Republic of the Philippines

Region IX, Zamboanga Peninsula

Division of City Schools
DON PABLO LORENZO MEMORIAL HIGH SCHOOL
Gov. Ramos Ave. Sta. Maria
Zamboanga City

BAMBOO LEAF ASH (Bambusa blumeana) AND ASIAN GREEN MUSSEL SHELL
(Perna viridis) AS SUPPLEMENTARY CEMENTITIOUS MATERIAL

CALUYO, JAY RYAN L.

ALFARO, LEIZEL ANNE L.
BERNARDO, JULIA ANTONIA P.
PHYSICAL SCIENCE - TEAM CATEGORY
10 - STE A

THIS RESEARCH PAPER IS PRESENTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT

OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR COMPLETION OF
STEM RESEARCH IV SUBJECT

DON PABLO LORENZO MEMORIAL HIGH SCHOOL

ZAMBOANGA CITY

SEPTEMBER 2023
 CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

Background of the Study

Concrete is a widely used construction material due to its strength and versatility. However, the

production of traditional commercial cement, a primary component of concrete, contributes significantly to

carbon emissions and environmental degradation. (Bandera & Sanchez, 2022). The production of concrete

is responsible for 4-8% of the world's CO2 emissions, cement production emits large amounts of toxic

substances into the air, which can worsen air quality and lead to respiratory diseases (Watts, 2019). Concrete

is a composite construction material consisting of a mixture of cement, aggregates (such as sand, gravel, or

crushed stone) water, and often various chemical admixtures. Cement-based materials, such as concrete,

have been used for many centuries, mostly in the construction and civil engineering fields, thus becoming

the most widely used material. (Gagg, n.d.) Concrete is an extremely important construction material. It is

used in the production of the many structures that make up the modern world including buildings, bridges,

roads and dams. The constant demand for all of these structures, increasingly from the developing world,

means that cement is the second most consumed commodity in the world after water. (Desai, 2016)

Concrete is widely used in domestic, commercial, recreational, rural, and educational construction.

We rely on concrete for safe and strong building material. In using concrete for any construction project,

there are a lot of considerations to come up with a durable and high-quality concrete. But despite its

durability, it can also be damaged by weather and time. (Bueno, 2021) Engineers are continually pushing

the limits with the help of innovative chemical admixtures and supplementary cementitious materials.

Supplementary cementitious materials (SCMs) are often incorporated in the concrete mix to reduce cement

contents, improve workability, increase strength and enhance durability. (Wang et al., 2021)

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 Early additional cementitious materials were made of naturally occurring, easily accessible

materials, including volcanic ash or diatomaceous earth. (Navang, 1992).

The resistance of concrete to chloride infiltration can be significantly improved by adding

supplementary cementitious materials (SCMs). Fly ash, slag, silica fume, and metakaolin are the SCMs

used in concrete exposed to chlorides the most frequently. SCMs can enhance the strength-gain behaviour,

durability, and resistance to different modes of degradation of concrete. SCMs primarily react in two ways

that affect the characteristics of the concrete. The chemical and hydration reactivities of SCMs depend on

their compositions, and different SCMs exhibit different levels of each reactivity (Juenger et al., 2019).

Based on the type of reaction they undergo, supplementary cementitious materials can be classified as either

hydraulic or pozzolanic. While pozzolanic materials chemically react with calcium hydroxide Ca(OH), a

soluble reaction product in the presence of moisture, to form compounds with cementing capabilities,

hydraulic materials react directly with water to create cementitious compounds (Mehta PK, 1987).

Although many temperate and semi-tropical locations of the world today include bamboo species,

it is assumed that they originated in Central China (Hong et al., 2010). Bamboo (Blumeana) is a versatile

material that may be applied to numerous industrial sectors. Bamboo is widely found, grows quickly, and

has excellent physico-chemical characteristics, making it a practical and widely accessible material in many

nations throughout the world. Secondary study based on accessible sources points to a positive future

orientation for the economy based on the utilization of bamboo (Borowski, 2019). People frequently

regarded bamboo leaves as trash and paid them little mind. It was regrettable because bamboo leaves still

contain compounds like silicon dioxide or silica that can be used (Adetuberu, 2014). The primary

component used to create glass, ceramics, and other materials was SiO2 industries that produce refractory

materials. For the manufacturing of soluble products, silica has been a crucial raw ingredient. silicon carbide

as well as silicates (Kurniati, 2009). Currently, mineral silica is relatively expensive, making its application

using organic sources of silica has emerged as another alternative in the silicon chip industry. (Irzaman et

al 2018 ). Bamboo has been shown to have a sufficient amount of silicon oxide (Suhardiman, 2023). The

cellulose percentage of bamboo ranges from 42.4% to 53.6%, and the lignin content ranges from Ash

2
content ranges from 1.24% to 3.77%, silica ranges from 0.10% to 1.28%, and the extractive ranges from

19.8% to 26.6%.levels of 0.9% - 6.9%, and the cellulose and hemicellulose content of bamboo ranged from

73.32% -83.80% (Noverliana & Asmi, 2017). Among the widespread bamboo species in the Philippines,

in particular the bambusa blumeana (kawayang tinik) can seen in Central Luzon and other places in the

country. It regularly occurs used to create furniture, build native houses, and is also eaten as food

Nevertheless, several studies have noted its use by specific ethnic communities in Luzon, Philippines, for

the treatment of respiratory symptoms, kidney stones, and Dengue fever (Tantengco et al., 2018). The

following are chemical components of kawayang tinik: holocellulose (67.4%), pentosans (19%), lignin

(20.4%), ash (4.8%), and silica (3.4%); they are also relatively soluble in hot water (4.3%), alcohol-benzene

(3.1%), and 1% NaOH (39.5%). High silica content causes internodes to occasionally be entirely filled with

a hard, white, siliceous mass that destroys any cutting tools employed on it (Roxas, 2016).

There are four mussel species that are commonly eaten in the Philippines: Perna viridis (Asian

green mussel), modiolus philippinarum (Philippine horse mussel), Modiolus metcalfei (yellow banded

horse mussel), and mytella strigata (charru mussel) (Salinas & Rosario 2016). Among these mussel species,

perna viridis is widely cultivated (Toralde et al., 2021.) Asian green mussel (Perna viridis) shell is a marine

bivalve species belonging to the family Mytilidae (Gonzales & Laureta, 2022). The species is widely

dispersed over the Indo-Pacific, Indo-Indian, and Southeast Asian coasts (Rajagopal et al., 2006), and has

been established in the coastal regions of the western Hemisphere, including Florida in the United States,

Venezuela, Trinidad, and Jamaica (Ingrao et al., 2001). Its habitats include estuarine and marine waters

(McFarland et al., 2013), usually less than 10 meters deep (Iqbal et al., 2018). In addition to its ecological

significance, the species is a valuable source of seafood and is widely produced for commercial purposes,

particularly in Southeast Asia. This species is now regarded as a low-cost protein source with great

nutritional properties and a tasty flavor (Taib et al., 2016). Asian Green mussel (Perna Viridis) shells are a

rich source of calcium carbonate. They contain 95.7 to 98.2 wt. % calcium. The synthesized precipitated

calcium carbonate (PCC) from green mussel shells has been characterized and compared with commercial

3
calcium carbonate. The Ca content in commercial CaCO3 was higher than the Ca content in calcium

carbonate properties and Crab shell, while the C and O content in commercial CaCO3 was lower than the

C and O content in calcium carbonate properties and Crab shell (Ismail et al., 2022). Calcination is a process

of heating a substance to a high temperature in the absence of air or oxygen. In the case of Asian green

mussels (Perna viridis), calcination is used to extract calcium oxide from the shells, which can then be used

to produce calcium carbonate (Muryanto et al., 2022; Prihanto et al., 2022).

Given the issues associated with the use of commercially available cementitious materials,

particularly cement, there is a potential threat to the quality and sustainability of construction projects, as

well as the health of individuals. Builders and construction workers, in particular, are the most common

individuals exposed to the limitations of cementitious materials. Naturally, this study presents a potential

alternative in Bamboo Leaf Ash (Bambusa blumeana) and Asian Green Mussel Shell (Perna viridis) as

supplementary cementitious materials. These components are not known to have the drawbacks associated

with traditional materials. Thus, the research entitled “Bamboo Leaf Ash (Bambusa blumeana) and Asian

Green Mussel Shell (Perna viridis) as Supplementary Cementitious Material” will be conducted.

Objectives of the Study

The study aims to investigate and evaluate the potential of Bamboo Leaf Ash (BLA) derived from

Bambusa blumeana and Asian Green Mussel (Perna viridis) Shell (AGMS) as supplementary cementitious

materials (SCMs) in concrete production, specifically it aims to;

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 1. Determine the mean±SD of the result of the static load test for every treatment. Treatment 1

(Control) is 4000g of cement, 2000ml water, 8000g fine aggregate, 16000g coarse aggregate.

Treatment 2 is 3000g cement, 500g BLA, 500g AGMs, 2000ml water, 8000g fine aggregate,

16000g coarse aggregate. Treatment 3 is 2000g cement, 1000g BLA, 1000g AGMs, 2000ml water,

8000g fine aggregate, 16000g coarse aggregate. While the treatment 4 is 1000g cement, 1500g

BLA, 1500g AGMs, 2000ml water, 8000g fine aggregate, 16000g coarse aggregate.

2. Determine the significant difference between the cement mixtures with bamboo (Bambusa

blumeana) leaf ash and asian green mussel (Perna viridis) shells as an alternative supplementary

cementitious materials compared to the commercial concrete in terms of its durability through

static load test where in loads are applied gradually and held constant, allowing for the

measurement of deformations, stresses, and the structural response to the applied force.

Significance of the Study

This study focuses on investigating and evaluating the potential of Bamboo Leaf Ash (Bambusa

blumeana) and Asian Green Mussel (Perna viridis) Shell as Supplementary Cementitious Materials in

concrete production. This study will contribute to the existing literature in the field of Physical Science,

since this study can help reduce Bamboo Leaf (Bambusa blumeana) Ash and Asian Green Mussel (Perna

viridis) Shell waste through producing supplementary Cementitious Materials. The society can benefit this

study through recycling Bamboo Leaf Ash (Bambusa blumeana) and Asian Green Mussel (Perna viridis)

Shell waste and make it into a supplementary cementitious materials, by these, less chemicals are gonna

be used in concrete production. Engineering establishments and other institution are one of the persons who

can benefit from this study. This study will potentially studies in the field of Physical science by producing

an alternative material for supplementary cementitious materials in concrete production

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Scope and Delimitation of the Study

The study investigates and evaluates the potential of Bamboo Leaf Ash (BLA) derived from

Bambusa Blumeana and Asian Green Mussel Shell (AGMS) as supplementary cementitious materials

(SCMs) in concrete production. Its independent variable is The Bamboo Leaf Ash (BLA) derived from

Bambusa Blumeana and Asian Green Mussel Shell (AGMS), while its dependent variable is the durability

of the concrete. The subject of this study is the investigation and evaluation of Bamboo Leaf Ash (BLA)

derived from Bambusa Blumeana and Asian Green Mussel Shell (AGMS) as potential supplementary

cementitious materials (SCMs) in the field of construction and concrete production. This study will be

conducted within the month of January to February 2024 at Don Pablo Lorenzo Memorial High School.

This research has four treatments, the first three treatments have different amounts of compositions

measured in grams (g), whereas the fourth treatment is the commercial set-up or the traditional Portland

concrete. This study will start in gathering and preparation of Bamboo leaf and Asian Green Mussel Shell.

Then, Ashing the bamboo leaves and Calcination for Asian Green Mussel Shells. Next, Cooling and

Weighing both Bamboo leaf ash and Calcined Asian Green Mussel Shells. After that, The Durability

Enhancement and Efficiency in Cement Reduction will be tested. This study limits only on the influence of

BLA and AGMS on concrete properties, specifically durability and mechanical performance. The research

does not delve into other potential applications or uses for these materials beyond concrete production and

While the study focuses on BLA and AGMS as SCMs, it does not encompass an exhaustive exploration of

all possible supplementary cementitious materials. Other potential SCMs are outside the scope of this

research.

Definition of Terms

Concrete - Concrete is a construction material composed of a mixture of cement, water, aggregates (such

as sand, gravel, or crushed stone). When these ingredients are combined they form a hard and durable

building material widely used in construction.

6
Cement - Cement is a binding agent used in the production of concrete. It reacts with water to form a paste

that binds the aggregates in concrete together, creating a solid structure.

Carbon Emission - Carbon emissions, also known as carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions, refer to the release

of carbon dioxide gas into the atmosphere. Carbon emissions are a significant contributor to global warming

and climate change.

Environmental Degradation - environmental degradation refers to the deterioration of the natural

environment due to various human activities and natural processes.

Durability - Durability is the ability of a material, structure, or product to withstand various environmental

and operational conditions without significant deterioration or loss of function over time.

Supplementary Cementitious Material (SCMs) - Supplementary Cementitious Materials are substances

that can be added to concrete in addition to Portland cement to enhance its properties.

Silicon Oxide - Is a chemical compound consisting of silicon and oxygen atoms. It's commonly found in

nature as silicon dioxide (SiO2), which is the main component of quartz, sand, and many minerals.

Calcium Carbonate - is a chemical compound with the formula CaCO3. It is a common substance found

in rocks, shells of marine organisms, and even in eggshells.

CHAPTER 2

METHODS

Research Locale

This study will be conducted in a clean and spacious area at Don Pablo Lorenzo Memorial High

School (DPLMHS) in the Science building, Room 10-STEM A, Gov. Ramos Ave, Zamboanga City. The

7
area has enough space to accommodate all of our materials and will allow the researcher to complete the

experiment effectively and efficiently. It is spacious and clean to be able to minimize the extraneous

variables that may affect the results of the study.

Research Design

In this study the researchers will compare the properties of different concrete mixtures with varying

proportions of cement, Bamboo Leaf Ash (BLA), and Asian Green mussel Shell (AGMS), while keeping

the total water, fine aggregates, and coarse aggregates constant. This study has Four treatments where

treatment 1 (Control) is 4000g of cement, 2000ml water, 8000g fine aggregate, 16000g coarse aggregate.

Treatment 2 is 3000g cement, 500g BLA, 500g AGMs, 2000ml water, 8000g fine aggregate, 16000g coarse

aggregate. Treatment 3 is 2000g cement, 1000g BLA, 1000g AGMs, 2000ml water, 8000g fine aggregate,

16000g coarse aggregate. While the treatment 4 is 1000g cement, 1500g BLA, 1500g AGMs, 2000ml water,

8000g fine aggregate, 16000g coarse aggregate. Each treatment has 4 replicates and 3 samples per replicate,

so this study has 12 samples per treatment. Therefore, this study has a total of 48 samples. A Completely

Randomized Design (CRD) will be utilized as a guiding framework for organizing the samples during the

drying process. CRD is a fundamental and widely adopted experimental design method where treatments

are assigned randomly to experimental units.

Table 1 (below): Mix Proportion of Treatments

Ingredient Control Treatment 2 Treatment 3 Treatment 4

Materials (Treament 1)

Cement 4000g 3000g 2000g 1000g

BLA 0g 500g 1000g 1500g

AGMS 0g 500g 1000g 1500g

Total water(ml) 2000ml 2000ml 2000ml 2000ml

Fine Aggregates 8000g 8000g 8000g 8000g

8
 Coarse Aggregate 16000g 16000g 16000g 16000g

Complete Randomized Design (CRD) Table

Table 2 (below): Complete Randomized Design (CRD) Table.

T1R2S1 T1R4S1 T4R1S1 T3T3S1 T1R3S2 T2R2S2 T4R3S3 T2R3S2

T3R3S2 T3R1S3 T2R2S3 T4R4S3 T1R1S3 T1R4S3 T2R4S3 T3R2S3

T4R1S3 T4R3S1 T4R4S2 T3R2S2 T2R1S3 T4R3S2 T2R1S1 T1R2S2

T4R2S1 T2R3S3 T3R1S2 T1R3S1 T4R4S1 T3R4S2 T3R2S1 T1R4S2

T3R3S3 T3R1S1 T1R3S3 T2R4S1 T4R2S3 T1R1S2 T2R4S2 T2R3S1

T2R1S2 T2R2S1 T4R1S2 T3R4S3 T1R2S3 T1R1S1 T4R2S2 T3R4S1

RESEARCH PROCEDURE

Collection of Materials

The researchers will gather all the necessary materials, including 3000g of bamboo leaves from a

location near one of the researchers' residences, 3000g of Asian Green Mussel Shell from Paseo Del Mar

restaurants situated on Valderoza Street, Zamboanga City, 32000g fine and 64000g coarse aggregates

sourced from sand and gravel in San Roque, Zamboanga City, and cement from Four C Enterprises in San

Roque, Zamboanga City.

