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B.Sc. MLT Syllabus Overview: Sem 5

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18 views7 pages

B.Sc. MLT Syllabus Overview: Sem 5

Uploaded by

swapanpanda394
Copyright
© All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

Maulana Abul Kalam Azad University of Technology, West Bengal

(Formerly West Bengal University of Technology)


Syllabus for B. Sc. In Medical Lab Technology
(Effective for Academic Session 2018-2019)
[Link]. MLT- V Semester
Course/Paper: Immunohematology & Blood Banking
Paper Code: BML-501

Learning Objective: The prime concern of this subject to learn about the concept of
blood grouping, blood collection, infectious markers determination, compatibility
testing and quality control involved in blood transfusion services.

Unit-I
Basic Principles of Blood Banking, Antigen, Antibody, naturally occurring antibody,
Complement, ABO & Rh blood group system, Methods of blood group
determination, Forward and Reverse grouping, Slide & Tube method, Gel method.

Unit-II
Other blood group system such as Lewis, MNS, Kell Duffy etc. Anticoagulants and
preservative used in blood bank, Donor selection criteria, Blood collection and processing

Unit-III
Transfusion transmissible infectious disease screen, Coomb’test, Cross matching,
Compatibility testing, Antibody Screening & Identification, Grading of
Reaction/Agglutination

Unit-IV
Blood components and its preparation, preservation, storage and transportation
Indications for different blood component transfusion, Blood transfusion reaction and its type,
HDN Introduction of stem cell banking and bone marrow transplantation.

Unit-V
Apheresis, indications of hemapheresis, plasmapheresis, plateletspheresis,
plasmapheresis Quality control of reagents, equipments, blood components
used in transfusion medicine. Role of NACO, Indian Red Cross Society,
DGHS and blood transfusion services.

Learning Outcome: Students would understand the basics of transfusion medicine,


laboratory testing, quality control and apheresis techniques.

Suggested Readings:
1. Godkar.B. Praful,(2016) Textbook of MLT,3 edition,Bhalani Publications
rd

2. Ochei J & Kolhatkar A(2000),Medical Laboratory Science: Theory &


Practice, 3rd edition,Mcgraw Hill Education
3. Mukherjee .L.K(2017), Medical Laboratory Technology,Vol.1-3,3 edition, Tata
rd

Mcgraw Hill
4. Sood Ramnik,(2015), Text book of Medical Laboratory
Technology,2nd edition, Jaypee Publications
5. Wintrobe’s Clinical Hematology,(2014),13 edition, Lippincott Williams &
th

Wilkins

Page 1 of 7
B. Sc. in Medical Laboratory Technology
Maulana Abul Kalam Azad University of Technology, West Bengal
(Formerly West Bengal University of Technology)
Syllabus for B. Sc. In Medical Lab Technology
(Effective for Academic Session 2018-2019)
Course/Paper: Clinical Enzymology & Automation
Paper Code: BML-502

Learning Objective: This course has been formulated to impart comprehensive


knowledge of enzymes and automation in Clinical Laboratory.

Unit-I
Introduction to enzymes, Classification of Enzymes, Isoenzymes, Concept of lock
and key and induced fit theory, concept of activation energy and binding energy.
Factors affecting enzyme activity

Unit-II
Coenzyme: Classification, various types and function, structure of NAD+, NADP+,
FAD and FMN, PPP. Units for measuring enzyme activity, factors affecting enzyme
level in serum/ plasma. Clinical assay & its type, kinetic assay and end point assay for
the enzymes

Unit-III
Enzyme kinetics, the Michaelis-Menten equation and its physiological
significances, Enzyme Inhibition, types of inhibitors of enzyme

Unit-IV
Isoenzymes, their tissue distribution and clinical significance: ALT, AST, ALP, GGT, CPK,
CK-MB, LDH,Troponin, Myoglobin, Amylase, Lipase, ACP,

Unit-V
Basic Concepts of Automation, principle, working and maintenance of various clinical
chemistry analyzers, point of care testing, Hospital Laboratory Management
Learning Outcome: Students would be able to understand contemporary methods
and practical approaches that are used in the clinical laboratories for the investigation
of the diseased state as well as application of automation in laboratory.

Suggested Readings:
1. D M Vasudevan, (2011),Text book of Medical Biochemistry,6 edition Jaypee
th

Publishers
2. M N Chatterjea & Rana Shinde,(2012),Text book of Medical
Biochemistry,8th edition,Jayppe Publications
3. Singh & Sahni,(2008),Introductory Practical Biochemistry,2 edition, Alpha science
nd

4. Lehninger,(2013),Principles of Biochemistry,6 edition, W H Freeman


th

5. U Satyanarayan,(2008), Essentials of Biochemistry,2 edition, Standard Publishers


nd

6. Teitz,(2007),Fundamentals of Clinical Chemistry,6 edition,Elsevier Publications


th

7. Bishop(2013),Clinical Chemistry,7 edition, WileyPublications


th

Page 2 of 7
B. Sc. in Medical Laboratory Technology
Maulana Abul Kalam Azad University of Technology, West Bengal
(Formerly West Bengal University of Technology)
Syllabus for B. Sc. In Medical Lab Technology
(Effective for Academic Session 2018-2019)
Course/Paper: Parasitology & Virology
Paper Code: BML-503

Learning Objective: This paper aims to learn about introduction, general


characteristics, life cycle and laboratory diagnosis of various medically important
parasites.

Unit-I
Introduction of parasites, host, zoonosis, host parasits relationship, sources of
infection, mode of infection, pathogenesis, immunity in parasitic infection, lab
diagnosis

Protozoalogy: Entamoeba histolytica, Malarial Parasites, Leishmania,


Trypanosomes, their morphology, life cycle, pathogenesis,
clinical features and lab diagnosis.

Helminthology: Introduction and classification, Taenia solium, Taenia Saginata,Fasciola,


Ascaris, Wuchereria bancrofti their morphology, life cycle, pathogenesis, clinical features
and lab diagnosis.

Hookworm, Trichuris. Dracunculus their morphology, life cycle, pathogenesis,


clinical features and lab diagnosis.

Unit-II
Diagnostic methods in Parasitology: Introduction, Examination of stool, urine,
blood, Culture methods, Immunological diagnosis and serology

Unit III
Nature and Properties of Viruses
Introduction: Discovery of viruses, nature and definition of viruses, general
properties, concept of viroids, virusoids, satellite viruses and Prions. Structure of
Viruses: Capsid symmetry, enveloped and non-enveloped viruses

Isolation, purification and cultivation of viruses


Viral taxonomy: Classification and nomenclature of different groups of viruses, Modes of
viral transmission: Persistent, non-persistent, vertical and horizontal
Viral multiplication and replication strategies: Interaction of viruses with cellular
receptors and entry of viruses. Assembly, maturation and release of virions

Unit- IV
Poxviruses, Herpesviruses, hepaptitis viruses, retroviruses-HIV, Picorna viruses,
rhabdoviruses, orthomyxoviruses and paramyxo viruses, TORCH profile,Symptoms,
mode of transmission, prophylaxis and control of Polio, Herpes, Hepatitis, Rabies,
Dengue, HIV, Influenza with brief description of swine flu, Ebola, Chikungunya,
Japanese Encephalitis

Unit V
Introduction to oncogenic viruses, Types of oncogenic DNA and RNA viruses,
concepts of oncogenes and proto-oncogenes, prevention & control of viral diseases,
antiviral compounds and their mode of action, interferon and their mode of action,
General principles of viral vaccination

Page 3 of 7
B. Sc. in Medical Laboratory Technology
Maulana Abul Kalam Azad University of Technology, West Bengal
(Formerly West Bengal University of Technology)
Syllabus for B. Sc. In Medical Lab Technology
(Effective for Academic Session 2018-2019)
Learning Outcome: Students would be able to identify various viruses with latest
biomedical techniques and can demonstrate the diseases associated with them.

Suggested Readings:
1. Ananthanarayan R. and Paniker C.K.J. (2009) Textbook of Microbiology.
8th edition, University Press Publication
2. Brooks G.F., Carroll K.C., Butel J.S., Morse S.A. and Mietzner, T.A. (2013)
3. Adelberg’s Medical Microbiology. 26th edition. McGraw Hill Publication
4. Goering R., Dockrell H., Zuckerman M. and Wakelin D. (2007) Mims’
Medical Microbiology. 4th edition. Elsevier
5. Willey JM, Sherwood LM, and Woolverton CJ. (2013) Prescott, Harley
and Klein’s Microbiology. 9th edition. McGraw Hill Higher Education
6. Ananthanarayan R. and Paniker C.K.J. (2009) Textbook of Microbiology.
8th edition, University Press Publication
7. Adelberg’s Medical Microbiology. 26th edition. McGraw Hill
Publication

Page 4 of 7
B. Sc. in Medical Laboratory Technology
Maulana Abul Kalam Azad University of Technology, West Bengal
(Formerly West Bengal University of Technology)
Syllabus for B. Sc. In Medical Lab Technology
(Effective for Academic Session 2018-2019)
Course/Paper: Diagnostic Cytology
Paper Code: BML-504

Learning Objective: The students will learn about various staining procedures for
demonstration of different substances & various cytological investigations. This will
include special staining procedures &handling & testing of various cytological
specimens.

Unit-I
Cell: basic structure and function, cell organelles, cell cycle, Benign and Malignant
tumors, Instruments used in cytology, preparation of buffers, stainsMicroscopy: Light,
compound, phase contrast, fluorescence

Unit- II
Instruments and equipments used in cytology Fixation and Fixatives used in cytology,
Adhesive and mounting media, Cell block and cytospin technique,
Staining such as PAP, Diff-quick, MGG, H&E, Shorr staining, significance of PAP-
HPV, Destaining and restaining of slides, Cover slipping

Unit-III
Aspiration and exfoliative cytology, Patient preparation, Sample collection, Fixation,
Processing and Staining FNAC, collection, processing of sample and staining, on site quick
staining procedure

Unit-IV
Pap staining, Progressive & Regressive, Hormonal cytology in different age
groups,Collection and processing of sputum, BAL, CSF, Pleural, peritoneal and
pericardial fluid, Gynaecologic sample

Unit-V
Sex chromatin demonstration, Introduction of Immunocytochemistry, different
markers and its applications, Automation in cytology, Liquid based preparation &
automated screening device
Learning Outcome: Students would be able to perform collection, processing, staining
and quality control in cytological diagnosis.

Suggested Readings:
1. Bibbo, (1997),Comprehensive Cytopathology,2nd edition, Saunders Publishers
2. Koss’s Diagnostic Cytology,Vol.1 & 2,(2006),5th edition, Lippincott

Page 5 of 7
B. Sc. in Medical Laboratory Technology
Maulana Abul Kalam Azad University of Technology, West Bengal
(Formerly West Bengal University of Technology)
Syllabus for B. Sc. In Medical Lab Technology
(Effective for Academic Session 2018-2019)

Course/Paper: Principles of Laboratory Management & Medical Ethics


Paper Code: BML-505

Learning Outcome: The students will be made aware of the basic ethics, good lab
practices including awareness/ safety in a clinical lab.

Unit-I
Ethical Principles and standards for a clinical laboratory professional duty to the
patient, duty to colleagues and other professionals, Good Laboratory Practice (GLP)
,Introduction to Basics of GLP and Accreditation, Aims of GLP and Accreditation,
Advantages of Accreditation, Brief knowledge about National and International
Agencies for clinical laboratory accreditation

Unit-II
Awareness/Safety in a clinical laboratory, General safety precautions.
HIV: pre- and post-exposure guidelines, Hepatitis B & C: pre- and post-exposure
guidelines, Drug Resistant Tuberculosis
Patient management for clinical samples collection, transportation and preservation,
Sample accountability, Purpose of accountability, Methods of accountability

Unit-III
Sample analysis: Introduction, factors affecting sample analysis, reporting results,
basic format of a test report, reported reference range, clinical alerts, abnormal
results, results from referral laboratories, release of examination results, alteration in
reports

Unit-IV
Quality Management system: Introduction, Quality assurance, Quality control
system, Internal and External quality control, quality control chart
Biomedical
Introduction and importance of calibration and Validation of Clinical Laboratory instrument
Ethics in Medical laboratory Practice, Ethics in relation to Pre-Examination procedures,
Examination procedures, reporting of results, preserving medical records
Procurement of equipment and Inventory Control,

Unit-V
Audit in a Medical Laboratory, Introduction and Importance, NABL & CAP,
Responsibility, Planning, Horizontal, Vertical and Test audit, Frequency of audit,
Documentation

Learning Outcome: Students would be competent enough to understand sample


accountability, quality management system, biomedical waste management,
calibration and validation of clinical laboratory instruments, Laboratory Information
system (LIS), Hospital Information system (HIS) and financial management.

Suggested readings:
1. Teitz,(2007),Fundamentals of Clinical Chemistry,6 edition, Elsevier Publications
th

2. Bishop(2013),Clinical Chemistry,7 edition, Wiley Publications


th

3. Henry's Clinical Diagnosis and Management by Laboratory Methods,(2011),22


nd

edition, Elsevier

Page 6 of 7
B. Sc. in Medical Laboratory Technology
Maulana Abul Kalam Azad University of Technology, West Bengal
(Formerly West Bengal University of Technology)
Syllabus for B. Sc. In Medical Lab Technology
(Effective for Academic Session 2018-2019)

Practical Syllabus

BML-591 (Clinical Enzymology)


1. To perform enzyme estimation of LFT
2. To perform enzyme estimation of Cardiac profile
3. Determination of Troponin I
4. To perform enzyme estimation of Pancreatic disorder
5. To perform estimation of ACP.
6. Antenatal profile
7. Estimation of bicarbonate
8. Arterial blood gas analysis
9. Determination of Calcium
10. Creatinine and urea clearance test

BML- 592 (Practical Parasitology & Virology)


1. Leishman staining for malarial parasites
2. Demonstration of permanent slide of Trichuris, Ascaris and Hookworm
3. Saline wet mount for observing ova and eggs of parasites.
4. Iodine wet mount for observing ova and eggs of parasites.
5. Concentration of stool samples by floatation method
6. Zinc sulphate conc. Method for stool sample
7. Demonstration of various parasites by permanent slides.
8. Concentration of stool sample by sedimentation method
9. Serological diagnosis of Leishmania
10. Aldehyde Chopra test for Kala Azar
11. To perform HBsAg/ Australia Ag by rapid method
12. To perform HBsAg by ELISA
13. To perform HIV Tridot method.
14. To perform HIV by ELISA
15. To perform Dengue IgG/IgM
16. To perform TORCH profile
17. Demonstration of PCR HBV
18. Demonstration of PCR HIV Viral load

BML-593 (Practical Diagnostic Cytology)


1. Preparation of various cytological fixatives
2. Preparation of various stains used in cytology
3. Preparation of smear
4. To perform PAP staining
5. To perform Giemsa staining on fluid sample
6. To prepare cell suspension
7. Processing of various fluid samples

Page 7 of 7
B. Sc. in Medical Laboratory Technology

Common questions

Powered by AI

Understanding the ABO and Rh blood group systems is vital in clinical practice for several reasons: it aids in safe blood transfusions by preventing hemolytic reactions caused by incompatible blood types . Knowledge of these systems also helps in managing Rh incompatibility, particularly in pregnancies where Rh-negative mothers carry Rh-positive fetuses, preventing hemolytic disease of the newborn (HDN). Furthermore, it is essential for organ transplantation compatibility and, to some extent, in forensic investigations .

The Michaelis-Menten equation is crucial in understanding enzyme kinetics because it quantitatively describes the rate of enzymatic reactions, providing insight into the enzyme's maximal activity (_Vmax_) and the substrate concentration at which the reaction rate is half-maximal (_Km_). This helps in determining enzyme efficiency and affinity for substrates, which is fundamental in diagnosing and predicting the progression of diseases related to enzymatic dysfunction . Moreover, this knowledge supports drug design and therapy optimization in clinical settings .

Automation has transformed clinical chemistry laboratories by increasing the efficiency and accuracy of diagnostic testing. Automated systems enhance workflow by reducing manual intervention, ensuring standardized test results, and minimizing human error . They enable high-throughput testing, allowing for rapid processing of a large number of samples, which is vital for timely clinical decision-making . Additionally, it supports data management through integration with laboratory information systems, thereby improving traceability and quality control .

Clinical laboratory safety protocols reduce the risk of exposure to infectious materials by mandating the use of personal protective equipment (PPE), engineering controls such as biosafety cabinets, and safe waste disposal practices . These protocols include guidelines for handling and processing potentially infectious samples, such as proper specimen containment, labeling, and transport procedures . Regular training, incident response planning, and adherence to procedural standards ensure a safe working environment, minimizing the likelihood of laboratory-acquired infections .

Diagnostic methods in parasitology distinguish between different parasitic infections through techniques such as microscopy, serology, and molecular assays . Microscopy, including stool examination and staining methods, identifies parasitic forms based on morphology . Serologic tests detect antibodies or antigens specific to parasite species, offering specificity and sensitivity . Molecular assays like PCR provide accurate identification through genomic markers, crucial for distinguishing closely related species and detecting low-level infections . These methods collectively facilitate comprehensive parasitic disease diagnosis and management .

Quality management is essential in clinical laboratory practices to ensure the reliability, accuracy, and timeliness of test results crucial for patient care . It is implemented through comprehensive systems comprising internal and external quality controls, regular calibration and validation of instruments, and adherence to standard operating procedures . Continuous monitoring via quality control charts and periodic audits ensures compliance with accreditation standards, enhancing trust in laboratory outputs . Quality management also fosters a culture of continuous improvement, pivotal for laboratory efficiency and effectiveness .

Isoenzymes play critical roles in clinical diagnostics by indicating specific organ damage due to their tissue-specific expression. For example, elevated levels of Creatine Kinase-MB (CK-MB) isoenzyme suggest myocardial infarction due to its predominance in cardiac tissue. Similarly, increased Alkaline Phosphatase (ALP) isoenzymes may indicate liver or bone disorders, given their distribution in these tissues . This specificity aids in identifying and localizing organ damage, facilitating accurate diagnosis and targeted treatment .

Understanding the life cycle and morphology of viruses is critical in developing prevention and treatment strategies as it provides insights into viral replication and pathogenic mechanisms. Knowledge of the viral life cycle identifies specific stages for therapeutic intervention, such as blocking entry, replication, or assembly . Morphological understanding aids in vaccine development, utilizing viral components like capsid proteins as antigens . It also informs the design of antiviral drugs that target specific structures or processes, thus enhancing the effectiveness of treatment and control measures .

Anticoagulants and preservatives in blood banking function to prevent clotting and maintain blood quality during storage. Anticoagulants such as EDTA and citrate bind calcium ions to inhibit the coagulation cascade, while preservatives like CPDA-1 provide nutrients to the cells and maintain pH stability . They are essential because they extend the shelf life of stored blood and ensure its viability and safety for transfusions, which is crucial for effective blood bank management and inventory control .

Using advanced staining techniques in cytological diagnostics has implications for improving diagnostic accuracy and specificity. Techniques like Pap staining, immunocytochemistry, and liquid-based cytology enhance cellular visualization, allowing for precise identification of cellular abnormalities indicative of malignancy or infection . These methods improve detection rates of early-stage diseases like cervical cancer, facilitating timely intervention . They also allow differentiation between benign and malignant cells, aiding in the formulation of appropriate clinical management strategies .

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