Chapter 2
OPTICAL FIBERS
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Fig. 2.1. Basic structures of an optical fiber (A) and a planar optical waveguide coupler (B).
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Fig. 2.1.1. Illustration of state of polarization of a plane wave. (A) Linear polarization, (B) circular polarization, and (C) elliptical
polarization.
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Fig. 2.2.1. Plane wave reflection and refraction at an optical interface.
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Fig. 2.2.2. Illustration of evanescent wave for (A) partial reflection with θ1<θc and (B) total reflection with θ1>θc.
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Fig. 2.2.3. Penetration depth of evanescent field as the function of incidence angle, for air/glass interface and air/silicon interface.
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Fig. 2.2.4. Field reflectivities (A) and phase shifts (B) vs. incidence angle. Optical interface is formed with n1=1.5 and n2=1.4.
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Fig. 2.3.1. Illustration of ray traces (left) and index profiles (right) of step-index (A) and graded-index (B) fibers.
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Fig. 2.3.2. Illustration of fiber propagation modes in geometric optics: (A) skew ray trace and (B) meridional ray trace.
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Fig. 2.3.3. Decompose propagating vector β1 into longitudinal and transversal components.
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Fig. 2.3.4. Bessel function (top) and modified Bessel functions (bottom), first kind (left) and second king (right).
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Fig. 2.3.5. Normalized propagation constant b as the function of the V-number (Gloge, 1971).
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Fig. 2.3.6. Illustration of transversal electrical (solid lines) and magnetic (dashed lines) fields on the fiber cross section for different fiber
modes. The images represent mode field intensity. (A) Fundamental LP01 mode, (B) LP11 mode with two light spots in the horizontal
direction, and (C) LP11 mode with two light spots in the vertical direction.
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Fig. 2.3.7. Illustration of light coupling into a step-index fiber.
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Fig. 2.3.8. Light can be coupled to an optical fiber only when the incidence angle is smaller than the numerical aperture.
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Fig. 2.3.9. Illustration of an angle-polished fiber surface. (A) Light beam in axial direction, (B) extreme light beam in the downward
direction, and (C) extreme light beam in the upward direction.
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Fig. 2.3.10. (A) Illustration of mode distribution in a single-mode fiber and (B) definition of mode-field diameter under Gaussian
approximation.
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Fig. 2.4.1. Attenuation of old (dotted line) and new (solid line) silica fibers. The shaded regions indicate the three telecommunication
wavelength windows.
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Fig. 2.4.2. Illustrations of fiber reflection (A) and scattering in fiber core (B).
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Fig. 2.5.1. Spectrum of two-tone modulation on an optical carrier, where ω0 is the carrier frequency and Δω±δω/2 are the modulation
frequencies.
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Fig. 2.5.2. (A) Chromatic dispersion D vs. wavelength and (B) relative group delay vs. wavelength. S0 = 0.09 ps/nm2-km, λ0 = 1315nm.
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Fig. 2.5.3. Illustration of optical field vector across the core cross section of a single-mode fiber. Two degenerate modes exist in a single-
mode fiber.
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Fig. 2.6.1. A normalized Raman gain spectrum of a silica fiber.
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Fig. 2.6.2. (A) Optical pulse waveform, (B) nonlinear phase shift, and (C) wavelength shift introduced by self-phase modulation.
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Fig. 2.6.3. Degenerate four-wave mixing, where two original carriers at ωj and ωk create four new frequency components at ωi, ωj, ωk,
and ωl.
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Fig. 2.6.4. Four-wave mixing efficiency ηFWM, calculated for α=0.25dB/km, λ=1550nm. Unit of D is in [ps/nm-km]
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Fig. 2.7.1. Chromatic dispersions of non-dispersion-shifted fiber (NDSF) and various different nonzero-dispersion-shifted fibers (NZDSF).
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Fig. 2.7.2. Cross sections of polarization fibers: (A) Panda fiber and (B) Bowtie fiber. SAPs: stress-applying parts.
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Fig. 2.7.3. Illustration of the output field vector of a PM fiber when the input field polarization state is not aligned to the principle axis of the
fiber.
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Fig. 2.7.4. Cross-sectional view of photonic crystal fibers: (A) hollow-core PCF, (B) large core area PCF, and (C) highly nonlinear PCF
(Thorlabs: crystal fiber).
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Fig. P2.2. Figure for problem 2.
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Fig. P2.3. Figure for problem 3.
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Fig. P2.4. Figure for problem 4.
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Fig. P2.12. Figure for problem 12.
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Fig. P2.18. Figure for problem 18.
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