CHARACTERIZATION OF SPORT

LUISA PEREZ
MAURICIO SIGNA
JOHN JOSE RED

INSTRUCTOR
Patricia Elena Stuart

TECHNOLOGY
SPORTS TRAINING

CARD 2424536

NATIONAL LEARNING SERVICE

HEALTH SERVICES CENTER
THE POMAR HEADQUARTERS

MEDELLIN, ANTIOQUIA
2021
 INTRODUCTION

In this research work we will deal with the subject of one of the most
popular sports in the world, baseball, which is also called the king of
sports, due to the complexity in which it is performed or practiced
because it has a long list of rules that must be followed as dictated by
the book, as they say in the baseball environment.
Baseball is something difficult to understand for some people and it
can even be boring, although for some others it is the best that could
happen in the sports environment, and here in Colombia it is an
amateur sport that could be high level, but it still does not have much
support and it is not very popular to have sports spaces, this being an
amateur or recreational sport, just the game of entertaining a group of
people being enough.
This research work will try to expand the subject taking as references
different bibliographic sources (Books and Internet), as well as the
authors' own knowledge of the work, in addition to inviting the reader to
explore the world of Baseball, which with a little interest and willingness
to learn about it, you can manage to develop a small fondness for the
hot ball.
We hope that after reading this research you will have a complete
understanding of the king of sports or that at least you will have a
different point of view about it, and not have the concept of boring as
most people have, and also have it as an option to do a physical
activity and thus help our body to be physically well, because health,
physical education and sport are an excellent combination.
GENERAL OBJECTIVE

To make known the most important and relevant topics about this sport, with the
intention of explaining to the group the knowledge acquired with our research so
that mutual learning takes place between the colleagues, the instructor and us, the
exponents.

SPECIFIC OBJECTIVE
1. Explain the main rules of the game.
2. Know the equipment, clothing and implementation.
3. Demonstrate some elements.
4. Learn about major events worldwide.
5. Get to know the best players currently.

History and origins of baseball

Modern baseball was developed in North America, the exact origin of the game is
difficult to determine. Most studies believe that baseball evolved from a variety of
similar games. A popular legend claims that Abner Doubleday, who became an
officer in the Union Army during the American Civil War (1861-1865), invented
baseball in Cooperstown, New York, in 1839. The National Baseball Hall of Fame
and Museum is located in that same city. But another current of thought indicates
that when the Spanish arrived in Cuba on October 24, 1492, they found the Cuban
aborigines playing a game they called batos, which was played with a bat-like log
and a ball made of tree resin that was hit. There is evidence that stick and ball
games have been played since the earliest days of civilization; ancient cultures in
Persia, Egypt and Greece played these types of games for fun and as part of
certain ceremonies. In 1744, the first printed evidence of the game of Base Ball
appeared in England, published in a children's pastime book. Between that year
and 1796, several more references to baseball in Europe emerged, describing a
small-scale game played by boys and girls. In 1796, the first rules of baseball were
published in Germany, which shows that the game was probably already being
played in that country.
The game migrated from Europe to America between the mid and late 18th
century, brought by English settlers who settled in the New World. The first
reference to baseball being played in the United States dates back to April 1778,
recorded in the diary of soldier George Ewing: “I took exercise in the afternoon and
in the intervals played base.”
Around 1840, Alexander Cartwright and his baseball team, the New York
Knickerbockers, shaped the game of baseball as we know it today, creating the
first rules regulating the sport. The second half of the 19th century was a period of
growth and evolution that turned baseball into the sport we know today. In 1845,
the first recorded game was played, fifteen years later, in 1860, the first
professional teams were established, and by 1870, leagues emerged.
The Negro Leagues
From the mid-1880s to the mid-1940s, no black players were included in the Major
Leagues. Instead, teams consisting only of black players were created and formed
leagues, called "Negro Leagues." One of the best known was the Black National
League, which was formed in 1920. Jackie Robinson, one of the Negro League's
most important players, became the first black player in the modern major leagues
when he was signed by the Brooklyn Dodgers in 1947. Robinson led the Dodgers
to victory in the National League championship and was named Rookie of the
Year. Creation of the Major Leagues

