6.
0 QUESTION
1. Plot the discharge (unit m3/s) versus time (second) graph separately from the
above values for each cases.
Case 1 Case 2
Time t (s) Discharge Q
(m3/s)x10-6 (m3/s)x10-6
30 0 0
60 0 0
90 0 8.33 x 10-6
120 8.33 x 10-6 6.33 x 10-5
150 5.00 x 10-5 2.92 x 10-4
180 2.00 x 10-4 3.33 x 10-4
210 2.83 x 10-4 3.33 x 10-4
240 3.33 x 10-4 3.33 x 10-4
270 3.33 x 10-4 3.33 x 10-4
300 3.33 x 10-4 3.33 x 10-4
330 3.33 x 10-4 1.42 x 10-4
360 3.33 x 10-4 8.33 x 10-5
390 1.50 x 10-4 6.33 x 10-5
420 1.05 x 10-4 6.33 x 10-5
2. From the graph plotted, determine:
a. Time concentration
Case 1: 240 < tc < 360
Case 2: 180 < tc < 300
b. Rainfall duration
Case 1: 10.15 am to 10.21 am
So, rainfall duration are 360 seconds.
Case 2: 11.05 am to 11.11 am
So, rainfall duration are 360 seconds.
c. Peak discharge
Case 1: when 360 seconds, discharge will be 333 x 10-6 m3/s.
Case 2: when 360 seconds, discharge will be 83.3 x 10-6 m3/s.
d. Runoff volume
Runoff volume = Total Direct Flow
Case 1:
1860 .33 x 10 -6 m3 60 min 60 s
= s x 1hr x 1 hr x 1 min
= 6.697 m3
Case 2:
−6 3
1924.53× 10 m 60 min 60 s
= ×1 hr × ×
s 1 hr 1min
= 6.928 m3
e. Rainfall intensity
Case 1:
Rainfall intensity = Water Level
Constant rainfall = 3.5cm
Rainfall
Rainfall intensity = time
3. 5 cm
= 30 s
= 0.1167 cm/s
Case 2:
Rainfall intensity = Water Level
Constant rainfall = 3.5cm
Rainfall
Rainfall intensity = time
3.5 cm
Rainfall intensity =
30 s
= 0.117 cm/s
f. Storage volume
Storage volume = Base flow x 3600 s
Case 1:
Storage volume = 651 x 10-6 m3/s x 3600 s
= 2.344 m3
Case 2 :
Storage volume = 456 x 10-6 m3/s x 3600 s
= 1.642 m3
3. Provide a table for all the results obtained from (2) and make comparison with
case 1 and 2.
Case 1 Case 2
Time concentration (s) 240 < tc < 360 180 < tc < 300
Rainfall duration (s) 360 s 360 s
Peak discharge (x10-6 m3/s) 333 83.3
Runoff volume (m3) 6.697 6.928
Rainfall intensity (cm/s) 0.1167 cm/s 0.117
Storage volume (m3) 2.344 1.642
We conclude that, all of the different value in table between case 1 and case 2 because
the slope. Case 1 without slope and case 2 with slope. We also observed that the
quantity of runoff decreased with increasing slope length.
7.0 DISCUSSION
As conclusion of this experiment, we fully understand how to identify the
relationship between rainfall and runoff and it process. Besides that, we also can
verify that when the rainfall increased, the runoff will also increase until it reached the
time of maximum discharge. Using the rain gauge, we can record the discharge and
it’s time for each catchment area. From this experiment, we can apply this knowledge
to design the dam or [Link] applications of the basic hydrology system were very
important to control the flood. Besides that, we can also use this application to avoid
the high cost for construction the dam or drain. Then, we also have determined all
factors that affected runoff such as rainfall intensity, type of surfaces, rainfall
duration, and others.
Runoff is generated by rainstorms and it occurance and quantity are dependent on the
characteristics of the rainfall event i.e intensity, duration and distribution. There are,
in addition, other important factors which influence the runoff generating process.
The rainfall-runoff process is extremely complex, making it difficult to model
accurately. There are, in addition, other important factors which influence the runoff
generating process like natural surface detention, soil infiltration characteristics and
the drainage pattern formed by natural flow paths. Factors affecting runoff are :
a) Soil type
b) Vegetation
c) Slope and catchment size
d) Humidity
e) the surface cover
f) overland flow
g) unsaturated zone
h) Soil type
i) Terrain (slope or surface texture)
Thus, rainfall and runoff are very important hydrologic component because of their
direct relation with water resourced quantity, flood, stream flow and design of damp
or hydraulic structures.
Based on the graph discharge versus time in both case that we has been carried out,
we get the bell shape graph. The value of discharge are increase when the time are
increase.