Preparation of Materials

The researchers will clean and wash the mussel shells thoroughly to remove any impurities.

Subsequently, the bamboo leaves and mussel shells should be placed in an oven and dried at a temperature

of around 100°C until they achieve complete dryness.

9
 Preparation of Bamboo Leaf (Bambusa blumeana) Ash

The researchers will begin by placing the dried bamboo leaves in a furnace or kiln and subjecting them to

temperatures ranging from approximately 700-800°C for a duration of 2-4 hours. Once the combustion

process is complete, allow the resulting BLA to naturally cool down to room temperature. Following

cooling, utilize a grinding mill to reduce the BLA into a fine powder. To achieve the desired particle size

distribution, the BLA will pass through a 0.075mm sieve.

Preparation of Asian Green Mussel (Perna viridis) Shell Ash

The researchers will start by placing the dried and cleaned mussel shells in a furnace or kiln,

subjecting them to temperatures around 800-900°C for a period of 2-4 hours to facilitate combustion. Once

the mussel shell ash is generated, let it naturally cool down to room temperature. After cooling, employ a

grinding mill to finely pulverize the AGMSA into a powder. To achieve the desired particle size distribution,

AGMS will pass through a 0.075mm sieve to separate and collect the appropriately sized particles.

Preparation of Concrete Mixtures

The researchers will create concrete mixtures by mixing BLA and AGMSA with ordinary

commercial cement, fine aggregate, coarse aggregate, and water ensuring a consistent and well-mixed

composite. Then, pour the prepared concrete mixtures into molds to form specimens intended for

subsequent testing following their given concentration respectively: The table shows the amount of the

cementitious material per treatment.

Table 3 (below): Mix Proportion of Treatments

10
 Ingredient Control Treatment 2 Treatment 3 Treatment 4
Materials (Treament 1)

Cement 4000g 3000g 2000g 1000g

BLA 0g 500g 1000g 1500g

AGMs 0g 500g 1000g 1500g

Total water(ml) 2000ml 2000ml 2000ml 2000ml

Fine Aggregates 8000g 8000g 8000g 8000g

Coarse Aggregate 16000g 16000g 16000g 16000g

Experimental Set-up

The researchers will create a concrete block for all treatments according to the standard brick

dimensions, which typically measure 0.19m in length, 0.09m in width, and 0.09m in height. By doing this,

the researchers can easily and possibly test the durability of the concrete per treatment.

Figure 1 (below): The size of the concrete

Data Gathering Procedure

In this study, the researcher will collect data through a static load test. Sand, weighing 500g, will

be gradually applied and held constant to allow for the measurement of deformations, stresses, and the

structural response to the applied force, with the goal of determining the concrete's load-bearing capacity.

Through this method, the researcher aims to ascertain the maximum weight that the concrete can withstand.

This testing method is valuable for evaluating the structural integrity, strength, and performance of a wide

range of materials and structures, including buildings, bridges, components, and materials like concrete,

11
steel, and wood. Static load testing is contrasted with dynamic load testing, where loads are applied rapidly

or cyclically to simulate real-world dynamic conditions.

Data Analysis

Data analysis will be performed on the collected data. The researcher will use the Statistical

Analysis Software-IBM Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS) version 25. Descriptive Statistics,

One-way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA), Tukey Post-hoc test at a 5% (0.05) level of significance and 95%

confidence interval, and Means Plot will be the statistical tools used for analysis.

Waste Disposal

It's important to properly dispose of cement to protect the environment and ensure compliance with

local laws such as Republic Act 9003 also known as the Ecological Solid Waste Act of 2000. The excess

cement will be dispose and the other disposable materials in the proper disposal bin and it will be segregated.

The commercial cement will not be thrown and it will be given to those who are in need of using it. The

washable materials will be washed and will be thrown to avoid contamination. The samples will be properly

disposed of by the researcher.

FLOW CHART

Collection of Materials

Preparation of Bamboo Leaf Ash (Bambusa blumeana)

12
 Preparation of Asian Green Mussel Shell (Perna viridis)

Preparation of Concrete Mixtures

Experimental Set-up

Data Gathering

Data Analysis

Waste Disposal

Figure 2 (above): Shows the flowchart of the study.

13
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