Major League Baseball Expansion

The NABBP (National Association of Professional Baseball Players) allowed
professional play beginning in 1869. The Boston Red Stockings and the Boston
Baseball Club were founded in 1871. The NABBP was divided into two groups.
The National Association of Professional Baseball Players eventually became the
National League.
Other competitive professional leagues were formed and dissolved regularly, until
the American League declared its intention to act as a Major League in 1901.
The National League and the American League agreed to play the World Series
between the two champions beginning in 1903.
Professional baseball became so popular that many cities asked permission to
create new clubs, until reaching the 30 teams that make up the Major Leagues
today.

Baseball is considered one of the most popular sports in Australia, Canada, South
Korea, Cuba, Holland, Italy, Japan, Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama, Puerto Rico,
Dominican Republic, South Africa, Taiwan and Venezuela.
Birth of the federation
The International Baseball Federation (IBF) was founded in 1938. Mexico, Spain,
Egypt, China, Japan, Peru, the Philippines, Belgium, the Netherlands and
Germany joined the founding nations. Leslie Mann was elected the first president.
After 75 years of history, the International Baseball Federation and the
International Softball Federation have joined forces to create the World Baseball
Softball Confederation (WBSC), the world governing body for baseball and softball.
Presidents Riccardo Fraccari (IBAF) and Don Porter (ISF) announced the merger
on April 14, 2013. The historic inaugural WBSC Congress took place in May 2014.

BASIC REGULATORY DATA

Number of players
The first rule we need to know is that a team is made up of a line of nine players,
and when it is their turn to be on offense, each of its elements has the opportunity
to bat consecutively, trying to run the bases and score a run.
While the opposing team's defensive players are positioned on the field as follows:
1. The pitcher, who stands in the center of the diamond to make pitches from a
slightly elevated area, called the mound.
2. The receiver or catcher is located behind home plate to receive the pitches
that the batter misses and for other plays that require it.
3. One player at each base, designated by the name of the base he is
guarding, first, second and third base.
4. Between second and third base, an additional player called a short stop.
5. Three players in the large area called the outfielder: they are the outfielders
or gardeners. They are designated as left, center and right, as seen from the
batter's or catcher's perspective.
Two teams face each other, taking turns in throwing and hitting the ball
respectively. The batting team is the attacking team while the pitching team is the
defending team.
The objective of the game is to score the most runs during the match. At the end of
nine (9) episodes, called innings or entries that the game lasts, the winner is the
one. If at the end of nine regular innings the score is still tied, the game is extended
as long as necessary to produce a winner; according to the basic rules, there is no
such thing as a tie.
Each run is worth one point, and can be scored by the attacking team when each
player batting makes a complete lap of the field, passing through the 3 bases and
reaching home base without being eliminated. The defending team must try to
prevent the attackers from completing the race.
The playing field is an outdoor surface consisting of a rhombus-shaped grass field
and a dirt area surrounding it.
Inner field or diamond: is the grass rhombus. It is delimited by the 3 bases and
the home or batting area. The distance between each base is 27.4mts 90ft
Outfield lines: For a batted ball to be “good,” it must land between the lines that
connect home to first and third base respectively.
Batting zone, home or “home”: is the point where the ball is hit, as well as the
mandatory passing zone to score a run after stepping on third base.
Launching zone: located inside the diamond, it is the position from which the ball is
launched to start the game. Where it is a dirt hill, the distance to first base is
18.39m 60ft,6''
Outfield: is the space between the outfield lines beyond the diamond.
There are four judges: one for each base.
The ball thrown by the pitcher is considered "good" when it passes over the base
of the hitter within the so-called "strike zone" between the knee and the upper
part of the batter's trunk. If the throw does not follow this indication, it is
considered bad or “ball”. If a pitcher hits 4 balls, all runners advance one base,
including the batter.
The batter will be eliminated if the hit ball is caught “on the fly” by a fielder, and
also if he commits 3 “strikes”. It is considered a strike when...
 The batter attempts to hit the ball and misses.
 The batter hits the ball and it goes beyond the out lines.
 The batter hits the ball and it goes backwards.
If the batter touches the ball and it goes forward, he is forced to run to first base.
Runners must touch each base for their passage to be considered valid; their run
between bases must be straight, and they cannot be obstructed in their path by a
fielder, unless the fielder is carrying the ball and is going to touch them.
One runner will be eliminated...
 If he deviates more than one meter from the line between bases to avoid
being touched.
 If a defender touches him with the ball while running between two bases.
  If a defender touches the base with the ball before it arrives. In this case, he
may move back to the previous base as long as it is free, it is not the batting
base, and he reaches it before the ball is fielded there as well.
 From the moment a runner reaches base and stops, he must be stepping on
it. If he doesn't do this and the ball reaches the defender, he will be
eliminated.
 Before the pitcher starts the next play, there is a chance to steal a base,
meaning a runner can run to the next base. You will need to take into
account in your action that it can be removed as described in the previous
paragraph.
 There cannot be two runners on the same base. If this circumstance occurs,
the last to arrive is eliminated.
 A runner may not overtake a teammate while running around the bases.
DRESS
A baseball uniform is a type of clothing worn by all baseball players. Baseball
jerseys have numbers printed on their backs that must be sequential.
The shirts (jackets), pants, shoes, socks, caps, and gloves are the parts that make
up a baseball uniform. Most uniforms have different logos and colors to distinguish
the teams. Under their pants, Slayeras wear a special garment to avoid injuring
themselves when sliding to reach a base.
Face shield, chest protector, knee pad, padded protective equipment for the
catcher and umpire.
Helmet, arm guard, and shin guard so that the batter in charge can protect
himself from the pitcher's pitches.
Glove: To catch the ball and protect all defenders from the impact.
The catcher's glove is more padded so that the ball rests or is cushioned
The first baseman's glove is called a mitt because it is longer. Many shortstop
defenders use it.

EQUIPMENT
Bases 1, 2 and 3 are in the form of 15 inch (38 cm) cushions, they are a thin
rubber shell, anchored to the ground, some have a video camera inside, the bases
are separated from each other by a distance of 27.4 meters.

IMPLEMENTATION
A ball: is a sphere between 22.5 and 24 centimeters in circumference and
weighing 142 grams. Its core is usually made of rubber, cork or a mixture of both
materials, surrounded by abundant thread, string or wool that forms a layer thicker
than the core itself.
A bat: made of wood in a single cylindrical piece no more than 23/4.7cm in
diameter at its thickest part and 1.7m long. They are usually made from three types
of trees: White Ash, Hard Maple and Yellow Birch.

TYPE OF INFRASTRUCTURE
Baseball is played on a 0.8 hectare field divided into an outer and inner zone. The
inner and most important one is diamond-shaped. In one of its corners is the
batting area, while the others are the so-called bases.
Each side of the baseball diamond measures 27.43 meters. The outfield area, also
known as the garden, is triangular in shape, with lines extending from the batting
area. Together they complete the baseball field.

The right locker room for the home team, left for the visitor team have a special
area for pitchers to practice.

Baseball Diamond

The infield area of a baseball field is known as the diamond. It houses the bases,
the pitching mound and the batting area. The external lines that start from home
and extend to the boundary of the diamond are known as foul lines.

Batting area

The batting area is where the player stands to hit the ball that is thrown to him with
the bat. It is located at one end of the baseball diamond and only one player can
stand on it. Behind the batting area is the catcher's box. The shape of the batting
area is circular and is in the left corner of the diamond with respect to the umpire's
vision. There is also the fourth base, better known as Home.

Pitching mound

The pitching mound is where the pitcher throws the ball to the batter. This is
located 18.44 meters from the batting area, almost in the center of the diamond
and surrounded by the bases. Only the shooter can be in it.

Final hurdles
The end fences mark the boundaries of the baseball field both on the inside and
outside, creating an equilateral triangle that starts from Home. Each fence is
between 90 and 125 metres long. Around the baseball diamond are the areas
where the batters waiting for their turn, the coaches and umpires are located.
Everyone must remain within their area, as only those who are in action can
occupy positions on the diamond or garden depending on their position.

