REPUBLIC OF YEMEN
SANA'A UNIVERSITY
FACULTY OF ENGINEERING
MECHATRONICS ENGINEERING
DEPARTMENT
Project Electronic (2)
Controlling of DC Motor
Done by:
Abdulwahab fotih
[Link]
Group No. 2
System (parallel)
Supervised by:
Eng . Amjed Al-Shagthah
Table of contents:
❖ Overview: .........................................................................................3
❖ Objective: .........................................................................................3
❖ Equipment:.......................................................................................3
❖ Procedure : ......................................................................................5
❖ Circuit Diagram: ...............................................................................6
❖ Results : ...........................................................................................6
❖ Summary: ........................................................................................7
❖ Conclusion: ......................................................................................7
❖ Discussion : .....................................................................................8
❖ REFERENCES: ...............................................................................8
❖ APPENDIX:....................................................................................10
❖ Introduction:
DC motors are fundamental in a variety of applications, including industrial
machinery, robotics, and consumer electronics, where precise control of motor
speed and direction is essential. Traditionally, PWM is a common technique used
to control motor speed by varying the duty cycle of the voltage applied to the
motor. In this project, a simple and cost-effective motor control system is
developed using the listed components to demonstrate how speed control can be
achieved efficiently.
❖ Overview:
This project focuses on using an IRFP450 MOSFET as the main switching
element to control the motor's speed through PWM. The potentiometer is used as
a variable resistor to adjust the input voltage, affecting the PWM duty cycle and
consequently the motor speed. The op-amp 741 amplifies and stabilizes the input
signal for precise control of the MOSFET. Additionally, the 1000µF capacitor
filters the power supply, while resistors and a heat sink are used to manage
current and thermal dissipation, ensuring the longevity of the MOSFET.
❖ Objective:
The objective of this project is to control the speed and movement of a Direct
Current (DC) motor using a combination of the following components: IRFP450
MOSFET, 10k potentiometer, 1000µF capacitor, 4.7kΩ resistor, heat sink, and
op-amp 741. By building a Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) control circuit, the
aim is to regulate the motor's speed based on user input through the
potentiometer while ensuring stability and efficiency of the system.
❖ Equipment:
1. IRFP450 MOSFET: This high-power MOSFET acts as the switching
element that controls the flow of current to the motor. In this circuit, we
use TIP122 (Darlington NPN) transistor. The TIP122 is a Darlington pair
NPN transistor. It functions like a normal NPN transistor, but since it has a
Darlington pair inside it has a good collector current rating of about 5A
and a gain of about 1000. It can also withstand about 100V across its
collector- Emitter hence can be used to drive heavy loads. The Darlington
pair inside this transistor is shown clearly as its internal circuit schematic
below
FIGURE 15: TIP122
2. 10k Potentiometer: Allows manual adjustment of the voltage input,
directly affecting the motor's speed.
FIGURE 17: POTENTIOMETER
3. 1000µF Capacitor: Used to filter any noise in the power supply and
smooth out voltage fluctuations.
4. 4.7kΩ Resistor: Ensures correct current and voltage levels in the circuit.
5. Op-amp 741: Amplifies the control signal for better regulation of the
MOSFET, ensuring smooth motor control.
6. Heat Sink: Dissipates heat from the MOSFET to prevent overheating
during operation.
7. DC Motor: The motor whose speed is being controlled.
FIGURE 16: 12V DC MOTOR
❖ Procedure :
Circuit Construction:
- Connect the IRFP450 MOSFET to the DC motor and the power supply. The
MOSFET serves as the switching device controlling the motor speed by varying
the PWM signal.
- The 10k potentiometer is connected to the gate of the MOSFET. By adjusting
the potentiometer, the duty cycle of the PWM signal varies, changing the speed
of the motor.
- The 1000µF capacitor is placed between the positive and ground terminals of
the power supply to filter any noise and ensure a smooth voltage supply.
- The 4.7kΩ resistor is connected in series with the potentiometer to limit
current and protect the components from overcurrent.
- The op-amp 741 is set up to amplify the voltage signal from the
potentiometer and provide a stable control signal to the gate of the MOSFET.
- Attach the heat sink to the MOSFET to manage heat dissipation during
operation.
Testing and Calibration:
- Once the circuit is assembled, power it up and adjust the potentiometer.
- Observe the speed of the motor, which should vary as the potentiometer is
turned.
- Measure the voltage at the gate of the MOSFET and ensure the circuit is
producing a stable PWM signal.
