022 19
 Networks are Now Decoupled

21.02.2022 20
 Grounding

21.02.2022 21
 Grounding, cont’d

21.02.2022 22
 Sequence Impedances

◼ The impedance in the flow of a sequence

current creating sequence voltages
❑ positive, negative, and zero sequence impedances
◼ Augmented network models
❑ wye-connected balanced loads
❑ transmission line
❑ 3-phase transformers
❑ generators

23
Balanced Loads

◼ Governing equaiton
Va = Z S I a + Z M I b + Z M I c + Z n I n
Vb = Z M I a + Z S I b + Z M I c + Z n I n
Vc = Z M I a + Z M I b + Z S I c + Z n I n
I n = I a + Ib + Ic

◼ Matrix notation
Va   Z S + Z n ZM + Zn ZM + Zn   Ia 
V  =  Z + Z ZS + Zn Z M + Z n   I b 
 b  M n

Vc   Z M + Z n ZM + Zn Z S + Z n   I c 
24
 Balanced Loads
◼ Sequence impedance
Vabc = Zabc I abc ( A V012 ) = Z abc ( A I 012 )
V012 =  A −1Z abc A  I 012
Z012
Z012 =  A −1Zabc A 

1 1 1   ZS + Zn ZM + Zn Z M + Z n  1 1 1
1
= 1 a a 2   Z M + Z n ZS + Zn Z M + Z n  1 a 2 a 
3
1 a 2 a   Z M + Z n ZM + Zn Z S + Z n  1 a a 2 

 Z S + 3Z n + 2 Z M 0 0 
=  0 ZS − ZM 0 
 0 0 Z S − Z M  25
 Transmission Line

Va1 = Z S I a − Z n I n + Va 2

Vb1 = Z S Ib − Z n I n + Vb 2

Vc1 = Z S I c − Zn I n + Vc 2

Vn = 0 + Zn I n
I n + I a + Ib + I c = 0

Va1   Z S + Z n Zn Z n   I a  Va 2 
V  =  Z ZS + Zn Z n   I b  + Vb 2 
 b1   n

Vc1   Z n Zn Z S + Z n   I c  Vc 2 
26
 Transmission Line
◼ Sequence impedance
Vabc1 = Zabc I abc + Vabc 2 A V012,1 = Z abc A I 012 + A V012,2

V012,1 =  A −1Z abc A  I 012 + V012,2

Z012

Z012 =  A −1Zabc A 
1 1 1   Z S + Z n Zn Z n  1 1 1
= 1 a a 2   Z n
1
ZS + Zn Z n  1 a 2 a 
3
1 a 2 a   Z n Zn Z S + Z n  1 a a 2 
 Z S + 3Z n 0 0
=  0 ZS 0 
 0 0 Z S 
27
 Generators
◼ Similar to sequence impedances
◼ Typical values for generators
❑ the transient fault impedance is a function of time
❑ positive sequence values are the same for Xd, X’d,
and Xd”
❑ negative sequence values are affected by the rotation
of the rotor (X2 ~ Xd”)
❑ zero sequence values are isolated from the airgap of
the machine
❑ the zero sequence reactance is approximated to the
leakage reactance (X0 ~ XL)

28
Generator Model

29
 Generator Model

◼ Wye-connected generator

30
 Generator Model

◼ Wye-connected generator

31
 Generator Model

◼ Wye-connected generator (solidly ground)

32
 Generator Model

◼ Wye-connected generator (solidly ground)

33
21.02.2022 Sayasun 34
 Generator Model

◼ Wye-connected generator (with grounded

impedance)

 Z S + 3Z n 0 0
Z 012 =  0 ZS 0 
 0 0 Z S 

35
 Generator Model

◼ Wye-connected generator (with grounded

impedance)

36
 Generator Model

◼ Delta-connected generator

37
 Generator Model

◼ Delta-connected generator

38
 Transformers
◼ Series Leakage Impedance
❑ the magnetization current and core losses are
neglected (only 1% of the total load current)
❑ the transformer is modeled with the equivalent series
leakage impedance
◼ Three single-phase units
❑ the series leakage impedance is the same for all the
sequences ( Z 0 = Z1 = Z 2 = Z l )
◼ Three-phase units
❑ the series leakage impedance is the same for the
positive and negative sequence ( Z1 = Z 2 = Z l )

39
 Transformers
◼ Wye-delta transformers phase shifting pattern
❑ The positive sequence quantities rotate by +30 degrees
❑ The negative sequence quantities rotate by -30 degrees
❑ The zero sequence quantities can not pass through the
transformer
◼ U.S. standard
❑ Independent of the winding order (  − Y or Y−  )
❑ The positive sequence line voltage on the HV side leads
the corresponding line voltage on the LV side by 30
degrees
❑ For the negative sequence voltages the corresponding
phase shift is -30 degrees

40
 Transformers

◼ Zero-sequence network connections of the

transformer depends on the winding connection
❑ Grounded-wye/grounded-wye

❑ Grounded-wye/wye

41
 Transformers

◼ Wye/wye

◼ Grounded-wye/delta

42
 Transformers

◼ Wye/delta

◼ Delta/delta

43
 Transformer Sequence Diagrams

21.02.2022 44
 Sequence Networks
◼ The zero-, positive-, and negative-sequence networks of system
components—generators, motors, transformers, and transmission
can be used to construct system zero-, positive-, and negative-
sequence networks. We make the following assumptions:
❑ The power system operates under balanced steady-state conditions before the
fault occurs. Thus the zero-, positive-, and negative sequence networks are
uncoupled before the fault occurs. During unsymmetrical faults they are
interconnected only at the fault location.
❑ Prefault load current is neglected. Because of this, the positive sequence internal
voltages of all machines are equal to the prefault voltage VF. Therefore, the
prefault voltage at each bus in the positive-sequence network equals VF.
❑ Transformer winding resistances and shunt admittances are neglected.
❑ Transmission-line series resistances and shunt admittances are neglected.
❑ Synchronous machine armature resistance, saliency, and saturation
❑ are neglected.
❑ Induction motors are either neglected (especially for motors rated 50 hp or less)
or represented in the same manner as synchronous machines.

21.02.2022 45
 Example 5

21.02.2022 46
 Example 5

21.02.2022 47
 Example 6
◼ Obtain zero-sequence network

21.02.2022 48
 Example 6

21.02.2022 49
 Example 6 (2011-2012 Final Exam)

G1: 50 MVA, 11 kV, x1 = x2 = 0.2 pu, x0 = 0.06 pu, xn = 2.5 W

M1: 30 MVA, 10 kV, x1 = x2 = 0.25 pu, x0 = 0.06 pu
M2: 15 MVA, 10 kV, x1 = x2 = 0.25 pu, x0 = 0.06 pu, xn = 2.5 W
T1, T2: 60 MVA, 10.8 (D) kV/121 (Y) kV, x1 = x2 = x0 = 0.1 pu
Line: x1 = x2 = 100 W, x0 = 300 W

Choosing the generator 1 nominal voltage VB = 11 kV and SB = 50

MVA power value as the base quantities, obtain positive,
negative and zero sequence networks.

21.02.2022 50
 Homework 1
◼ Obtain the positive, negative and zero sequence network

21.02.2022 51