COURT DIMENSIONS – DIAMOND MEASUREMENTS

The diamond is a square 90 feet (27 m) in length, marked with a lime line. In the
batter's corner there is a plate called home play. In the other corners, padded
areas called bases are installed, which are numbered clockwise, from the first to
the third.
The line from home to first base, and the one from home to third base, extends 320
feet from home, giving the field additional space behind the bases. That space
beyond the bases is called the outfield (also called the gardens), while the diamond
area is called the infield.
The outfield and infield constitute the fair zone (valid playing zone), while the rest
of the field is considered foul (invalid zone).

MAIN EVENTS
WBSC Baseball World Cups
U-23 Baseball World Cup
U-18 Baseball World Cup
U-15 Baseball World Cup
U-12 Baseball World Cup

Women's Baseball World Cup

Women's Baseball World Cup - Group Stage
Women's Baseball World Cup - Finals
It is played in a four-year cycle
World Cup - Group Stage, Participating Teams and Continental Quota
Twelve (12) participating teams.
Americas - 4
Asia - 4
Europe - 1
Oceania - 1
Host/Wildcard.
Competition format
Year 1 - Continental Qualifiers.
Year 2 - World Cup - Group Stage.
Year 3 - World Cup - Finals; and year 4 off.

Olympics
Baseball became a demonstration sport at the 1984 Olympic Games in Los
Angeles and returned with the same status in 1988 in Seoul.
Baseball became an Olympic sport in Barcelona in 1992.
Major League Baseball in the United States.
The eight best teams from each National and American league play each other's
keys, go on to the quadrangulars, semifinals and finals known as the World Series,
with four games won out of seven played.

BEST ATHLETES.
1. Mike Trout, OF, Los Angeles Angels

Ranking in 2020: 1
Why he's here: Last season was Trout's worst since his debut a decade ago. His batting
percentages dropped across the board. He stole just one base and posted poor defensive
metrics. He also deservedly finished in the top five of the American League MVP voting for
the ninth consecutive season. If you can judge a player's greatness by his worst seasons,
with Trout, you can see at a glance why he's in as much of a race with the likes of Babe
Ruth and Willie Mays for all-time supremacy as he is with Mookie Betts, Juan Soto and
Fernando Tatis Jr. for the present throne which remains his, and his alone

2. Mookie Betts, OF, Los Angeles Dodgers

Ranking in 2020: 5
Why he's here: Dodgers players and coaches knew Betts was good before he joined them
last year. They just didn't realize how good it was. After sharing the same uniform for one
season, they were amazed by how good he was defensively, how well he worked the
counts at the plate, how hard the ball jumped off his bat, and how perfectly he ran the
bases. Betts is a five-tool player in every sense of the word. His 38.4 FanGraphs WAR from
2015-20, led by only Mike Trout, backs that up.

3. Juan Soto, OF, Washington Nationals

Ranking in 2020: 11
Why he's here: No, it's not silly to compare Soto to Ted Williams, who hit .344/.442/.594
as a 21-year-old. Soto hit .351/.490/.695. Of course, Soto did it in just 47 games and
Williams then hit .406 as a 22-year-old, but the point is that Soto has the same superstar
ability and plate discipline as Williams. If you're picking the player most likely to be the
best hitter in the game in 2021, it's Soto.
4. Ronald Acuña Jr., OF, Atlanta Braves
Ranking in 2020: 8

Why he's here: It's so easy to forget that Acuña is still just 23 years old, given how quickly
he has established himself as one of the most feared hitters in the game, hitting 14
homers with a .250/.406/.581 slash line in 46 games last year. Given the astronomical 14-
year, $340 million contract handed to Fernando Tatis Jr., Braves fans should feel fortunate
that the team locked down the superstar outfielder to an eight-year, $100 million deal.