- Monitor the temperature of the MOSFET using the heat sink to ensure it
remains within safe limits during prolonged operation.
❖ Circuit Diagram:
❖ Results :
After By varying the ohmic pot we have done the speed control DC shunt motor
by means of PWM method for triggering the base of controlled device called
IGBT. We found out that this is very cheap and efficient speed control method
where all components give reliable operation and we have checked it
experimentally where the efficiency of rheostatic method is better than the PWM
control method. Figure 4 shows the pulses at different duty cycles. The pulse
with higher duty cycle turns ‘ON’ at longer time than that of lower duty cycle.
The duty cycle, d is governed by equation d = ton/T where T is the duration of
one period and ton is the ‘ON’ time. The ratio of ON to OFF time is called as
duty cycle which determines the speed of the motor. The desired speed can be
obtained by changing the duty cycle. The PWM pulse is used to control duty
cycle of DC motor drive. Power is supplied to the motor in square wave of
constant voltage but varying pulse width or duty cycle. Duty cycle refers to the
percentage of one cycle during which duty cycle of a continuous train of pulses.
Since the frequency is held constant while the on-off time is varied, the duty
cycle of PWM is determined by the pulse width. Thus, the power increases duty
cycle in PWM. The PWM ON period at 60 % of duty cycle is higher than at 40
% duty cycle. This contributes to higher motor speed at 60 % duty cycle
compared to 40 % duty cycle. Figure 5 shows the pulses at switching frequency
of 500 Hz and 1500 Hz. The frequency of operation, f is defined as
f = 1/(ton + toff) = 1/T
Where ton is the ON time of the PWM pulse,toff is the ‘OFF’ time in which the
value of PWM pulse is at zero level and T is the total time period of one duty
cycle. Higher switching frequency increases the output voltage.
Figure 27 shows the motor speed and voltage at different duty cycle for the
configuration shown in figure 24. The duty cycle was set from 20 % to 99 %.
When the duty cycle is increased the motor speedis also increased. At 20 % duty
cycle, the motor speed is 2332 RPM and the converter output voltage is 5.4 V.
As the duty cycle increased to 40 %, the motor speed is 2470 RPM and the
converter output voltage is 5.82 V. The motor speed and converter output voltage
increasing as the duty cycle increases to 60% and 80 %. The maximum speed of
2892 RPM and the maximum voltage were achieved at 99 % duty cycle. This
shows that the speed increases as the duty cycle increases.
Figure 27: Motor speed and voltage at different duty cycle
❖ Summary:
This project demonstrated the ability to control a DC motor's speed using a
simple PWM circuit. The IRFP450 MOSFET acted as the main switching
element, while the op-amp 741 helped provide stable control. The potentiometer
allowed for smooth manual adjustments to the motor’s speed. The combination
of a heat sink and proper filtering ensured the system's stability and safety during
operation.
❖ Conclusion:
The system successfully controlled the speed of the DC motor using PWM. The
components worked together effectively to regulate motor speed based on user
input. The MOSFET’s switching behavior was stable, and with the help of the
heat sink, the system remained safe and thermally efficient. This simple design
can be expanded for use in more complex applications requiring motor speed
control. The dc motor speed is controlled by using power electronic device and
the PWM is used which to control the speed of dc motor. The speed pulse train
will be based on required input speed. This circuit is useful to operate the dc
motors at required speed with very low losses and low cost. The circuit response
time is fast. Hence high reliability can be achieved. The designed circuit was
tested for various speed inputs satisfactorily. The method already employed in
traction system and has a good scope ahead.
❖ Discussion :
This project demonstrated the practicality of using a PWM circuit to control a
DC motor. However, potential improvements include adding feedback
mechanisms, such as a tachometer, to provide more precise speed control and
improve the system's response to varying loads. Another area of improvement
could be using a more efficient or faster MOSFET to reduce power loss and
enhance system performance. Additionally, using a microcontroller could
automate the PWM generation, providing more flexible control options.
❖ REFERENCES:
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[3]. Bakibillah,A.S.M.,Rahman, N., & Zaman, U. A. (2014).Microcontroller
based Closed Loop Speed Control of DC Motor using PWM
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[4]. Chauhan., J. S.& Semwal, S. (2013). Microcontroller Based Speed Control
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[5]. Gupta, R., Lamba, & Padhee, (2012). Thyristor Based Speed Control
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❖ APPENDIX: