Rhinovirus
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Rhinoviruses
• Rhinoviruses (from the Greek (gen.) "nose")
are the most common viral infective agents in
humans and are the predominant cause of the
common cold. Rhinovirus infection
proliferates in temperatures between 33–35
°C (91–95 °F), and this may be why it occurs
primarily in the nose. Rhinovirus is a species in
the genus Enterovirus of the Picornaviridae
family of viruses.
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Rhinoviruses are ..
▪ Rhinoviruses are the most commonly
isolated viruses from persons with mild
upper respiratory illness.
▪ Rhinoviruses are a genus of picornaviridae
▪ In contrast to enteroviruses they do not
replicate in the intestinal tract, they have an
extreme species specificity and more
fastidious growth requirements
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RHINOVIRUS GROUP
• Produces Common Cold.
• Mild respiratory Illness.
• More than 100 serotypes
• Nasal secretions are infective.
Mistaken with Infections with
Corona viruses,
Adenovirus.
Para influenza viruses.
Influenza viruses
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Properties of Rhinoviruses.
• Gross appearance like Entero viruses,
• Acid Labile destroyed at 3.0 pH.
• Grown in Human Cell lines
(Fibroblasts),
• Cultivated at 330 c
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Rhinovirus
• Picornoviridae family
• Size
• Single stranded RNA
• Incubation period of 1
to 3 days
• Optimum growth occurs
between 33 and 34 deg
Celsius (93 deg F)
• Not stable below the pH
of 5-6
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Rhino Virus
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Structure
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Entering a Cell
Rhinovirus bonded to a CAM Antibodies bonded to a
1 receptor rhinovirus 12
Understanding – Common cold
• leading cause of doctor visits and lost hours
both at school and the workplace over >100
different viruses found to cause symptoms
of the common cold responsible for about
70% of the cases where a virus has been
found one of the most common illnesses to
man 35 to 50% of the total number of
common colds
Hand to hand contact
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Transmission of Rhinoviruses
• There are two
modes of
transmission: via
aerosols of
respiratory droplets
and from
contaminated
surfaces, including
direct person-to-
person contact. 11
Pathogenesis - Rhinoviruses
• Entry through Respiratory tract.
• Nasal Mucosa, can infect Lower Respiratory
tract.
• Chilling, wearing wet cloths do not produce
infection.
• But common cold starts with chills.
• Local inflammation and cytokines may be
responsible for the symptoms of common
cold.
• Interferon production occurs early and specific
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antibody appears in nasal secretions
Pathogenesis
Epithelial destruction hypothesis:
▪intact nasal epithelium (Winther et al)
▪rhinovirus replication in extremely
small number of cells (Arrunda et al)
▪viral quantity does not influence
duration nor severity of colds (Arrunda
et al)
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Pathogenesis
• Inflammatory
cascade
hypothesis:
Common cold
symptoms result
from an
inflammatory
cascade triggered
by a viral infection 17
Clinical Findings.
• Incubation 2-4 days,
• Last for 7 days.
• Sneezing, Nasal
Obstruction, Sore
throat,
• May lead to
secondary infection
with Bacteria.
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The common cold, nasal congestion is
caused by a vasodilation of the subepithelial
capillaries and of the cavernous sinuses, by
edema in the lamina propria and by
inflammatory processes in which neutrophils
and kinins play an important role.
o Histamine plays only a minor role in the
symptoms of common cold
o Little is known about the role of
prostaglandins and leukotrienes in the
common cold. 16
Clinical Findings.
• Incubation 2-4 days,
• Last for 7 days.
• Sneezing, Nasal
Obstruction, Sore
throat,
• May lead to
secondary infection
with Bacteria.
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Laboratory Diagnosis
• Isolation of virus
may be obtained
from nasal or
throat swabs
collected early in
infection.
• Culturing on MRC5
or W 138
• Appearing of CPE 23
Immunity – Rhinoviruses.
• Antibodies in
Nose
• Recurrent
infections with
antigenic
variants, may be
2-3 attacks a year.
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Prevention and Control
• No specific
treatment.
• Vaccines are
unsuccessful.
• Intranasal spray of
Gamma
Interferon for 5
Days 25
Epidemiology - Rhinoviruses.
• Prevalent all over the
world.
• Close Contact.
• Fingers and Hand
- Hand washing.
• High rate of
infection in Infants
and Children.
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CDC Recommends
• The CDC recommends
that children with
symptoms lasting more
than 10 days who are
unresponsive to over-
the-counter
medications or with
fevers over 100.4
degrees Fahrenheit
seek medical attention.
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Preventing Common Cold
• There is no vaccine to protect you against
the common cold. However, you may be
able to reduce your risk of getting a cold
by taking these steps:
• wash your hands often with soap and
water do not touch your eyes, nose, or
mouth with unwashed hands stay away
from people who are sick
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Prospects of Vaccine
• There are no vaccines against these viruses as
there is little-to-no cross-protection between
serotypes. At least 99 serotypes of Human
rhinoviruses affecting humans have been
sequenced. However, recent study of the VP4
protein has shown it to be highly conserved
amongst many serotypes of Human
rhinovirus, opening up the potential for a
future pan-serotype Human rhinovirus
vaccine.
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