5. Gerrit Cole, SP, New York Yankees

Ranking in 2020: 2

Why he's here: Baseball's best pitcher admitted to being affected by the stop-start nature
of the pandemic-shortened season. Cole still lived up to his ace billing, going 7-3 with a
2.84 ERA in 12 regular-season starts in 2020, with 94 strikeouts in 73 innings. But the
Yankees' $324 million right-hander needs to improve his propensity for serving up home
runs, as his 14 homers allowed were second-most in the majors.

6. Jacob deGrom, SP, New York Mets

Ranking in 2020: 3

Why he's here: He wasn't far from a third consecutive Cy Young Award in 2020, finishing
third behind Trevor Bauer and Yu Darvish. With deGrom's velocity on the rise this spring
and an improved lineup around him, Mets fans can expect more deGrom dominance, and
likely more offensive support, in 2021.

PLAYERS TO NOTE
 Babe Ruth Yankees New York.
 Freddie Freeman Atlanta Braves.
 Jose Abreu Chicago White Sox.
 Jordan Alvares Houston Astros.
 Edy Rosario Atlanta Braves.
 Babe Ruth Yankees New York.

HOW IS SPORT IN GENDER EQUITY?

Baseball strikes out… While in other sports women are increasingly making room
for themselves, professional baseball remains almost exclusively a gentlemen's
club. It's been more than a century since baseball became a professional sport.
Since then, the sport has evolved in almost every aspect. The players are stronger,
the salaries are astronomical and technology has become part of the game. But
when it comes to gender equality, baseball is stuck in the last century. While in
other sports the presence of women is increasingly frequent and often applauded,
in baseball there are still few spaces for them in all aspects of the game. Let's
forget about a woman on the diamond, but in the dugout, in the booth, calling balls
or strikes or making managerial decisions. Baseball is struck out on inclusion
issues. There are exceptions, of course. This week, the New York Mets hired
ESPN commentator Jessica Mendoza as a special advisor to management, kicking
down another door to the gentlemen's club that Major League Baseball has
become. Mendoza has established herself as one of the most influential female
voices in baseball on the American network. A two-time Olympic medalist as part
of the U.S. softball team, Mendoza also fronts the mic for prime-time broadcasts of
games. While Mendoza is the first woman to call a baseball game for ESPN, she is
not the first to hold a managerial position. That distinction belongs to Margaret
Donahue, who worked with the Cubs from 1919 to 1958, introducing concepts that
remain current today, such as season ticket sales and special pricing for children.
1867 – The African-American team, the Dolly Vardens, became the first paid
baseball team, two years before the first professional baseball team for men, the
Cincinnati Red Stockings, was established.
1898 – While pitching with the Reading Coal Heavers of the Atlantic League, Lizzie
Arlington became the first woman to sign a professional baseball contract.

1890s to 1935 – The Bloomer Girls toured the country and played against small-
town, semi-professional, and minor league men’s teams. There was an average of
three men per team. Rogers Hornsby and Smokey Joe Woods started the Bloomer
Girls teams, dressed as women.

How is sport in Colombia?

The processional teams in Colombia are only found on the Caribbean coast.
Bolivar, Atlantic, Cordoba, Sucre. It is held between November and January and is
organized according to the participating teams of each year.
Several major league teams in the United States have talent scouts in these cities
to sign the sport's future promises and take them to North America to the lower
categories to facilitate their arrival in the major leagues.
In the last U-23 World Cup of the Americas, played in Mexico 2021, Colombia took
third place, winning a bronze medal by beating Cuba.
In 1944, baseball was played by women for the first time, and in 1946, the first
women's national team was formed.
The main female participation is in Softball, where it has had a better reception.
This at an amateur level. Mainly in the departments of the Caribbean region, in
addition to the departments of Cesar and Cundinamarca, although there are
leagues in other departments, participation is low.
As in many sports, women's baseball has not had an equal space with respect to
the men's branch, due to the lack of sponsorship. The main excuse is that the
clothing is very expensive and they prefer to invest in other disciplines.
Cybergraphy:
[Link] world baseball and softball confederation
[Link] major league baseball united states
[Link] Colombian professional baseball league
[Link]
reglas/
[Link]
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