PHYSICS

PROJECT

1
 ST. MARYS’S EM PUBLIC SCHOOL
ULIYAKOVIL, P.O. KOLLAM, KERALA – 691019
(Affiliated to Central Board of Secondary Education C.B.S.E Delhi – 930764)

A PROJECT REPORT ON

‘TRANSFORMER’

YEAR: 2024-2025

Submitted by:

Rahul. L

2
 CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that Rahul. L with register no. ___________ of
Class XII has successfully completed the project work in Physics
on the topic –‘TRANSFORMER’ under my supervision and
guidance. He has completed the project during the academic year
2024-2025 towards partial fulfillment of credit for the Physics
Practical Evaluation of ALL INDIA SECONDARY SCHOOL
CERTIFICATION EXAMINATION 2025 and submitted a
satisfactory project.

Principal Teacher in charge

Mrs. Manju Rajeev Mrs. Neethu Alphonse

Submitted for practical examination on:

Internal Examiner: External Examiner:

3
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I would like to express my sincere gratitude to our Principal

Mrs. Manju Rajeev for helping us with providing all the
equipment’s for the project work and moral support. I also thank
my Physics teacher, Mrs. Neethu Alphonse for giving us the
wonderful opportunity to do a case study and providing vital
support, encouragement and guidance throughout the project.
Without her motivation and help, the successful completion was
Impossible. Also I would like to like my thank my family for
supporting me with all the resources. Secondly I would also like to
thank my friends who helped me a lot in finalizing this project
within the limited timeframe.

4
TRANSFORMER
A complete analysis and report.

5
 PREFACE
My project provides complete Information on the topic
‘TRANSFORMER’ and maximum efforts have been taken
to make the project more comprehensive and lucid to
understand. My project covers a variety of sub topics like
its working, step up uses in life and different aspects of
‘TRANSFORMER’. One may notice a perceptible change in
written in an easy dialogue style engaging in the readers
contently and included with more informatics comments. I
assure you to go through this project thoroughly to know a
bit more and facts about ‘TRANSFORMER’.

6
 INDEX

CONTENT Page no
AIM OF PROJECT 8
INTRODUCTION 9
THEORY 10
EFFICIENCY 16
ENERGY LOSS 18
APPARATUS REQUIRED 20
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM 21
PROCEDURE FOLLOWED 22
USES OF TRANSFORMER 24
CONCLUSION 25
PRECAUTION 26
SOURCES OF ERROR 27
BIBLIOGRAPHY 28

7
 AIM OF PROJECT

To investigate the relation of –

1. Input and output voltage

2. Number of turnings in the secondary coil and
primary coil of a self-made Transformer.

8
 INTRODUCTION
The Transformer is a device used for converting a low
altering voltage into high voltage or vice-versa.
A Transformer based on the principle of mutual induction.
According to this principle, the amount of magnetic flux
linked with a coil changing, and emf is induced I the
neighboring coil.
A Transformer is an electrical device which is used for
changing the A.C. voltages. A Transformer is mostly widely
used in both low and high current circuit. As such
transformers are built in an amazing strength of sizes. In
electronic, measurement and control circuits, transformer
size maybe so small that weight only few tens of grams
where as in high voltage power circuits, it may weight
hundreds of tons.
In a transformer, the electrical energy transfer from one
circuit to another circuit takes place without the use of
moving parts.
A transformer which increases the voltage is called a step-
up transformer. A transformer which decreases the A.C.
voltages is called a step-down transformer.
Transformer is therefore an essential piece of apparatus
both of high and low current circuits.

9
 THEORY
When an alternating emf is supplied to the primary coil
p1p2, an alternating current starts flowing in it. The
altering current in the primary produces a changing
magnetic flux, which induces alternating voltage in the
secondary. In a good-transformer, whole of the magnetic
flux liked with primary is also linked with the secondary,
and then the induced emf in each turn of the secondary is
equal to that of the induced emf in each turn to the
primary.

Thus, if Ep and Es be the instantaneous values of the emf

induced in the primary and the secondary and the N p and
Ns are the no of turns of the primary secondary coil of the
transformer and dϕ/dt=rate of change of flux I each
turnoff the coil at this instant, we have

Ep=-Np dϕ/dt__________ (1)

And

Es=-Ns dϕ/dt__________ (2)

Since the above relations are true at every instant, so by

dividing 2 by 1, we get

Es/Ep=Ns/Np_________ (3)

10
As Ep is the instantaneous value of back emf induced in
the primary coil p1, so the instantaneous current in
primary coil is due to the difference (E-Ep) in the
instantaneous values of the applied and back emf further
Rp is the resistance of p1p2 coil. The instantaneous Ip in
primary coil is given by,

Ip= (E – Ep)/Rp

E-Ep = Ip Rp
Thus back emf = input emf
Hence, equation 3 can be written as

Es/Ep=Es/E

=output emf / input emf

=Ns/Np = K
Where K is constant, called turn or transformation ratio

11
 IN A STEP-DOWN TRANSFORMER

Es<Ep so K <1, hence Ns<Np

If Ip=value of primary current at the same instant

Is= value of secondary constant current at the

instant
Current in primary is weaker when primary voltage
is higher.
Hence whatever we loss in voltage we gain in current
in the same ratio
Step-down transformer steps up the current.

12
ILLUSTRATION

13
 IN A STEP-UP TRANSFORMER
Es>Ep so K> 1, hence Ns>Np as, K>1, so Ip>Is i.e.
current in secondary is weaker when secondary
voltage is higher.
Hence whatever we gain in voltage we lose in current
in the same ratio
Step up transformer steps down the current.

14
ILLUSTRATION

15
 EFFICIENCY
Efficiency of a transformer is defined as the
ratio of output power to the input power.
i.e.
Input power at this instant = Ep Ip
And

Output power at the same instant=Es Is

n=output power / input power=EsIs/EpIp

If there are no losses of power in the transformer,
then
Input power=Output power

Or Ep Ip = Es Is
Thus in an ideal transformer, where there is no
power losses, n=1
But in actual practice, there are many power
losses; therefore the efficiency of transformer is
less than one

16
How it’s better measured for general
transformer?
n = (output power/input power)
= (output power)/(output power + power
losses)
Where power losses can be for
various reasons as we will discuss.

17
 ENERGY LOSS

Following are the major sources of energy loss in a

transformer.

1. Copper loss: is the energy loss in the form

of heat in the copper coils of a transformer.
This is due to joule heating of conducting
wires.

2. Iron loss: It’s the energy loss in the form of

heat in the iron core of the transformer. This is due
to eddy currents in iron core. It is minimized by
taking laminated cores.

3. Leakage of magnetic flux: occurs in

spite of best insulations Therefore, rate of change of
magnetic flux linked with each turn of s1s2 is less
than the rate of change of magnetic flux with each
turn of p1p2

18
4. Hysteresis loss: It’s the loss of energy due
to repeated magnetization and demagnetization of
the iron core when A.C. is fed to it.

5. Magneto striation: I.e. humming noise of

a transformer. This is the loss of energy in the form
of sound waves.

19
 APPARATUS REQUIRED

 IRON ROD

 COPPER WIRE

 VOLTMETER

 AMMETER

 OTHER CIRCUITAL EQUIPMENTS

20
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

21
 PROCEDURE FOLLOWED

1. Take a thick iron rod and cover it with a

thick paper and wind a large number of
turns of thin Cu wire on thick paper (say
60). This constitutes primary coil of the
transformer.

2. Cover the primary coil with a sheet of

paper and would relatively smaller
number of turns (say 20) of thick copper
wire on it. This constitutes the secondary
coil. It is a step-down transformer.

3. Connect p1, p2 to A.C. main and measure

the input voltage and current using A.C.
voltmeter and ammeter respectively.

4. Similarly measure the output voltage and

current through s1 and s2.

22
5. Now connect s1 and s2 to A.C. main and
gain measure voltage and current through
primary and secondary coil to step-up
transformer.

6. Repeat all steps for other self-made

transformers by changing number of turns
in primary and secondary coil.

23
 USES OF TRANSFORMER

1. In voltage regulator for TV, refrigerator,

computer, air conditioner etc.
2. A step-down transformer is used for
welding purposes.
3. A step-down transformer is used for
obtaining large current.
4. Step-down transformers are used in
voltage regulators and stabilized power
supplies.
5. Transformers are used in voltage
regulators and stabilized power supplies.
6. Transformers are used in the
transmissions of A.C. over long distances.
7. Small transformers are used in radio sets,
telephones, loud speakers and electric
bells etc.

24
 CONCLUSION

1. The output voltage of the transformer across

the secondary coil depends on the ratio
Ns/Np with respect to the input voltage.

2. The output voltage of the transformer across

the secondary coil depends on the ratio
(Ns/Np) with respect to the input voltage.

3. There is a loss of power between input and

output coil of a transformer.

25
 PRECAUTIONS

1. Keep safe yourself from high voltage

2. While taking the readings of current and

voltage the A.C. should remain constant.

26
 SOURCES OF ERROR

1. Values of current can be changed due to

heating effect.

2. Eddy current can change the reading.

27
 BIBLIOGRAPHY

1. NCERT Physics Lab Manual

2. [Link]

3. [Link]

4. [Link]

5. [Link]

28
THANK YOU

29